Vojaški duhovniki iz slovenskih dežel pod habsburškim žezlom:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Slovenian German English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Ljubljana
Teološka Fak.
2014
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Acta ecclesiastica Sloveniae
36 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Mit Zsfassung in engl. und slowen. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 422 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9789616844376 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 cb4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV042248333 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20151222 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 141218s2014 ad|| |||| 00||| slv d | ||
| 020 | |a 9789616844376 |9 978-961-6844-37-6 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)898357187 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV042248333 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakwb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a slv |a ger |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-355 |a DE-Re13 |a DE-12 | ||
| 084 | |a BO 1245 |0 (DE-625)13932: |2 rvk | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Šimac, Miha |d 1981- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1064765033 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Vojaški duhovniki iz slovenskih dežel pod habsburškim žezlom |c Miha Šimac |
| 264 | 1 | |a Ljubljana |b Teološka Fak. |c 2014 | |
| 300 | |a 422 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Acta ecclesiastica Sloveniae |v 36 | |
| 500 | |a Mit Zsfassung in engl. und slowen. Sprache | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1800-1918 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Slowenen |0 (DE-588)4055300-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Militär |0 (DE-588)4039305-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Militärgeistlicher |0 (DE-588)4169961-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Österreich |0 (DE-588)4043271-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Österreich |0 (DE-588)4043271-3 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Militär |0 (DE-588)4039305-7 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Militärgeistlicher |0 (DE-588)4169961-0 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Slowenen |0 (DE-588)4055300-0 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 4 | |a Geschichte 1800-1918 |A z |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 830 | 0 | |a Acta ecclesiastica Sloveniae |v 36 |w (DE-604)BV000007399 |9 36 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027686353&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027686353&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
| 940 | 1 | |n oe | |
| 940 | 1 | |q BSBWK1 | |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 200.9 |e 22/bsb |f 09034 |g 436 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 355.009 |e 22/bsb |f 09034 |g 4973 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 200.9 |e 22/bsb |f 09041 |g 4973 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 200.9 |e 22/bsb |f 09041 |g 436 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 355.009 |e 22/bsb |f 09041 |g 4973 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 355.009 |e 22/bsb |f 09041 |g 436 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 355.009 |e 22/bsb |f 09034 |g 436 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 200.9 |e 22/bsb |f 09034 |g 4973 |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027686353 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1810996455072071680 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Kazalo
TABLE OF CONTENTS
.9
Kratice inkrajšave
.13
Predgovor
.17
1.
UVOD
.19
1.1
Literatura
о
vojaški duhovščini
v
habsburški monarhiji
.20
1.2
Uporabljeni viri
in časopisje
.22
1.3
Strukturna razdelitev
.23
2.
ORIS RAZMER
V
SLOVENSKIH DEŽELAH
OB
KONCU
19.
STOLETJA
.26
3.
DUHOVNA OSKRBA
V
HABSBURŠKIH OBOROŽENIH SILAH
.30
3.1
Vojaška duhovna oskrba do leta
1773.30
3.2
Od ustanovitve apostolskega vojaškega vikariata leta
1773
do
dvojne monarhije
v letih
1867/1868.34
3.2.1
Vojaški superiorji
in
vojaški
kaplani
.37
3.2.2
Ekskurz: Druge
veroizpovedi v
vojski
do reform
vojaške
duhovščine
v
letih
1868/1869.43
4.
VOJAŠKA DUHOVŠČINA
V
DVOJNI MONARHIJI
V
LETIH
1867-1918.45
4.1
Reorganizacija vojaške duhovščine
.45
4.2
Duhovna oskrba muslimanskih
vojakov po
zasedbi Bosne
in
Hercegovine leta
1878.49
4.3
Nove strukturne preureditve vojaške duhovščine
.51
4.4
Ekskurz:
Beseda o
znanju jezikov
.54
4.5 Ob
začetku
20.
stoletja
.58
4.6
Nova valuta, nove ureditve (plače, štolnine
in pokojnine)
.64
4.6.1
Štolnine
.66
4.6.2
Pokojnine
.67
4.7
Vojaški duhovniki
in
odlikovanja
.69
4.8
»Temna plat«
medalje
.73
4.9
Imenovanje zadnjega apostolskega vojaškega vikarja
in
zadnje
spremembe pred letom
1914.75
4.9.1
Ureditev vojaške duhovščine pred začetkom vojne
.77
4.9.2
Ekskurz:
О
duhovni oskrbi oboroženih
sil v nekaterih
drugih
evropskih državah
v
začetku
20.
stoletja
.82
5
Mihá Šimac
5.
IZBRUH VOJNE VIHRE LETA
1914
IN VOJAŠKA DUHOVŠČINA
.88
5.1
»Vojska je tu!«
.89
5.2
Pisma
škofov
ob
izbruhu vojne
.90
5.3
Vojaška
duhovščina med vojno
.94
5.3.1
Mobilizacija.
94
5.3.2
Ekskurz: Vojaške poroke
.101
5.3.3
Težave
ob razporeditvi vojaških duhovnikov
.104
5.4
Navdušenost malo drugače: preganjanje duhovščine
ob izbruhu
vojne.
106
5.4.1
Janko Maierhofer
-
»župnik
infanterist«
.107
5.4.2
Zaprti vojaški
kurat
Marko Krajne
.
Ill
6.
VOJAŠKI
KURATI
V
AKTIVNI SLUŽBI
.113
6.1
Odhodí na
fronto
in razporeditev
.113
6.2
Na
bojiščih v
prvih mesecih
.114
6.3
Aktivnosti vojaškega škofa
.118
6.4
Novi vpoklici na podlagi osebnih prošenj
in
vojaških seznamov
.122
6.5
Napredovanja vojaške duhovščine med vojno
.126
6.6
Neprimerni za vojaško službo
.128
6.7
О
dopustih
(in
upokojitvah) častnikov
in
vojaških kuratov
.129
6.8
Spremembe pri razporeditvi vojaške duhovščine
.130
6.9
Ekskurz:
Drobci o premestitvah
in razporeditvah
vojaških kuratov
iz slovenskih dežel
.132
6.10
О
številu kuratov
v
habsburških oboroženih silah
.135
6.11
Delež duhovnikov iz slovenskih dežel
.141
7.
PASTORALNO DELOVANJE VOJAŠKE DUHOVŠČINE
.146
7.1
Vera in vojaštvo
.146
7.2
O ureditvi
vojaške pastorale (nekatera navodila, kritike
in predlogi). 151
7.2.1
Vojaške kapele
in
oprema
.153
7.2.2
Ekskurz:
О
gradirvi
kapel
in cerkva v
neposrednem zaledju
bojišč
.156
7.2.3
Vprašanje o mašnem vinu
in hostijah
.158
7.3
Vojaška
pastorala
v
praksi
.159
7.4
Iz pastoralnih poroci!
.161
7.4.1
Maše
.163
7.4.2
Pridige
.169
7.4.3
Spovedovanje
in obhájilo
.174
7.4.4
Ekskurz: Vprašanje jezikovnega znanja
in
vojaški
kuráti
iz slovenskih dežel
.177
7.4.5
Skrb za ranjene
in umirajoče
.179
7.4.6
Skrb za umrle vojake
.182
7.4.7
Ekskurz:
Izkop in prevoz
mrtvih
vojakov v
domaće
kraje
.189
7.4.8
Nekatere druge aktivnosti vojaških kuratov
.190
7.5
Pastorala vojnih ujetnikov (doma
in v tujini)
.196
8.
OD ODLIKOVANJ DO
GRAJ
VOJAŠKE DUHOVŠČINE
.203
8.1
Pohvale
in
odlikovanja vojaških duhovnikov
.203
8.2
»Dulce
et
decorum
est
pro
patria mori«
-
о
vojaških kuratih,
padiih
in
umrlih med vojno
.209
8.3
Kritike
in pritožbe
.212
8.3.1
Kritike iz vrst krajevne duhovščine, ljudstva
in vojaštva
.212
8.3.2
Kritika iz vrst vojaške duhovščine
in vprašanje
primerne
starosti
.217
8.3.3
Nekateri primeri disciplinskih obravnav vojaške duhovščine
.220
8.3.4
Ekskurz: Vprašanje
о
blagoslovu orožja
.225
9.
ZADNJE
LETO
VOJNE
.227
9.1
Pastorala med vojaki
v
prvih mesecih leta
1918.227
9.2
Mirovni sporazum
z
Rusijo
in
taborišča za vračajoče se iz ruskega
ujetništva
.229
9.3
Duhovna oskrba taborišč
.230
9.4
Upori vojaštva
v
maju
1918
in vojaška
duhovščina
.232
9.5
Junijska ofenziva
in
stanje po njej
.236
9.6
Frontna propaganda
.241
9.7
Ekskurz: Upor
2.
gorskega strelskega
polka v
oktobru
1918
in
vprašanje
vojaškega kuráta
.243
10.
OB RAZPADU
MONARHIJE
IN
NA PREHODU
V
NOVO
DRŽAVO
SHS1918
.246
10.1
Vračanje vojaških kuratov
.246
10.2
Vojaška duhovna oskrba
v
Državi SHS
.248
10.3
Vojaška duhovščina
in
boji za severno mejo
.251
10.4
Duhovniki
v
vojski nove države Kraljevine SHS/Jugoslavije
-
oris
.255
11.
POVZETEK
.258
12.
SUMMARY
.264
13.
PRILOGE
.270
14.
VIRI IN
LITERATURA
.389
14.1
Arhivski viri:
.389
14.2
Drugi tiskani viri
.391
14.3
Rokopisi, neobjavljeno gradivo (diplomska
dela,
doktorske
disertacije)
.392
14.4
Časopisi
in
revije
.392
14.5
Literatura
.393
14.6
Spletni viri
.400
8
MihaŠimac
14.6.1
Elektronska pisma:
.401
15.
IMENSKO KAZALO
.402
16.
SEZNAM
PRILOG
.409
ACTA
ECCLESIASTICA SLOVENIAE
.415
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
.13
FOREWORD
.17
1.
INTRODUCTION
.19
1.1
The literature on military chaplaincy in the
Habsburg
Monarchy
.20
1.2
Used sources and newspapers
.22
1.3
The structural division
.23
2.
THE OUTLINE OF THE LIVING CONDITIONS IN THE SLOVENE
LANDS AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY
.26
3.
PASTORAL CARE IN THE
HABSBURG
ARMED FORCES
.30
3.1
Military pastoral care until
1773.30
3.2
From the establishment of the Apostolic Military
Vicariate
in
1773
to the Dual Monarchy in the years
1867/1868.34
3.2.1
Military superiors and military chaplains
.37
3.2.2
Excursus: Other religions in the armed forces until reforms of the
military chaplaincy in the years
1868/1869.43
4.
MILITARY CHAPLAINCY IN THE DUAL MONARCHY IN THE
YEARS
1867-1918.45
4.1
The reorganization of the military chaplaincy
.45
4.2
Pastoral care of Muslim soldiers after the occupation of Bosnia and
Herzegovina in
1878.49
4.3
New structural realignment of military chaplaincy
.51
4.4
Excursus: language knowledge
.54
4.5
At the beginning of the 20th century
.58
4.6
The new currency, the new regime (salaries, stipends and pensions)
.64
4.6.1
Stipends
.66
4.6.2
Pensions
.67
4.7
Military chaplains and decorations
.69
4.8
The "dark side" of the medal
.73
4.9
The appointment of the last Apostolic Military Vicar and the last changes
before
1914.75
4.9.1
The arrangements of military chaplaincy prior to the beginning of
the war
.77
4.9.2
Excursus: The pastoral care of the armed forces in some other
European countries in the early 20th century
.82
10
MihaŠimac
5.
THE OUTBREAK OF THE MAELSTROM OF WAR IN
1914
AND THE
MILITARY CHAPLAINCY
.88
5.1
"War is here!"
.89
5.2
Bishops' letters at the outbreak of war
.90
5.3
Military chaplaincy during the war
.94
5.3.1
Mobilization
.94
5.3.2
Excursus: Military marriages
.101
5.3.3
Problems with the distribution of military chaplains
.104
5.4
Slightly different enthusiasm: the persecution of the chaplaincy
at the outbreak of war
.106
5.4.1
Janko
Maierhofer
-
"an infrantry priest"
.107
5.4.2
Marko Krajne
-
an imprisoned military chaplain
.
Ill
6.
MILITARY CHAPLAINS ON ACTIVE SERVICE
.113
6.1
Departures to the front lines and distribution
.113
6.2
First months at the battlefield
.114
6.3
The activities of the military bishop
.118
6.4
New recalls on the basis of personal requests and military lists
.122
6.5
Promotion of military chaplaincy during the war
.126
6.6
Unsuitable for military service
.128
6.7
Holidays (and retirement) of officers and military chaplains
.129
6.8
Changes in the distribution of military chaplaincy
.130
6.9
Excursus: Fragments of relocation and deployment of military
chaplains from the Slovene Lands
.132
6.10
The number of military chaplains in the
Habsburg
armed forces
.135
6.11
The proportion of priests from the Slovene Lands
.141
7.
PASTORAL ACTIVITY OF THE MILITARY CHAPLAINCY
.146
7.1
Religion and military service
.146
7.2
The organization of the military pastorale (some instructions,
criticism and suggestions)
.151
7.2.1
Military chapels and equipment
.153
7.2.2
Excursus: The construction of chapels and churches in the
immediate hinterland of battlefields
.156
7.2.3
A question of the mass wine and communion wafers
.158
7.3
Military pastorale in practice
.159
7.4
Fragments from the pastoral reports
.161
7.4.1
Masses
.163
7.4.2
Sermons
.169
7.4.3
Confession and communion
.174
7.4.4
Excursus: The question of linguistic knowledge and military
chaplains from the Slovene Lands
.177
7.4.5
Caring for the wounded and dying
.179
11
7.4.6
Caring for dead soldiers
.182
7.4.7
Excursus: Excavation and transportation of dead soldiers
back home
.189
7.4.8
Other activities of military chaplains
.190
7.5
Pastorale of military prisoners (at home and abroad)
.196
8.
DECORATION AND CRITICISM OF MILITARY CHAPLAINCY
.103
8.1
Compliments and decoration of military chaplains
.203
8.2
"Dulce
et
decorum
est
pro
patria
mori"
-
military chaplains
who died during the war
.209
8.3
Criticism and complaints
.212
8.3.1
Criticism from the local chaplaincy, the people and
the military
.212
8.3.2
Criticism from the military chaplaincy and the question
of the appropriate age
.217
8.3.3
Some examples of disciplinary hearings of the military chaplaincy
.220
8.3.4
Excursus: Question about the blessing of weapons
.225
9.
THE LAST YEAR OF WAR
.227
9.1
Pastorale among soldiers in the first months of
1918.227
9.2
Peace treaty with Russia and camps for returnees from the
Russian captivity
.229
9.3
Pastoral care in the camps
.230
9.4
Soldiers' revolts in May
1918
and military chaplaincy
.232
9.5
The June offensive and its consequences
.236
9.6
The propaganda of front
.241
9.7
Excursus: The resistance of the
2nd
Mountain Range Regiment in
October
1918
and the question of a military chaplain
.243
10.
UPON THE DISSOLUTION OF MONARCHY AND THE PROCESS OF
TRANSITION TO A NEW COUNTRY
-
THE STATE OF SLOVENES,
CROATS AND SERBS IN
1918.246
10.1
The returning of military chaplains
.246
10.2
Military pastorale care in the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
.248
10.3
The military chaplaincy and struggle for the northern border
.251
10.4
The chaplains in the army of the new state
-
the Kingdom of Serbs,
Croats and Slovenes /Kingdom of Yugoslavia
-
an outline
.255
11.
SLOVENE SUMMARY
.258
12.
SUMMARY
.264
13.
APPENDICES
.270
14.
SOURCES AND LITERATURE
.389
12
Mihá Šimac
15.
INDEX
OF NAMES
.402
ACTA ECCLESIASTICA SLOVENIAE
.415
264
Miha Šimac
12. SUMMARY
This book discusses spiritual care in the Habsburg army, specifically focus-
ing on priests and chaplains from the Slovenian Lands. The armed forces of the
Habsburgs first developed out of attempts to organize and supply military units in
the sixteenth century. If the military chaplains in patrimonial units acted more as
volunteers, they increasingly became organized and subject to military rules after
the first permanent imperial regiments were established after the Thirty Years
War. Their operation was in the beginning linked solely to wartime, but since
many wars were recorded in the sixteenth and seventeenth century, we could say
that these were permanent military priests.
Foundations of organized spiritual care date back to the sixteenth century,
when the Habsburgs first appointed the vicar of the imperial army. The vicar
was usually also the emperor s confessor. Despite the fact that the vicar was po-
sitioned near the imperial court, they did not have enough influence and power
to influence the effective functioning of the military clergy and their structural
arrangements. However, in 1643 Pope Urban VIII endowed the vicar of the
imperial army with episcopal powers over the imperial army. This authority
applied only in times of war. In 1689, the Papal Nuncio in Vienna received
jurisdiction over the military in peacetime. This authority allowed the nuncio
to award the emperor s personal confessor with jurisdiction over armed forces
at any time. The influence of the emperors confessor gradually increased in
the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The Jesuit order also played a large
role in promoting and regulating the provision of spiritual care in the impe-
rial army. The acting Jesuit monks in military ranks also included those who
came from the Slovenian Lands and worked in various positions. The Count
Sigismund Anton von Hohenwart was among them, who in 1794 became the
Bishop of Sankt Polten and thereby entrusted the function of the military vicar
and responsibility for the operation of military clergy. He was the only one of
the priests from the Slovenian Lands to reach this high office.
The new regime of military clergy occurred in 1773, when the Apostolic
Military Vicariate was founded and when military superiors were established.
The highest function of the apostolic military vicar was given to the bishop, at
first the one in the Wiener Neustadt, then to the bishop of the Diocese of St.
Polten, and later was the seat of the Military Vicariate transferred to Vienna.
Pope Clement XIV awarded the new military vicar Dr. Johann Heinrich von
Kerens jurisdiction over the imperial army in times of war and peace. The new
military vicar and his successors cut a powerful figure, forcefully intervening in
correcting irregularities that they witnessed during inspection trips. In doing
SUMMARY
265
so, they continuously worked to forge a relationship between the military and
the local clergy, particularly on the issue of demarcation of jurisdiction over
military personnel. The first solutions for the division of the army on so-called
»militia stabilis« and »milita vaga« at the beginning of the nineteenth century
were only partially effective. Thereafter the military vicars constantly called for
new additions and changes. Nevertheless, the military vicars gradually succeed-
ed in creating a more modern and an increasingly effective system of spiritual
care in the armed forces. In doing so, they consistently emphasised the impor-
tance of language skills among the military clergy. This was reflected in criterial
for admission to the chaplaincy, as every Catholic priest who wanted to enter
the military clergy was required to know at least one language of the monarchy
in addition to German. Consequently, language ability also influenced the com-
position of the military clergy.
The very regulatory system of the military clergy did not change, not even
after the transformation of the country into a dual monarchy in 1867 when the
ideas of liberalism led politicians to limit the far-reaching influence of Catholic
Church. These larger political debates had reprocussions on the armed forc-
es and was reflected in the organization of the military clergy and provision
of spiritual care of the soldiers. The new reforms thus discontinued by then
well-established pastoral methods, in which the military priest was almost in-
extricably linked to the military unit or regiment. As a result, military chap-
lains, during peacetime, were accepted more as officials and not so much as
»spiritual fathers« of individual military units. In doing so, the discussion alerts
and shows that another process also expired, namely the enforcement of the
military clergy for believers of other faiths. The first steps were, to a certain
extent, indeed made in the first half of the nineteenth century, however, this
was finally arranged only after reorganization of the state in the dual monarchy.
Thus, Protestant, Orthodox, and Greek Catholic priests also stepped alongside
Roman Catholic military priests, and later, with the occupation of Bosnia and
Herzegovina, the military imams of Islam joined them. Interestingly, despite
the great number of believers of the Jewish faith, they had no permanent mil-
itary rabbis in the army. Regardless of that, the military forces continued to
strive for providing the members of all seven recognized religions with respect,
as well as the right to perform religious duties.
National tensions in the nineteenth and early twentieth century also
touched the Habsburg armed forces. The army expected its soldiers and officers
to maintain its multinational ethos, and avoid nationality politics. This applied
equally to the army’s chaplains. The vast majority of priests from the Sloveni-
an Lands were nationally conscious Slovenes, and consequently some of them
were subject to different, often unjustified allegations and insinuations. Despite
266
Miha Šimac
their national consciousness, some military priests from the Slovenian Lands
managed to achieve high positions among the military clergy. Anton Jaklic was,
for example, appointed a military superior of the Graz Superiorat on the eve of
the war, and Janez Klobovs performed the same service in Innsbruck.
Not all priests who entered the army were particularly gifted or suitable
for pastoral work. Military chaplains received their military commissions on
the recommendation of their local bishop. In some cases, the bishop regret-
ted his choice. Some of these priests were disciplined within the chaplaincy as
well. They could be relocated from one garrison to another; others were fired
or forced into early retirement. But for every “bad” priest there were also many
dedicated and self-sacrificing priests who did their best in enforcing their mis-
sion among the military, which was also reflected in the awards and medals
received from the state. Thus, the image of military priest was by no means
unique even before 1914.
This work addresses and outlines the organization of spiritual care in some
other European countries. The shape and structure of chaplaincies across Eu-
rope was influenced by a variety of ideas and relations between religious com-
munities and the state. In many places, liberalism and its strict idea of separation
of the church and the state provided a major force of change, debate, and reform,
as it happened in France in 1905. This, of course, strongly influenced the organ-
ization of the military clergy. Also, let us not forget the difficulties encountered
in larger state frameworks; especially if the empire consisted of several provinces
that had a self-organization of spiritual care within the army, as was the case in
the German empire. A comparison of these arrangements of military clergy with
the arrangement of the military clergy in the Habsburg dual monarchy allows us
to identify that the organization of spiritual care in the Habsburg Empire rested
on years of experience; the newly established countries were not given such an
opportunity. From this also originated all system solutions, which were deter-
mined in addressing the status of a military priest, his duties and rights. It is also
worth highlighting that the Catholic Church, in spite of the influence of liberal
ideas, retained its primacy. However, the army tried to provide spiritual care also
to all military personnel who belonged to the other recognized religious com-
munities recognized in the empire.
During the First World War, in the emergencies, the military clergy tried
to continue to provide spiritual care for the military. In addition to the fun-
damental pastoral tasks, the authorities also entrusted the priests with other,
specific tasks (e.g. propaganda department, censor services). Military priests
demonstrated their initiative and resourcefulness, self-sacrifice, and dedication
to the profession on the one hand and, sometimes, apathy, bureaucratic nar-
row-mindedness, even immorality and neglect of priestly service on the other
SUMMARY
267
hand. Here a personal approach is necessary. Military priests reacted to their
orders, their instructions, as well as the restrictions of their superiors, and front
line conditions in a variety of ways, based on their own personality and abilities.
Special attention in our discussion is all the time dedicated to priests from
the Slovenian Lands (primarily from the diocese of Ljubljana and Lavant), who
at the time of the First World War acted as military chaplains from various
military units or military hospitals either in the immediate hinterland of the
front line or in the garrisons and other cities in dual monarchy. These Sloveni-
an priests were persecuted by the authorities during the mobilization in 1914.
In Styria and Carinthia, German national circles denounced priests because
of their national consciousness with allegations of “Serbophilia” and brought
them before military courts. These trials also included some priests who have
already been called up for military service. Some priests indirectly experienced
this wave of persecution during the first weeks of the war, when their status as
Slovenes led to difficulties in fulfilling their normal pastoral work. Although the
attacks on the Slovenian clergy subsequently eased, mistrust and national ten-
sions remained present even in the army. National strife emerged again in 1918
when Slovene priests were accused of putting their nation above the others.
Using previously collected data, we were able to determine that during the
First World War 152 priests from the Slovenian lands served in the military as
chaplains. They worked in this role for shorter or longer periods; they came
from both the diocesan ranks as well as from a variety of religious congrega-
tions. The Slovene story is of course a particular one; but in many ways Slovene
priests exemplified the war experience. The Slovene dioceses contributed an
average proportion of priests to the military chaplaincy.
In regards to the military and its relationship towards the military priests,
it seems that the crucial role was played by a military chaplain himself with
his performance, personality, engagement, and lifestyle. It was important that
the priest carried out his mission in an exemplary fashion, as well that he was
personable and polite in speaking with soldiers; if he kept more to himself or
was more afraid, then it was quite difficult for him to maintain his reputation.
Soldiers paid more respect and appreciated more those priests who visited them
despite difficult conditions on the battlefields and such who carried out their
mission enthusiastically in a variety of hospital settings. In doing so, let us not
forget about the situation and the circumstances, in which they acted as these
differed from one unit to another and had a different impact on the efficient
operation of military chaplains. Their willingess, as it seems, largely depended
on their practical pastoral experience. This could pose certain difficulties in car-
rying out pastoral activities, and the problem solving mainly depended on the
priest’s sense of self-initiative and ability to adapt to circumstances. Nor should
268
Miha Šimac
one overlook that the military priests were in many places deemed as a bond
with the locals; there were also those who informed the relatives of the death of
their loved ones, and in addition to that, took care of military graves was a task
that was imposed on them.
The book also addresses the issue of the officer rank of the military priests.
Some of them have exploited their rank which was of course reflected in their
pastoral work. Nevertheless, we must note that a large part of the military clergy
during the wartime came from the ranks of the reserves. In other words, they
were local, diocesan priests. Therefore, it is not surprising to note that there was
only a small number of such priests among them who have used their officer
rank to mitigate or resolve conflicts that arose between soldiers and command-
ing officers. In this way, they were able to enhance their reputation among mil-
itary and some individual military priests, alongside the collapse of the mon-
archy, in some cases even become formal regimental commanders. Individual
military priests also had a prominent role in the return of some military units
from various battlefields at the end of the war.
There were eleven military priests who died at the front during the First
World War, among them two Slovenians. The first, was Valentin Rozman, reg-
imental chaplain of the 7th Infantry Regiment of Carinthia, who fell at the end
of August 1914. The second was Dr. Janez Andolšek, who died in 1917. More-
over, an additional forty-three priests died because of war efforts, accidents or
various diseases. They also included five priests from Slovenian Lands. You
could also find them among aproximately eighty military chaplains who ended
up in captivity during the war. Dr. Anton Jehart, for example, also ended up in
as a prisoner of war on the Serbian front. He later survived a march by the Ser-
bian Army to Valona, where he was then transported to the Italian captivity. He
was then, as a military priest, in charge of war prisoners on Asinari. Some other
military priests, such as Vladimir Cepuder, tried to carry out their mission also
in the Russian war captivity. Some priests returned home only a few years after
the war from the Russian war captivity.
In the new State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs the new authorities appar-
ently believed that the question of spiritual care in the military was important,
and consequently, on 2 November 1918 the National Government entrusted
the spiritual care of soldiers on the Slovenian territory to the military superior
Janez Klobovs. The country also hastened to address the issue of the new mili-
tary vicar and Dr. Ferdo Rožič, to whom all the ordinaries in the new country
granted the necessary jurisdiction, took this position. The new government also
opened a new, north battlefield. Some individual military priests went in the
battle for the northern border with a rifle on their shoulder. An example of
this was Ignac Marinčič, who as a volunteer, in contrast to church regulations,
SUMMARY
269
fought for his new country. The vast majority of the former Austro-Hungarian
military clergy performed their pastoral mission among military also in a new
environment.
Significant changes in the very organization of the spiritual care of military
personnel took place in the period after the merger and the formation of the
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Even under the Serbian Orthodox rul-
er, the soldiers from the army and navy were provided with spiritual care. Fol-
lowing the provisional solutions in 1919, a decree of the Council of Ministers
of 30 January 1920 ensured the existence of military priests in the armed forces
of the new countries, which also regulated their position. In this new context,
priests from the Slovenian Lands also functioned among the military clergy;
however, we are still not familiar with the thorough presentation of their work
as well as their exact number, which represents a challenge for further research.
The situation in the royal army changed radically for the military priests
with the adoption of a new law on the organization of the Army and Navy in
1929, when military priests were transferred into the rank of civil servants. So
the military priests were ranked lower than lower officers, which resulted in a
loss of authority vis-à-vis the military, as well as the deterioration of their eco-
nomic situation. Nevertheless, they continued to carry out their missions across
garrisons and city headquarters and took care for thee provision of spiritual
care of soldiers. Virtually all military priests of the officially recognized relitions
were dissatisfied because of these changes. No new regulations were forthcom-
ing. The dissolution of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1945 ended the long tradi-
tion of organized spiritual care in the armed forces. The discussion itself has far
from exhausted all the issues that are emerging here and would require a more
in-depth analysis. It is only a first attempt to deal with the history of military
clergy associated with the Slovenian Lands, and in light of this, our discussion
represents a solid starting point for all future research of the topic, which the
Slovenian historiography has not addressed at all to this date. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Šimac, Miha 1981- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1064765033 |
| author_facet | Šimac, Miha 1981- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Šimac, Miha 1981- |
| author_variant | m š mš |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042248333 |
| classification_rvk | BO 1245 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)898357187 (DE-599)BVBBV042248333 |
| discipline | Theologie / Religionswissenschaften |
| era | Geschichte 1800-1918 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1800-1918 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nam a2200000 cb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV042248333</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20151222</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">141218s2014 ad|| |||| 00||| slv d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9789616844376</subfield><subfield code="9">978-961-6844-37-6</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)898357187</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV042248333</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">slv</subfield><subfield code="a">ger</subfield><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-355</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-Re13</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">BO 1245</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)13932:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Šimac, Miha</subfield><subfield code="d">1981-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1064765033</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Vojaški duhovniki iz slovenskih dežel pod habsburškim žezlom</subfield><subfield code="c">Miha Šimac</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Ljubljana</subfield><subfield code="b">Teološka Fak.</subfield><subfield code="c">2014</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">422 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">Ill., graph. Darst.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Acta ecclesiastica Sloveniae</subfield><subfield code="v">36</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Mit Zsfassung in engl. und slowen. Sprache</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1800-1918</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Slowenen</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4055300-0</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Militär</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4039305-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Militärgeistlicher</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4169961-0</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Österreich</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4043271-3</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Österreich</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4043271-3</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Militär</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4039305-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Militärgeistlicher</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4169961-0</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Slowenen</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4055300-0</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1800-1918</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="830" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Acta ecclesiastica Sloveniae</subfield><subfield code="v">36</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-604)BV000007399</subfield><subfield code="9">36</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027686353&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027686353&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Abstract</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">oe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="q">BSBWK1</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">200.9</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09034</subfield><subfield code="g">436</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">355.009</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09034</subfield><subfield code="g">4973</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">200.9</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09041</subfield><subfield code="g">4973</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">200.9</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09041</subfield><subfield code="g">436</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">355.009</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09041</subfield><subfield code="g">4973</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">355.009</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09041</subfield><subfield code="g">436</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">355.009</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09034</subfield><subfield code="g">436</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">200.9</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09034</subfield><subfield code="g">4973</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="943" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027686353</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| geographic | Österreich (DE-588)4043271-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Österreich |
| id | DE-604.BV042248333 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-09-23T14:13:25Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789616844376 |
| language | Slovenian German English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027686353 |
| oclc_num | 898357187 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| physical | 422 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| psigel | BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Teološka Fak. |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Acta ecclesiastica Sloveniae |
| series2 | Acta ecclesiastica Sloveniae |
| spelling | Šimac, Miha 1981- Verfasser (DE-588)1064765033 aut Vojaški duhovniki iz slovenskih dežel pod habsburškim žezlom Miha Šimac Ljubljana Teološka Fak. 2014 422 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Acta ecclesiastica Sloveniae 36 Mit Zsfassung in engl. und slowen. Sprache Geschichte 1800-1918 gnd rswk-swf Slowenen (DE-588)4055300-0 gnd rswk-swf Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd rswk-swf Militärgeistlicher (DE-588)4169961-0 gnd rswk-swf Österreich (DE-588)4043271-3 gnd rswk-swf Österreich (DE-588)4043271-3 g Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 s Militärgeistlicher (DE-588)4169961-0 s Slowenen (DE-588)4055300-0 s Geschichte 1800-1918 z DE-604 Acta ecclesiastica Sloveniae 36 (DE-604)BV000007399 36 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027686353&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027686353&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Šimac, Miha 1981- Vojaški duhovniki iz slovenskih dežel pod habsburškim žezlom Acta ecclesiastica Sloveniae Slowenen (DE-588)4055300-0 gnd Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd Militärgeistlicher (DE-588)4169961-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4055300-0 (DE-588)4039305-7 (DE-588)4169961-0 (DE-588)4043271-3 |
| title | Vojaški duhovniki iz slovenskih dežel pod habsburškim žezlom |
| title_auth | Vojaški duhovniki iz slovenskih dežel pod habsburškim žezlom |
| title_exact_search | Vojaški duhovniki iz slovenskih dežel pod habsburškim žezlom |
| title_full | Vojaški duhovniki iz slovenskih dežel pod habsburškim žezlom Miha Šimac |
| title_fullStr | Vojaški duhovniki iz slovenskih dežel pod habsburškim žezlom Miha Šimac |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vojaški duhovniki iz slovenskih dežel pod habsburškim žezlom Miha Šimac |
| title_short | Vojaški duhovniki iz slovenskih dežel pod habsburškim žezlom |
| title_sort | vojaski duhovniki iz slovenskih dezel pod habsburskim zezlom |
| topic | Slowenen (DE-588)4055300-0 gnd Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd Militärgeistlicher (DE-588)4169961-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Slowenen Militär Militärgeistlicher Österreich |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027686353&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027686353&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000007399 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT simacmiha vojaskiduhovnikiizslovenskihdezelpodhabsburskimzezlom |