Ocean in the Earth system:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley
2014
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Oceanography and marine biology series
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 259 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9781848217010 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Ocean in the Earth system |c ed. by André Monaco ... |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a London |b ISTE Ltd and John Wiley |c 2014 | |
| 300 | |a XIV, 259 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804152760095997952 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Foreword
.................................... xi
Chapter
1.
The Ocean in the Earth System:
Evolution and Regulation
........................ 1
Philippe
Bertrand
1.1.
The Earth system and its components
................ 1
1.1
Л
.
A system is a set of objects whose limit
is arbitrary, but pertinent
......................... 1
1.1.2.
One system is necessarily built into another
.......... 3
1.1.3.
The Earth is a closed system
................. 4
1.1.4.
The major components of the Earth system
.......... 7
1.1.5.
What is the biosphere?
...................... 8
1.2.
The ocean, from its origins
...................... 9
1.2.1.
Was there an ocean
4.4
billion years ago?
........... 9
1.2.2.
The origin of water on Earth
(4.5 -
4
billion years ago)
............................ 9
1.2.3.
The ocean and the end of the Venus
phase of the Earth s history (between
4.5
and
4
billion years ago)
............................ 10
1.2.4.
Why are there oceans on Earth and
a Venus inferno on Venus?
...................... 13
1.2.5.
The ocean, cradle of the first living
creatures (between
4.4
and
3.5
billion years ago)
.......... 16
1.3.
The ocean, oxygen and the evolution of life forms
........ 18
1.3.1.
The essential characteristics had been
selected in the ocean before the Cambrian period,
over
540
million years ago
........................ 18
vi
Ocean in the Earth System
1.3.2.
How did oxygen accumulate?
.................. 21
1.3.3.
The first important accumulation
of oxygen (around
2.5
billion years ago)
............... 25
1.3.4.
A moderate increase in
oxygénation
(between
2.5
and
0.5
billion years ago)
................ 26
1.3.5.
The second important accumulation
of oxygen (between
500
and
350
million years ago)
......... 27
1.4.
The regulation of the greenhouse effect
by the ocean
.................................. 29
1.4.1.
There is no life without
a minimum
greenhouse effect
............................. 29
1.4.2.
The regulation of the greenhouse
effect by the ocean
............................. 30
1.5.
Oceanic photosynthesis regulates itself
on a short timescale
............................. 36
1.5.1.
When the ocean is deficient in nitrate
............. 38
1.5.2.
When the ocean has an excess of nitrate
............ 40
1.5.3.
The regulation of the N/P ratio
................. 41
1.6.
Conclusion
................................ 43
1.6.1.
The ocean in the Earth system
.................. 43
1.6.2.
The anthropogenic disturbance
of the Earth system
............................ 45
1.6.3.
And life among all that?
..................... 47
1.7.
Acknowledgments
........................... 49
1.8.
Bibliography
............................... 49
Chapter
2.
The Ocean and the Climate System
.......... 55
Pascale Delecluse
2.1.
Introduction
............................... 55
2.2.
Climate change
............................. 55
2.2.1.
The report on the findings
.................... 56
2.2.2.
Interpretation of the observed changes
............. 58
2.2.3.
The Earth s radiative equilibrium and
greenhouse gases
............................. 59
2.2.4.
The role of greenhouse gases —GHG
.............. 60
2.2.5.
Scenarios and projections
..................... 63
2.3.
Physics and dynamics
......................... 67
2.3.1.
Rotation, Coriolis, geostropy
................... 69
2.3.2.
An ocean moved by the wind
.................. 71
2.3.3.
Ekman,
spiral, transport, pumping,
upwelling and
downwelling
....................... 71
Contents
vii
2.3.4.
Interior
ocean and
western
boundary currents
......... 77
2.3.5.
An ocean moved by thermohaline fluxes
........... 80
2.3.6.
Stratification, mixed layer, thermocline
............ 82
2.3.7.
Formation of water masses, convection
and
subduction
............................... 83
2.3.8.
Schematization of global circulation: the
great conveyor belt
............................ 85
2.4.
Some key elements for understanding the
ocean s role in the climate
......................... 88
2.4.1.
Typical times
............................ 88
2.4.2.
Ocean-atmosphere in the tropics
................ 90
2.4.3.
Other types of variability
..................... 95
2.4
A. Climatic surprises
......................... 97
2.5.
Some questions for the future
..................... 100
2.6.
Bibliography
............................... 102
Chapter
3.
Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions
........... 105
Laurence Eymard and
Gilles Reverdin
3.1.
Introduction: what are ocean-
atmosphere interactions?
.......................... 105
3.2.
Interface processes and their role
in the coupled system
............................ 106
3.2.1.
Radiative fluxes
.......................... 107
3.2.2.
Turbulent fluxes
.......................... 109
3.2.3.
Water exchanges between the
ocean and atmosphere
........................... 115
3.2.4.
Other exchanges of matter
.................... 118
3.2.5.
Flux measurement
......................... 125
3.3.
Examples of energy exchanges
.................... 129
3.3.1.
Tropical cyclones
......................... 129
3.3.2.
Surface temperature fronts
.................... 132
3.3.3.
The interactions close to strong
oceanic fronts
............................... 134
3.3.4.
Marginal ice zones and
associated air—sea fluxes
......................... 137
3.3.5.
The example of the impact of the
iron supply from
Saharán
aerosols
................... 140
3.4.
Conclusion
................................ 142
3.5.
Bibliography
............................... 143
viii Ocean
in the Earth
System
Chapter
4.
Marine
Biogeochemical
Cycles
............ 145
Louis Legendre
4.1.
Introduction: geochemistry,
biogeochemistry and marine biogeochemistry
............. 145
4.1.1.
Geochemistry and cosmochemistry
............... 145
4.1.2.
Biogeochemistry and marine biogeochemistry
........ 147
4.2.
A
fundamental characteristic of the
Earth s system: biogeochemical cycles
.................. 149
4.3.
Carbon: at the heart of living matter
................. 152
4.3.1.
Carbon in large natural reservoirs
................ 153
4.3.2.
Biogeochemical cycles of carbon
................ 156
4.4.
Oxygen: a poison that Earth cannot do without
.......... 166
4.4.1.
The Great
Oxygénation
Event
.................. 168
4.4.2.
Biogeochemical cycles of oxygen
................ 169
4.5.
Nitrogen: a chemical element over which
countries have fought in the past
..................... 174
4.5.1.
Nitrogen, abundant but difficult to access
........... 174
4.5.2.
Biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen
............... 176
4.6.
Phosphorus: a chemical element over which
countries may fight in future
........................ 182
4.6.1.
Phosphorus, not very abundant
or exploitable
................................ 182
4.6.2.
Biogeochemical cycles of phosphorus
............ . 182
4.7.
Biogeochemical equilibria and human
societies: problems
.............................. 185
4.8.
Bibliography
............................... 186
Chapter
5.
Ocean Acidification
and its Consequences
............................ 189
Jean-Pierre Gattuso,
Lina HANSSON
and Frederic Gazeau
5.1.
Introduction
............................... 189
5.1.1.
What is ocean acidification?
................... 190
5.1.2.
A brief history of research on the
acidification of oceans
.......................... 193
5.1.3.
Main research programs
..................... 197
5.2.
Observations
............................... 197
5.2.1.
Past changes
............................ 197
5.2.2.
Recent changes
........................... 199
5.3.
Projections
................................ 201
5.4.
Impacts of ocean acidification
.................... 204
5.4.1.
Impacts on organisms and communities
............ 204
Contents ix
5.4.2.
Impacts on biogeochemical cycles
.............. . 219
5.4.3.
Economy and society
....................... 221
5.5.
What are the solutions?
........................ 225
5.5.1.
The reduction of CO2 emissions
................. 226
5.5.2.
Geoengineering
techniques
.................... 227
5.5.3.
Adaptation measures
....................... 228
5.6.
Conclusion
................................ 229
5.7.
Acknowledgments
........................... 231
5.8.
Appendix
................................. 231
5.8.1.
Carbonate chemistry of carbonates
and biogeochemical processes
...................... 231
5.9.
Bibliography
............................... 233
List of Authors
................................ 255
Index
........................................ 257
The books brought together in the Seas and Oceans Set make
up a multi-disciplinary and systemic approach to the complexity,
vulnerability, productivity and exploitation of the marine
environment that is today faced with global change. This set of
books does not simply describe and analyze the mechanisms that
act on how these environments work, but it also presents a cross-
disciplinary approach, leading to the governance, sustainable
management of resources and adaptation of our societies to
change.
The authors of this book present the ocean system through its
interactions with the geosphere, atmosphere and biosphere, at all
spatio-temporal scales. Matter and energy exchanges as well as
biogeochemical cycles are analyzed, along with the
consequences of climate change on the acidification of the
oceans and the biogeochemical cycles.
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| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:15:50Z |
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| isbn | 9781848217010 |
| language | English |
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| title | Ocean in the Earth system |
| title_auth | Ocean in the Earth system |
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| title_short | Ocean in the Earth system |
| title_sort | ocean in the earth system |
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