Človek a príroda v "dlhom" 19. storočí:
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | Slovak |
Veröffentlicht: |
Bratislava
Historický Ústav SAV
2014
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Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Rezension Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Man and nature in the "long" 19th century |
Beschreibung: | 341 S. Ill. |
ISBN: | 9788097154042 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | ČLOVEK A PRÍRODA V „DLHOM“ 19. STOROČÍ
MAN AND NATURE IN THE “LONG” 19th CENTURY
The relationship of people to nature became evidence of their cultural development
in the 19th century. The new attitude to nature was evoked by the Enlightenment
optimism of the 18th century, the Romanticism of the first half of the 19th century
and by scientific research. The protection of nature had the same roots in Central
Europe as in other parts of the continent - in appeals and measures against extensive
deforestation.
In general, deliberate protection of nature was preceded by a much stronger and
more powerful movement for the protection of animals, often with a spontaneous
and emotional character. Throughout the century, the movement was empowered by
the influence of cultural and technological changes. As a result of these changes and
of unrestrained hunting, Europe and the Kingdom of Hungary were confronted with
a general decline in the number of mammals and birds in the fields and woods and
fish in the rivers. Therefore, the voices calling for the protection of fauna were not
directed against disturbance of the ecological balance, but rather against the threat of
individual animal species being wiped out. Even so, ecological thinking was already
visible because the protection of animals began to give a systematic character to the
relationship to nature and its protection in the interests of humanity. The relationship
to animals had a particular conceptual - philosophical level, which had mainly Ger-
man roots in the Central European region.
Conservationist tendencies were directed at first towards useful animals living in the
wild and then towards selected rare species, which were not harmful, even if they were
not useful in the understanding of the time. Among domesticated animals, especially
those closest to man - dogs, horses and cats - were protected. It was characteristically
an activity spreading from the urban environment. Village people could be cruel, but
they were also pragmatic. They lived in the middle of nature and their relationship to
it derived from this. They did not need to give priority to protecting nature because
they were not destroying it. The relationship to wild animals was already not so clear.
The criterion of harmfulness played a serious and long-term negative role here.
From the beginning, the bearers of the emerging forms of ecological thinking were
mainly scientific people and associations. The idea of systematically protecting ani-
mals and establishing organizations for this purpose already appeared in the first half
of the 19th century. Especially Styria in Austria provided practical examples, while the
philosophical resources came especially from Germany. This period saw not only the
first unsuccessful attempts to establish associations for the protection of animals, but
also the first concentrated struggle to preserve the typical Tatra animals - chamois
(Rupicapra rupicapra) and marmots (Marmota marmota) ֊ from eradication.
The second stage brought appeals and mass popularization of individual ideas and
principles with the participation of many journalists and publicly known personali-
ties. The scientific stage of interest in nature and the problems of relations between
humanity and nature culminated in this period. By means of the press, brochures,
lectures, appeals and many publications, these ideas were appropriated by the sci-
entific elite and a wider part of the public. The time came for the establishment of
specialized associations.
285
ROMAN HOLEC
The establishment of mass associations, which used a whole series of effective instru-
ments to propagate and put their principles into practice, forms the essence of the
third stage of the movement to protect animals. Politicians, who built their agenda
in this field, already occasionally became involved in the protection of nature and
animals. The negative case of the Martin cellulose works is more than characteristic
in this direction.
In contrast to the protection of mammals, the protection of birds had various specific
features. The protection of birds was traditionally seen as the avant-garde of the pro-
tection of nature in general. It was the first area of nature protection to be significantly
international. This was a result of the understandable fact that the protection of birds
was not and is not possible only on the regional, state or national levels. Internation-
alization also became a characteristic feature of care for rivers and protection of the
fish in them. A specific feature of the protection of fish was that the activities of states,
civil associations and aristocratic individuals merged into one movement.
The life reform movement, which brought new themes to Central Europe around
1900, was one of the intellectual responses to the challenges of civilization, to the
turbulent development of industry, science and technology, and to consideration of
the future of humanity. These new themes included the new relationship to nature,
to animals and to the environment, evoked by vegetarianism, natural healing, flight
from civilization and other phenomena. Increased accessibility of the mountains and
mass tourism became widely popular among the urban population and part of their
activities in their free time. The Hungarian Carpathian Society with its history of more
than 70 years and complex historical changes is a perfect example for research into
the protection of nature, alpinism and relationship to mountains.
Abandonment of traditional religions and an inclination to popular Asian religious
teachings appeared as a substantially more radical step. It brought further connec-
tions: pacifism, new models of behaviour in the form of a natural” way of life, attri-
bution of souls to members of the animal and plant kingdoms. We find all these fac-
tors, although in modest forms, in the environment of Slovak thought. If we realize
that a Slovak, Albert Škarvan stood at the birth of the legendary commune on the
peak of Monte Verita, and if we place the views of Ián Maliarik in the context of the
movement for life reform, we find that Slovak society contributed to the development
of these ideas more than we supposed up to now.
Nature had great importance in the formulation of national symbols. The national
approach to nature, its owners and users was characteristic for the whole of the “cen-
tury of nationalism”.
The development in the Kingdom of Hungary occurred with considerable delay in
comparison with Western Europe. Various countries, regions, cities and individuals
- Germany, Silesia, Bohemia, Vienna, Styria, Galicia, Rosegger, the followers of Tol-
stoy - played decisive roles as mediators of European experience. Brisk contact and
transfer of ideas between scientific, naturalist and tourist associations in Cisleithania,
Hungary and abroad also contributed to the ever more rapid exchange of impulses,
findings, experiences and methods of work, as well as mutual cooperation. Some
themes affected Hungary and within it Slovakia only superficially, or left only tempo-
rary traces here. However, others played a substantial role and formed the basis for
traditions, which were further developed by later generations, so that they became
286
ČLOVEK A PRÍRODA V „DLHOM“ 19. STOROČÍ
inseparable parts of the life of society until the present day. The protection of nature
and animals became one of the key themes and pre conditions for the survival of
humanity, which is approaching the edge of self-destruction.
287
OBSAH
Úvod ........................................................................7
1. Ochrana prírody a ekologické myslenie ako teoreticky problém...........25
2. „Dajteže pokoj stromom!“.................................................43
3. Začiatky ekologického myslenia v strednej Európe.......................60
4. Hory a človek............................................................74
Prvý exkurz: Viribus unitis ................................................88
5. „Tichá jar“ a prázdna obloha ..........................................101
6. Ako ryba vo vode alebo najlepšia ryba je na tanieri? ..................121
7. Človek, životné prostredie a kapitalistická industrializácia ..........134
Druhý exkurz: Príbeh martinskej celulózky ................................154
8. Kontexty a transfery ................................................. 164
9. Spolky na ochranu zvierat...............................................176
10. Slovenská krajina, príroda a národ - mýty a symboly...................192
11. Reformné hnutie ..................................................... 208
Tretí exkurz: Pravda o Vrchu pravdy...................................... 224
Štvrtý exkurz: Velkolevársky prorok a pacifista............................237
12. Uhorský karpatský spolok ..............................................253
Záver: Otázky namiesto odpovedí............................................270
Resumé.....................................................................285
Pramene a výber z použitej literatúry.................................... 288
Obrazová príloha...........................................................305
CONTENTS
Introduction ....................................................................7
1. The protection of nature and ecological thinking as a theoretical problem..25
2. Give peace to the trees! ................................................43
3. The beginnings of ecological thinking in Central Europe....................60
4. The mountains and man......................................................74
First digression: Viribus unitis ...............................................88
5. Silent spring and empty sky..............................................101
6. Like a fish in water or the best fish is on a plate?.......................121
7. Man, the environment and capitalist industrialization......................134
Second digression: The story of the Martin cellulose works....................154
8. Contexts and transfers .....................................................164
9. Societies for the protection of animals ....................................176
10. The Slovak land, nature and the nation ֊ myths and symbols ...............192
11. The reform movement........................................................208
Third digression: The truth about the Hill of Truth ..........................224
Fourth digression: The prophet and pacifist of Velke Levire....................237
12. The Hungarian Carpathian Society......................................... 253
Conclusion: Questions instead of answers ......................................270
Summary ......................................................................28 5
Sources and bibliography.......................................................288
Illustrations..................................................................*05
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spelling | Holec, Roman 1959- Verfasser (DE-588)123923298 aut Človek a príroda v "dlhom" 19. storočí Roman Holec Bratislava Historický Ústav SAV 2014 341 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Man and nature in the "long" 19th century Geschichte 1800-1900 gnd rswk-swf Mensch (DE-588)4038639-9 gnd rswk-swf Natur (DE-588)4041358-5 gnd rswk-swf Umweltbewusstsein (DE-588)4078517-8 gnd rswk-swf Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd rswk-swf Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 gnd rswk-swf Slowakei (DE-588)4055297-4 g Mensch (DE-588)4038639-9 s Natur (DE-588)4041358-5 s Umweltbewusstsein (DE-588)4078517-8 s Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 s Geschichte 1800-1900 z DE-604 https://www.recensio.net/r/058c4f6692aa41848164549d651199d3 rezensiert in: Bohemia, 55 (2015), 2, S. 412-414 Rezension Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027717328&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027717328&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Holec, Roman 1959- Človek a príroda v "dlhom" 19. storočí Mensch (DE-588)4038639-9 gnd Natur (DE-588)4041358-5 gnd Umweltbewusstsein (DE-588)4078517-8 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4038639-9 (DE-588)4041358-5 (DE-588)4078517-8 (DE-588)4061644-7 (DE-588)4055297-4 |
title | Človek a príroda v "dlhom" 19. storočí |
title_auth | Človek a príroda v "dlhom" 19. storočí |
title_exact_search | Človek a príroda v "dlhom" 19. storočí |
title_full | Človek a príroda v "dlhom" 19. storočí Roman Holec |
title_fullStr | Človek a príroda v "dlhom" 19. storočí Roman Holec |
title_full_unstemmed | Človek a príroda v "dlhom" 19. storočí Roman Holec |
title_short | Človek a príroda v "dlhom" 19. storočí |
title_sort | clovek a priroda v dlhom 19 storoci |
topic | Mensch (DE-588)4038639-9 gnd Natur (DE-588)4041358-5 gnd Umweltbewusstsein (DE-588)4078517-8 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd |
topic_facet | Mensch Natur Umweltbewusstsein Umweltschutz Slowakei |
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