Zagłada Żydów w dystrykcie krakowskim w latach 1939 - 1945:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Rzeszów
Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, Oddział
2014
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski |
| Ausgabe: | Wyd. 1. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Seria Wydawnicza IPN Oddział w Rzeszowie
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The destruction of Jews in the Kraków district in the years 1939 - 1945 Bibliogr. s. 362-382. Indeksy |
| Beschreibung: | 405, [2] s. il. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788376296630 9788379960040 |
Internformat
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| 250 | |a Wyd. 1. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Rzeszów |b Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, Oddział |c 2014 | |
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The destruction of Jews in the Kraków district in the years 1939 - 1945 | ||
| 500 | |a Bibliogr. s. 362-382. Indeksy | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1939-1945 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Żydzi / Polska / Kraków (region) / 1900-1945 |2 jhpk | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804152772427251712 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Rozdział
IV
Żydowska administracja w dystrykcie krakowskim
............................................. 193
Pomoc Judenratów i ŻSS dla ludności żydowskiej w dystrykcie krakowskim
... 243
Rozdział
V
Bezpośrednia eksterminacja ludności żydowskiej
................................................. 257
Pierwsze zbrodnie
................................................................................................ 258
Aktion Reinhard
w dystrykcie krakowskim
......................................................... 270
Starostwo krakowskie
.......................................................................................... 281
Starostwo tarnowskie
........................................................................................... 289
Starostwo rzeszowskie
......................................................................................... 295
ι
.
ί
І
aï :-:-
;.;
.ιίί
;■;■■■<;:
SPIS TREŚCI
Wstęp
.............................................................................................................................. 7
Rozdział I
Okupacja niemiecka
-
dystrykt krakowski, jego obszar i administracja
.............. 19
Powstanie i podział administracyjny dystryktu krakowskiego
.............................. 20
Cywilne władze okupacyjne dystryktu krakowskiego
........................................... 27
Niemieckie siły policyjne w dystrykcie krakowskim
............................................ 35
W
Udział
Wehrmachtu
w zbrodniach na Żydach
....................................................... 50
Rozdziału
Ludność żydowska w dystrykcie krakowskim w latach
1939-1942,
jej liczba
!
i rozmieszczenie
........................................................................................................... 57
Populacja żydowska środkowej i zachodniej Małopolski w latach trzydzies¬
tych
XX
w
.............................................................................................................. 58
Liczba i rozmieszczenie ludności żydowskiej w dystrykcie krakowskim w la¬
tach
1939-1942 ...................................................................................................... 66
Migracje ludności żydowskiej w dystrykcie krakowskim w latach
1939—1941 .... 81
Tworzenie gett w dystrykcie krakowskim
............................................................ 104
Rozdział III
Życie codzienne ludności żydowskiej w dystrykcie krakowskim
-
ekstermina-
i
cja pośrednia
.............................................................................................................. 117
Antyżydowskie zarządzenia władz okupacyjnych
............................................... 118 !
Warunki materialno-bytowe ludności żydowskiej w dystrykcie krakowskim
..... 136
Praca przymusowa Żydów w dystrykcie krakowskim
......................................... 159
Żydzi w obozach pracy przymusowej
.................................................................. 173
Powołanie i zadania rad żydowskich
................................................................... 194
Żydowska Służba Porządkowa i jej działalność
.................................................. 214
Żydowska Samopomoc Społeczna
-
geneza i struktura organizacyjna
............... 229
Starostwo dębickie
............................................................................................... 299
Starostwo przemyskie
.......................................................................................... 304
Starostwo
j
arosławskie
......................................................................................... 309
Starostwo sanockie
............................................................................................... 312
Starostwo krośnieńskie
......................................................................................... 316
Starostwo jasielskie
.............................................................................................. 320
Starostwo nowosądeckie
...................................................................................... 325
Starostwo nowotarskie
......................................................................................... 329
Starostwo miechowskie
........................................................................................ 333
Zakończenie
............................................................................................................... 346
Summary
.................................................................................................................... 352
Spis tabel
.................................................................................................................... 356
Wykaz skrótów
.......................................................................................................... 358
Wykaz wykorzystanych źródeł
................................................................................ 362
Indeks osób
................................................................................................................ 383
Indeks miejscowości
.................................................................................................. 394
Mapa podziału administracyjnego dystryktu krakowskiego
(1940
r.)
................. 406
552
The Destruction of Jews in the
Kraków
District in the years
1939-1945
The forms and methods employed by the German authorities towards the
Jewish inhabitants of the
Kraków
district did not differ from those pursued to¬
wards them in the remaining territories of the General Government (GG).
Already upon the entry of German troops into the territory of Poland the
Jewish population was subjected to sequestration, repressions and murders. The
first crimes on Jews were committed already in the period of the so-called mili¬
tary rule. Then,
600-1000
people were murdered in the area later incorporated as
the so-called
Kraków
district into the GG. The scale of these murders decreased
after the establishment of civil administration in October
1939.
By means of ad¬
ministrative orders the occupation authorities excluded Jews from the socio-eco¬
nomic life of the region, deprived them of personal liberty and isolated from the
whole of society. Its final effect was concentration of Jews in districts, part of
which was further transformed into closed ghettoes. In the
Kraków
district they
were created mainly in
1942
already during the so-called Operation
Reinhard
(67%).
The first ghetto came into existence on
3
March
1941
in the capital of GG.
Altogether
48
ghettoes were created in the whole area of the district. Only five of
them were left after the mass displacement in the summer of
1942
as the so-called
collective ghettoes (in Krakow,
Bochnia, Przemyśl, Rzeszów
and
Tarnów).
They
were eventually liquidated in the spring and autumn of
1943.
The feature characteristic for the Jewish population in the
Kraków
district,
until its annihilation in
1942,
was its quite large mobility. Since the autumn of
1939
until the spring of
1940
deportees from the Reich and the annexed territories
were coming to the discussed area. Almost at the same time, as already in the
autumn of
1939,
around
21,500
Jews were expelled from the eastern part of the
district to the Soviet zone of occupation. Only some returned to their homes. The
rest suffered the same fate as the Jewish population in the USSR.
Also in
1940
the displacement of Jews in the very area of the
Kraków
district
began. The first to fall victim to it were the Jewish inhabitants of
Kraków.
In the
period from May
1940
till the end of February
1941
around
60,000
people were
forced to leave the city. In the autumn of
1940
Jews expelled from resorts and bor¬
der locations joined them, and since
1941
gradually also inhabitants of villages
from southern regions, who were ordered to move to bigger cities. Shortly before
the deportation actions the next wave of displacement took place in connection
with the implementation of the so-called Operation
Reinhard.
Until
1942
Jews displaced from their places of residence had the possibility
to choose a new place of stay. However, with time both local German authori¬
ties and particular Jewish communities tried to limit the number of displaced
persons who were mainly seen as a source of additional problems. The wave of
the displaced persons led to the overpopulation of many places and the division
of aid which the Jewish administration disposed of. The displaced population
was forced to rely on social welfare because in most cases they were deprived of
property and the possibility of earning a living.
The living conditions of a vast majority of Jews worsened with every year
of occupation. They were bad already at the beginning of
1940
but when the dis¬
placements began they were disastrous. The food allowance for the Jewish popu¬
lation was irregular and strikingly low. Their caloric value was small and did not
exceed
800
calories. This is why already in the summer of
1940
in some places
of the region first cases of death from starvation occurred. This was accompanied
by dreadful housing conditions and since
1941
a permanent threat to life. All this
contributed to the spread of infectious diseases, mainly typhus fever, and resulted
in relatively high mortality.
In the first years of war people suffering from infectious diseases were treat¬
ed, and if they died they did in hospitals or places of residence. In the middle of
1942
a majority of them were already doomed to death due to both lack of proper
aid and murders performed on them by the Germans who treated them as an inef¬
ficient, and thus useless element.
The priority of the occupation authorities in the first years of occupation was
the regulation of issues connected with obtaining Jewish manpower. Thus Jews
were forced to work in the place of living and in the specially created for this
purpose camps. In the area of the
Kraków
district altogether
70
labour camps and
labour facilities were created, through which passed over
27,000
Jews from the
district. At least
3000
of them died due to dreadful conditions, work to excess,
starvation and terror.
In
1941
the Germans began the annihilation of the Jewish population in
Europe. In the
Kraków
district its prelude can be assumed in the displacement of
the Jews from
Mielec
in early March
1942.
A systematic deportation action to the
extermination camp in
Bełżec
began in June
1942
from the
Kraków
ghetto, and
reached its culmination in August—September
1942.
After
Kraków,
the displacement action was directed to the east, encompass¬
ing one by one the largest Jewish populations in the counties of:
Tarnów, Rzeszów,
Przemyśl, Jarosław and Sanok.
Next, it included the remaining central regions of
the district and its southern parts:
Dębica, Jasło, Krosno, Nowy Sącz, Nowy Targ,
and Miechów. In
1943
the last ghettoes in the
Kraków
district were liquidated.
During the implementation of the operation
Reinhard
a scheme of action
was established, which slightly revised, was implemented in the whole region. It
involved rounding Jews up in a given place, usually with a luggage of maximum
25
kg. Next, they were subjected to selection. Subsequently, the ill, the elderly,
crippled or deemed unfit to further way were murdered on the spot or in the
nearby woods. Those capable of work were selected and transported to camps,
whereas the remaining population was deported to
Bełżec.
Only a few transports
were sent to KL Auschwitz-Birkenau, which was mainly in
1943
from the labour
camps or so-called remnant ghettoes.
However, in the places where the population was relatively small and located
away from traffic routes or big cities all Jews were murdered without exception.
Altogether, at least
138,000
people were deported from the
Kraków
district
to
Bełżec
and about
14,500
to Auschwitz-Birkenau. The balance of losses in the
Jewish population in the
Kraków
district should include around
60,000
people
shot in mass and individual executions in the years
1939-1944,
the already men¬
tioned prison victims and the undetermined number of people who died of starva¬
tion and diseases in the Jewish districts.
Having assumed the size of the Jewish population in the
Kraków
district
before deportation actions to be officially around
225,000
then it should be es¬
timated that the occupation authorities eventually lead to the extermination of
nearly
98%
of Jews remaining in the area of the
Kraków
district.
In the discussed area, like in the whole area of the General Government,
whether it was under military or civil administration rule, both civil authorities
and German police, and to a certain extent
Wehrmacht
leaders, were responsible
for the
anti-
Jewish policy. Indisputably, anti-Jewish actions, especially deporta¬
tions and murders, were the domain of German police, whose role resulted from
the totalitarian system of the Third Reich. Irrespectively, they were fully accepted
by the German administration and
Wehrmacht.
To varying degrees, auxiliary
police units (Polish, Ukrainian and Jewish), lower level administration (mayors,
borough and village leaders) and ordinary residents were set up to it. The nega¬
tive behaviour of some of them, which contributed to the increase in the size of
victims of the so-called final solution, was influenced by a number of factors. The
determining factor was the
anti-
Jewish policy of the occupation authorities, which
dehumanized Jews in the eyes of their Aryan environment and made outlaws out
of them. The implemented strategy of deceiving victims until the very end and the
introduction of collective responsibility resulted in the fact that a majority of them
developed passivity and fear which paralyzed all activity incompatible with the
orders of the authorities. Additionally, the growing poverty among the inhabitants
of the General Government and the omnipresent terror demoralized its conspicu¬
ous part. Corruption and informing on fellow citizens were a permanent factor
in life under occupation. These problems affected to a differing extent both Poles
355
and Ukrainians, as well as Jews themselves. All this meant that the vast majority
of the Jewish population subjected to extermination since
1942
had little chances
of survival, even in the few cases when they attempted to save their lives.
|
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| author | Rączy, Elżbieta ca. 20./21. Jh |
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| author_sort | Rączy, Elżbieta ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_variant | e r er |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042235579 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)898126925 (DE-599)BVBBV042235579 |
| edition | Wyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte 1939-1945 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1939-1945 |
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| geographic | Krakau Region (DE-588)4237980-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Krakau Region |
| id | DE-604.BV042235579 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:16:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788376296630 9788379960040 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027673807 |
| oclc_num | 898126925 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 405, [2] s. il. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, Oddział Uniwersytet Rzeszowski |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Seria Wydawnicza IPN Oddział w Rzeszowie |
| spelling | Rączy, Elżbieta ca. 20./21. Jh. Verfasser (DE-588)1132359260 aut Zagłada Żydów w dystrykcie krakowskim w latach 1939 - 1945 Elżbieta Rączy Wyd. 1. Rzeszów Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, Oddział 2014 Uniwersytet Rzeszowski 405, [2] s. il. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Seria Wydawnicza IPN Oddział w Rzeszowie Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The destruction of Jews in the Kraków district in the years 1939 - 1945 Bibliogr. s. 362-382. Indeksy Geschichte 1939-1945 gnd rswk-swf Żydzi / Polska / Kraków (region) / 1900-1945 jhpk Żydzi / eksterminacja (1941-1945) / Polska / Kraków (region) jhpk Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd rswk-swf Krakau Region (DE-588)4237980-5 gnd rswk-swf Krakau Region (DE-588)4237980-5 g Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 s Geschichte 1939-1945 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027673807&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027673807&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Rączy, Elżbieta ca. 20./21. Jh Zagłada Żydów w dystrykcie krakowskim w latach 1939 - 1945 Żydzi / Polska / Kraków (region) / 1900-1945 jhpk Żydzi / eksterminacja (1941-1945) / Polska / Kraków (region) jhpk Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4073091-8 (DE-588)4237980-5 |
| title | Zagłada Żydów w dystrykcie krakowskim w latach 1939 - 1945 |
| title_auth | Zagłada Żydów w dystrykcie krakowskim w latach 1939 - 1945 |
| title_exact_search | Zagłada Żydów w dystrykcie krakowskim w latach 1939 - 1945 |
| title_full | Zagłada Żydów w dystrykcie krakowskim w latach 1939 - 1945 Elżbieta Rączy |
| title_fullStr | Zagłada Żydów w dystrykcie krakowskim w latach 1939 - 1945 Elżbieta Rączy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Zagłada Żydów w dystrykcie krakowskim w latach 1939 - 1945 Elżbieta Rączy |
| title_short | Zagłada Żydów w dystrykcie krakowskim w latach 1939 - 1945 |
| title_sort | zaglada zydow w dystrykcie krakowskim w latach 1939 1945 |
| topic | Żydzi / Polska / Kraków (region) / 1900-1945 jhpk Żydzi / eksterminacja (1941-1945) / Polska / Kraków (region) jhpk Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Żydzi / Polska / Kraków (region) / 1900-1945 Żydzi / eksterminacja (1941-1945) / Polska / Kraków (region) Judenvernichtung Krakau Region |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027673807&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027673807&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT raczyelzbieta zagładazydowwdystrykciekrakowskimwlatach19391945 |