Indoor location-based services: prerequisites and foundations
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cham
Springer
2014
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | XIII, 233 p. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783319106984 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804152851040043008 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
1 Introduction......................................................... 1
1.1 Location-Based Services (LBS)................................. 4
1.2 What Is Special About Indoor LBS ......................... 6
1.3 Indoor LBS and Ubiquitous Computing........................... 9
1.4 Classical Research Areas Related to Indoor LBS............ 11
1.5 Classical Applications of LBS............................. 13
1.5.1 Information Services................................. 13
1.5.2 Navigation Service................................... 14
1.5.3 Safety-of-Life Applications.......................... 15
1.5.4 Retail and Commerce.................................. 15
1.5.5 Management........................................... 16
1.5.6 Social Networking and Joint Activities............... 16
1.5.7 Gaming............................................... 16
1.6 A Short History of Navigation.............................. 17
1.7 Structure of This Book....................................... 18
1.8 Further Reading.............................................. 20
References......................................................... 20
2 Prerequisites..................................................... 23
2.1 Mobile Computing and Mobile Communication.................... 23
2.1.1 Mobility............................................. 24
2.1.2 Communication Systems.............................. 27
2.2 Wireless Communication....................................... 33
2.2.1 Signals ............................................ 33
2.2.2 Channel Capacity, Bandwidth, and Data Rate .......... 39
2.2.3 Antennas and Signal Propagation...................... 43
2.2.4 Modulation........................................... 50
2.3 Sensor Technology for Positioning............................ 58
2.3.1 Time Synchronization and Time Measurement............ 59
2.3.2 Acceleration......................................... 66
2.3.3 Rotation............................................. 67
IX
X
Contents
2.3.4 Audio and Ultrasonics................................ 68
2.3.5 Barometer. *......................................... 68
2.3.6 Magnetometer and Digital Compass..................... 69
2.3.7 Wireless Infrastructure Components................. 70
2.4 Summary.................................................... 71
References......................................................... 71
3 Basic Positioning Techniques....................................... 73
3.1 Methods for Location Determination........................... 74
3.1.1 Method of Least Squares.............................. 75
3.1.2 Lateration........................................... 76
3.1.3 Hyperbolic Lateration............................... 80
3.1.4 Angulation........................................... 81
3.1.5 Proximity Detection................................ 82
3.1.6 Inertial Navigation............................... 83
3.1.7 Fingerprinting.................................... 84
3.2 Properties and Evaluation of Positioning Systems............. 88
3.3 Examples of Positioning Systems............................. 90
3.3.1 Pseudolites and High Sensitivity GNSS................ 91
3.3.2 Light-Based Systems................................. 93
3.3.3 Camera-Based Systems ................................ 93
3.3.4 Radio-Based Systems ................................ 94
3.3.5 Inertial Navigation.................................. 96
3.3.6 Audio-Based Systems................................ 97
3.3.7 Pressure-Based Systems........................... 97
3.4 Summary..................................................... 98
References......................................................... 98
4 Building Modeling............................................... 101
4.1 Coordinate Systems......................................... 102
4.1.1 Geometric Coordinate Systems........................ 102
4.1.2 Symbolic Coordinate Systems....................... 105
4.2 Location Models............................................. 106
4.2.1 Choice of Dimension............................. 106
4.3 Vector Maps............................................... 108
4.3.1 Basic Algorithms for Vector Maps.................... 108
4.3.2 Raster Maps..................................... 113
4.4 Environmental Models........................................ 116
4.4.1 Set-Based Environmental Models ..................... 118
4.4.2 Graph-Based Environmental Models.................... 120
4.4.3 Hybrid Approaches................................... 124
4.5 Geometric Nearest Neighbors and Range Queries............. 126
4.6 Standardization........................................... 128
4.6.1 GML and CityGML................................. 129
4.6.2 Indoor OSM.......................................... 130
Contents
xi
4.7 Summary.................................................... 131
References....................................................... 131
5 Position Refinement ........................................... 133
5.1 Least Squares Estimation with Correlation.................... 133
5.2 Recursive Least Squares Estimation......................... 135
5.3 Discrete Kalman Filtering ................................. 136
5.4 The Extended Kalman Filter.................................. 139
5.5 Particle Filtering........................................... 141
5.5.1 Grid-Based Methods................................... 142
5.5.2 Sampling importance Resampling....................... 143
5.6 Summary.................................................... 148
5.7 Further Reading............................................ 148
References......................................................... 149
6 Trajectory Computing............................................... 151
6.1 The Process of Trajectory Computing.......................... 152
6.2 Trajectories............................................... 152
6.3 Trajectory Comparison........................................ 154
6.3.1 Hausdorff Distance................................... 154
6.3.2 Frechet Distance..................................... 156
6.3.3 Jaccard Distance..................................... 157
6.3.4 Closet Pair Distance.............................. 159
6.3.5 Euclidean Distance Sum.............................. 159
6.3.6 Dynamic Time Warping................................. 160
6.3.7 Longest Common Subsequence (LCSS) ................... 160
6.3.8 Edit Distance on Real Sequences...................... 161
6.3.9 Edit Distance with Real Penalties.................... 162
6.3.10 Outlook............................................ 162
6.4 Trajectory Computing for Indoor LBS.......................... 163
6.4.1 Trajectory Computing for Positioning................. 163
6.4.2 Movement Patterns.................................. 164
6.4.3 Spatial Movement Patterns............................ 165
6.4.4 Group-Based Motion Patterns ......................... 166
6.5 Summary...................................................... 167
6.6 Further Reading............................................ 167
References......................................................... 168
7 Event Detection for Indoor LBS..................................... 169
7.1 Event-Driven Applications................................... 172
7.2 Event Sources for Indoor Navigation.......................... 173
7.2.1 Primary Events from Environmental Knowledge.......... 175
7.2.2 Primary Events from Infrastructure................... 176
7.2.3 Primary Events from User Interface................... 176
7.2.4 Primary Events from Positioning...................... 176
177
177
178
178
179
181
182
183
183
184
184
185
186
187
189
192
194
198
198
199
199
200
200
200
203
205
207
210
213
215
217
217
220
221
222
222
223
223
224
224
7.2.5 Primary Events from Activity Recognition —
7.2.6 Secondary Events Relevant
to the Navigational Task.................
7.3 Summary.........................................
7.4 Further Reading.................................
References............................................
Simultaneous Localization and Mapping in Buildings....
8.1 Data Sources for SLAM ..........................
8.1.1 Data from Inertial Navigation Systems...
8.1.2 Data from Laser Scanners................
8.1.3 Data from Landmarks.....................
8.1.4 Data from Camera Systems................
8.2 Important Algorithms for SLAM Systems...........
8.2.1 Visual Feature Point Extraction.........
8.2.2 Optical Flow Estimation ................
8.2.3 Iterative Closest Points................
8.2.4 Random Sample Consensus.................
8.2.5 Graph-Based Optimization Algorithms.....
8.3 Several Well-Known SLAM Approaches..............
8.3.1 Extended-Kalman-Filter SLAM.............
8.3.2 FastSLAM ...............................
8.3.3 Grid-SLAM...............................
8.4 Summary.........................................
8.5 Further Reading.................................
References............................................
Privacy and Security Considerations...................
9.1 Multiparty Computation..........................
9.2 k-Anonymity.....................................
9.3 l-Diversity.....................................
9.4 Spatial and Temporal Cloaking...................
9.5 ^-Differential Privacy..........................
9.6 Private Information Retrieval...................
9.6.1 Quadratic Residues......................
9.6.2 Private Information Retrieval Using Quadratic
Residuosity..............................
9.7 Summary.........................................
9.8 Further Reading.................................
References............................................
Open Problem Spaces...................................
10.1 Open Problems in Prerequisites..................
10.1.1 Sensor and Timing Accuracy .............
10.1.2 Ambient Sensors and Building Automation...
Contents xii i
10.2 Basic Positioning Techniques.................................. 224
10.3 Building Modeling........................................... 225
10.4 Position Refinement........................................... 226
10.5 Trajectory Computing.......................................... 226
10.6 Event Detection .............................................. 227
10.7 Simultaneous Localization and Mapping in Buildings............ 227
10.8 Privacy and Security Considerations........................... 227
10.9 Summary....................................................... 228
Index
231
prerequisites ana i-ounaauons
This book delivers concise coverage of classical methods and new developments
related to indoor location-based services. It collects results from isolated domains
including geometry, artificial intelligence, statistics, cooperative algorithms, and
distributed systems and thus provides an accessible overview of fundamental methods
and technologies. This makes it an ideal starting point for researchers, students, and
professionals in pervasive computing.
Location-based services are services using the location of a mobile computing device as
their primary input. While such services are fairly easy to implement outside buildings
thanks to accessible global positioning systems and high-quality environmental
information, the situation inside buildings is fundamentally different. In general, there
is no simple way of determining the position of a moving target inside a building
without an additional dedicated infrastructure.
The books structure is learning oriented, starting with a short introduction to wireless
communication systems and basic positioning techniques and ending with advanced
features like event detection, simultaneous localization and mapping, and privacy
aspects. Readers who are not familiar with the individual topics will be able to work
through the book from start to finish. At the same time all chapters are self-contained
to support readers who are already familiar with some of the content and only want to
pick selected topics that are of particular interest.
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| spelling | Werner, Martin Verfasser aut Indoor location-based services prerequisites and foundations Martin Werner Cham Springer 2014 XIII, 233 p. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Online-Ausgabe Springer eBook Collection / Computer Science Geoinformationssystem (DE-588)4261642-6 gnd rswk-swf Software Engineering (DE-588)4116521-4 gnd rswk-swf Software Engineering (DE-588)4116521-4 s Geoinformationssystem (DE-588)4261642-6 s DE-604 Reproduktion von Werner, Martin Indoor location-based services 2014 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-319-10699-1 Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027721435&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027721435&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
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| subject_GND | (DE-588)4261642-6 (DE-588)4116521-4 |
| title | Indoor location-based services prerequisites and foundations |
| title_auth | Indoor location-based services prerequisites and foundations |
| title_exact_search | Indoor location-based services prerequisites and foundations |
| title_full | Indoor location-based services prerequisites and foundations Martin Werner |
| title_fullStr | Indoor location-based services prerequisites and foundations Martin Werner |
| title_full_unstemmed | Indoor location-based services prerequisites and foundations Martin Werner |
| title_short | Indoor location-based services |
| title_sort | indoor location based services prerequisites and foundations |
| title_sub | prerequisites and foundations |
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