Dinamica rezidenţialului din zona metropolitană a municipiului Bucureşti şi evaluarea proiecţiei ei în starea mediului:
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
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Bucureşti
Editura Universităţii din Bucureşti
2012
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract Literaturverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 216 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9786061601745 |
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CUPRINS
Prefafä . 11
INTRODUCERE. 15
Capitolul 1. CONCEPTE §1 ELEMENTE METODOLOGICE . 17
1.1. EVOLUJIA CONCEPTULUl DE ZONÄ METROPOLITANA §1 INTEGRAREA LUI ÍN
PLANURILE DE ORGANIZARE 51 AMENAJARE A TER1TORIULUI . 17
1.2. CRITERII MORFOLOGICE 51 FUNCTIONALE DE INDIVIDUALIZARE 51 DELIMITARE A UNEI
ZONE METROPOLITANE . 23
1.3. MULOACE 51 TEHNICI DE EVALUARE A EVOLUJIEi SPAJIALE 51 TEMPORALE A
SUPRAFETELOR REZIDENJIALE. 26
Mijloace de evaluare a dinamicii suprafe^elor reziden^iale . 27
Tehnici de evaluare a dinamicii suprafe^elor rezidenfiale . 30
Studii de caz . 30
1.4. INSTRUMENTE LEGISLATIVE. 32
Capitolul 2. OFERTA ZONEI METROPOLITANE A MUNICIPIULU! BUCURE5TI ÍN DEZVOLTAREA
REZIDENTIALULUI. 35
2.1. SUPORTUL NATURAL. 35
2.1.1. Substratul litologic. 36
2.1.2. Relieful. 38
2.1.3. Caracteristicile climatice. 43
2.1.4. Resursele de apä. 52
2.1.5. Inveli$ul edafic. 54
2.1.6. Biodiversitatea . 56
2.1.7. AriMejiaturale protéjate. 59
2.2. SUPORTUL SOCIO-CULTURAL. 62
2.2.1. Istoricul locuirii Tn zona metropolitana a municipiului Bucure^ti. 62
2.2.2. Demografie. 64
2.2.3. Social. 71
2.2.4. Cultural. 75
2.3. SUPORTUL ECONOMIC. 78
2.3.1. Agricultura. 78
2.3.2. Industria. 81
2.3.3. Serviciile. 83
2.4. INFRASTRUCTURILE TEHNICE. 85
Capitolul 3. ANALIZA DINAMICII SUPRAFETELOR REZIDENJIALE. 96
3.1. SUPRAFETELE REZIDENJIALE - EXPRESIE A DINAMICII UNOR SISTEME URBANE 51 RURALE. 96
3.1.1. Folosirea tehnicilor GIS pentru evaluarea dinamicii urbane $i rurale. 99
3.1.2. Interactfuniie spafiale ale modului de utilizare a terenurilor $i proiec^ia lor in
starea mediului. 101
6
Mihai Räzvan Nifö
3.2. IDENTIFICAREA §1 PRIORITIZAREA FACTORILOR CE INFLUENJEAZÄ DINAMICA $1
STRUCTURA SUPRAFEJELOR REZIDENJIALE. 113
3.2.1. Accesibilitatea $i locafia. 114
3.2.2. Locum^a. 120
3.2.3. Tipologii Tn dinámica suprafejelor rezidentfale. 136
Capitolul 4. PROIECJIA REZIDENJIALULUI ZONEI METROPOLITANE ÍN STAREA MEDIULUI. 144
4.1. ANALIZA CATEGORIILOR DE SPAJII REZIDENJIALE $1 A PROIECJIEI LOR IN STAREA
MEDIULUI. 144
4.1.1. Delimitarea arealelor cu favorabilitäti $i restrictivitäti de mediu Tn dezvoltarea
spatülor reziden^iale. 148
4.2. IDENTIFICAREA $1 IERARHIZAREA PRINCIPALELOR CATEGORII DE IMPACTURI INDUSE
DE DINAMICA SUPRAFEJELOR REZIDENJIALE ASUPRA CAUTÄJII MEDIULUI. 162
4.2.1. Metode de analiza a impactului asupra mediului. 164
4.2.2. Categorii de impacturi induse de suprafefele reziden^iale asupra stärü mediului . 169
Capitolul 5. PERSPECTIVE ÍN EVOLUJIA ZONEI METROPOLITANE A MUNICIPIULUI BUCURE§TI. 172
5.1. 1NTEGRAREA ZONEI METROPOLITANE A MUNICIPIULUI BUCURE§TI IN POLITICILE 51
STRATEGIILE DE ORGANIZARE 51 AMENAJARE TERITORIALÁ. 172
5.2. MANAGEMENTUL DURABIL AL STÄRII MEDIULUI DIN ZONA METROPOLITANA A
MUNICIPIULUI BUCURE5TI. 176
CONCLUZII. 186
SUMMARY . 189
ANEXE . 199
Anexa 1. Exigence minimale pentru locuin^e conform Legii Locuin^eí nr. 114/1996. 199
BIBLIOGRAFIE. 202
CONTENT
Preface. 11
INTRODUCTION . 15
Chapter 1. METHODOLOGICAL CONCEPTS . 17
1.1. THE EVOLUTION OF THE METROPOLITAN AREA CONCEPT AND ITS INTEGRATION IN
TERRITORIAL PLANNING. 17
1.2. MORPHOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL CRITERIA FOR ESTABLISHING AND
DELIMITATING METROPOLITAN AREAS . 23
1.3. METHODS AND TECHNIQUES FOR ASSESSING THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL
EVOLUTION OF RESIDENTIAL AREAS . 26
Methods of assessing the dynamic of residential areas . 27
Dynamic assessment techniques residential areas. 30
Case studies . 30
1.4. LEGISLATIVE ASPECTS. 32
Chapter 2. THE OFFER OF THE METROPOLITAN AREA FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF
RESIDENTIAL AREAS . 35
2.1. NATURAL SUPPORT. 35
2.1.1. Geological conditions. 36
2.1.2. Landforms. 38
2.1.3. Climatic characteristics ._ 43
2.1.4. Water resources. 52
2.1.5. Soils. 54
2.1.6. Biodiversity . 56
2.1.7. Natural protected areas. 59
2.2. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL SUPPORT . 62
2.2.1. Housing history in the Bucharest Metropolitan Area . 62
2.2.2. Demographics . 64
2.2.3. Social . 71
2.2.4. Cultural . 75
2.3. ECONOMICAL SUPPORT . 78
2.3.1. Agriculture . 78
2.3.2. Industry. 81
2.3.3. Services . 83
2.4. TECHNICAL INFRASTRUCTURE. 85
Chapter 3. THE DYNAMIC OF RESIDENTIAL AREAS . 96
3.1. RESIDENTIAL SURFACES - EXPRESSION OF THE DYNAMICS OF URBAN AND RURAL
SYSTEMS. 96
3.1.1. The use of G1S techniques for assessing urban and rural dynamics . 99
8
Mihai Razvan Nifa
3.1.2. Spatial interactions of land uses and their environmental projection. 101
3.2. IDENTIFICATION AND PRIORITISATION OF FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DYNAMIC AND
STRUCTURE OF RESIDENTIAL SURFACES . 113
3.2.1. Accessibility and location. 114
3.2.2. Housing characteristics. 120
3.2.3. Typologies in the dynamic of residential surfaces . 136
Chapter 4. RESIDENTIAL PROJECTION IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY OF THE
METROPOLITAN AREA . 144
4.1. CATEGORIES OF RESIDENTIAL AREAS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECTION . 144
4.1.1. Areas with environmental favourability and restrictiveness in the development
of residential areas . 148
4.2. IDENTIFYING AND HIERARCHIZING THE MAIN CATEGORIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS INDUCED BY RESIDENTIAL DYNAMICS . 162
4.2.1. Methods of analysing environmental impacts. 164
4.2.2. Categories of impacts induced by residential surfaces upon the environment. 169
Chapter 5. PERSPECTIVES IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE BUCHAREST METROPOLITAN AREA . 172
5.1. INTEGRATING THE BUCHAREST METROPOLITAN AREA WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF
TERRITORIAL POLITICS AND STRATEGIES . 172
5.2. SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN THE BUCHAREST METROPOLITAN
AREA. 176
CONCLUSION . 186
SUMMARY . 189
ANNEX. 199
Annex 1. Minimal housing exigencies according to Housing Law 114/1996 . 199
REFERENCES. 202
CONTENU
Préface . 11
INTRODUCTION . 15
Chapitre 1. CONCEPTS ET ELEMENTS METHODOLOGIQUES . 17
1.1. EVOLUTION DU CONCEPT DE ZONE METROPOLITAINE ET SON INTEGRATION DANS LES
PLANS D'ORGANISATION ET AMENAGEMENT DU TERRITOIRE . 17
1.2. CRITERES MORPHOLOGIQUES ET FONCTIONNELS D'INDIVIDUALISATION ET
DELIMITATION D'UNE ZONE METROPOLITAINE . 23
1.3. MOYENS ET TECHNIQUES D'EVALUATION DE L'EVOLUTION SPATIALE ET TEMPORELLE
DES SURFACES RESIDENTIELLES . 26
Moyens d'évaluation de la dynamique des surfaces résidentielles . 27
Techniques d'évaluation dynamique des zones résidentielles . 30
Etudes de cas . 30
1.4. OUTILS LEGISLATIFS . 32
Chapitre 2. OFFRE DE LA ZONE METROPOLITAINE DE LA MUNICIPALITE DE BUCAREST
CONCERNANT LE DEVELOPPEMENT DU RESIDENTIEL. 35
2.1. LE SUPPORT NATUREL . 35
2.1.1. Le substrat lithologique . 36
2.1.2. Le relief . 38
2.1.3. Les caractéristiques climatiques . 43
2.1.4. Les ressources d'eau. 52
27Î.5. La couverture édaphique. 57
2.1.6. La biodiversité. 56
2.1.7. Les aires naturelles protégées . 59
2.2. LE SUPPORT SOCIOCULTUREL . 62
2.2.1. L'historique de l'habitation dans la zone métropolitaine de la Municipalité de
Bucarest. 62
2.2.2. Démographie . 64
2.2.3. Le social. 71
2.2.4. Le culturel . 75
2.3. LE SUPPORT ECONOMIQUE . 78
2.3.1. L'agriculture. 78
2.3.2. L'industrie'. 81
2.3.3. Les services . 83
2.4. LES INFRASTRUCTURES TECHNIQUES . 85
Chapitre 3. L'ANALYSE DE LA DYNAMIQUE DES SURFACES RESIDENTIELLES . 96
3.1. LES SURFACES "RESIDENTIELLES - EXPRESSION DE LA DYNAMIQUE DE QUELQUES
SYSTEMES URBAINS ET RURAUX . 99
3.1.1. L'utilisation des techniques SIG pour l'évaluation de la dynamique urbaine et
rurale. 99
10
Mihai Räzvan Nifä
3.1.2. Les interactions spatiales des modes d'utilisation des sols et leur projection
dans l'état de l'environnement. 101
3.2. L'IDENTIFICATION ET LA PRIORISATION DES FACTEURS QUI INFLUENCENT LA
DYNAMIQUE ET LA STRUCTURE DES SURFACES RESIDENTIELLES. 113
3.2.1. L'accessibilité et l'emplacement . 114
3.2.2. Le logement. 120
3.2.3. Typologies dans la dynamique des surfaces résidentielles . 136
Chapitre 4. LA PROJECTION DU RESIDENTIEL DE LA ZONE METROPOLITAINE DANS L'ETAT DE
L'ENVIRONNEMENT . 144
4.1. L'ANALYSE DES CATEGORIES D'ESPACES RESIDENTIELS ET DE LEUR PROJECTION DANS
L'ETAT DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT . 144
4.1.1. Délimitation des zones avec des aspects favorables et restrictifs
d'environnement dans le développement des espaces résidentiels. 148
4.2. IDENTIFICATION ET HIERARCHIE DES PRINCIPALES CATEGORIES D'IMPACTS INDUITS
PAR LA DYNAMIQUE DES SURFACES RESIDENTIELLES SUR LA QUALITE DE
L'ENVIRONNEMENT . 162
4.2.1. Méthodes d'analyse de l'impact environnemental . 164
4.2.2. Catégories d'impact induits par les surfaces résidentielles sur l'état de
l'environnement. 169
Chapitre 5. PERSPECTIVES DANS L'EVOLUTION DE LA ZONE METROPOLITAINE DE LA
MUNICIPALITE DE BUCAREST . 172
5.1. INTEGRATION DE LA ZONE METROPOLITAINE DE BUCAREST DANS LES POLITIQUES ET
DANS LES STRATEGIES D'ORGANISATION ET D'AMENAGEMENT DU TERRITOIRE. 172
5.2. LA GESTION DURABLE DE L'ETAT DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT DE LA ZONE
METROPOLITAINE DE LA MUNICIPALITE DE BUCAREST . 176
CONCLUSIONS. 186
RESUME . 189
ANNEXES. 199
Annexe 1. Exigences minimales pour les logements conformément à la Loi no. 114/1996 . 199
BIBLIOGRAPHIE. 202
SUMMARY
Introduction
The dynamic of residential surfaces represent an important phenomenon in
the evolution of human settlements, especially in metropolitan areas, spaces
characterised by a dynamic structure and functions. The objective of the current
research was to realise a complex assessment of the spatial development of
residential areas, with emphasis of differenced typologies of residential areas,
quantifying the spatial dynamic of residential surfaces, evaluating the factors
influencing the relation between residential areas and environmental quality,
establishing a model of analysing the favourability and restrictiveness factors
influencing residential dynamic.
The paper is structured into five chapters. The first one presents the
theoretical concepts and methodology used in the research, as well as the
morphological and functional criteria used in individualising and analysing
residential area. The second chapter analyses the characteristics of the natural
environment, as well as the social and economic structure of the Bucharest
metropolitan area. The third chapter presents an analyse of the residential dynamics
using GIS techniques, and grouping the influence factors into two large categories:
those related to the accessibility and location and those determined by the physical
characteristics of the housings. The fourth chapter presents the projection of
residential areas in the quality of environment, whilst the last chapter approaches
the perspectives for a sustainable development of the metropolitan area.
Chapter 1 - Concepts and methodology
Evolution of the metropolitan concept and its integration and territorial
and urban planning
In scientific literature the terms metropolitan area, zone and region, are
used simultaneously for expressing the same reality: a polarised space
surrounding a metropolis and the connections between them.
The term metropolitan area emerged in American literature in the first part
of the 20th century, being initially used for collecting statistical data, and
developing into priority spaces for applying governmental programs regarding
territorial planning. The term metropolitan zone is considered more adequate by
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Mihai Razvan Nifo
certain geographers as it assumes the existence of an element of structuration, and
an increase towards the centre, of the goods and population flows. In the past
decades, rural areas have been encouraged to integrate in metropolitan areas, in
order to improve their economic and social conditions.
In Europe, metropolitan areas have the role of resolving common
problems of economic and social shifts, urban sprawl, and promoting a
sustainable territorial development at regional level. Metropolitan areas are now
perceived as potential growth engines for the European economy; therefore the
European Commission sustains their balanced developed in a network of
metropolitan areas (such as Metrex).
In Romania, metropolitan areas still have an incipient development,
although several of them have been declared and others are foreseen in the Local
Agenda 21 of important cities. The criteria used for establishing metropolitan
areas in Romania are subjective, based mainly on political will, and overlapping a
chaotic structure of the polarised space.
Morphologic and functional criteria for establishing metropolitan areas
In the establishment of metropolitan areas are used two large groups of
criteria: structural (such as population density, construction's density,
infrastructure development, land uses, etc.) and functional (daily travels,
economic relations, consumption, etc.).
Another classification considers as categories: demographic (based on a
population minimum, a certain density, obvious demographic phenomenon),
economic (based on quantifiable indicators and a certain structure of the existent
economic sectors), administrative (based on the limits xT territorial-administrative
units), political or natural.
Methods and techniques of assessing the spatial and temporal dynamic
of residential areas
The methods and techniques used for analysing the temporal and spatial
dynamic of residential areas are diverse and can be structured into three levels:
data collection (censuses, questionnaires, monitoring, mappings, and
observations), conditioning information (statistic methods, models, GIS
techniques, remote sensing, etc.) and expressing and interpreting final results
(prognosis, scenarios, maps, etc.).
The methods use as input data information extracted from graphical and
cartographical materials (with topographical maps being the most used), aerial
and satellite images, questionnaires or statistical data. Due to the large volume of
data and the large surfaces, GIS techniques are increasingly used in the analysis of
residential areas.
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Chapter 2 — The offer of the Bucharest metropolitan area for the
development of residential surfaces
The offer of the Bucharest metropolitan area for the development of
residential surfaces is expressed through the natural, economic and social
resources, all integrated and connected in a system known as territorial resources.
Natural resources
Residential surfaces use natural resources in all their phases (from the
construction, the utilisation and restructuration), and most of the time the resources
are hard to quantify or indirect ones, generating a higher environmental impact.
Geologically, the metropolitan area overlaps a section the Walachia Platform,
with a pre-Cambrian fundament, and sedimentary deposits which to the surface
consist of clay, sand and loess (creating problems in residential areas due to their
permeability and suffusion). The relief is represented by sectors of the Romanian
Plain (Vlasia, Mostistea, Gavanu-Burdea, Bumas) and the Danube Floodplain.
The climate of the metropolitan area is a temperate continental one, which
excessive influences in the east. Summers are arid and continental, with high
temperatures, whilst winters are characterised by the presence of cold air masses.
Air temperatures record average values between 9.9°C and 11.3°C, with a
manifestation of the urban heat island in the case of Bucharest. Annually, there
are 40 tropical days (with temperatures above 25°C) and 20-25 freezing nights.
Precipitations are between 555 and 671 mm, with the highest quantities in
May and June. The dominant wind directions are NE (23%) and SV (10%), with
the highest speeds from the NE (3.3 m/s), and modifications inside the residential
areas due to their channelling on the streets. The metropolitan area has an
increased vulnerability to thermic and pluvial risks. Based on the local
characteristics of residential areas, specific microclimates can appear.
The main rivers crossing the metropolitan area are the Danube, Arges and
Ialomita. Dambovita and Colentina are the rivers crossing" Bucharest; therefore
their volume and water quality is strongly influenced by domestic and industrial
waste-water. The other rivers Sabar, Ciorogarla, Pasarea, Calnaul have small
valleys; a special component is determined by the fluvial refuges lakes of the river
tributaries to Ialomita (Sticlaria, Vlasia, Ciocovalistea).
The lakes have generally an anthropic genesis, being developed on the
courses of the main rivers (16 on Colentina, 17 on Snagov, 23 on Pasarea, 16 on
Cociovalistea, etc.) with the purpose of serving as reservoirs for the irrigation
systems, or for tourism and fishing activities. The subterranean waters are divided
into the surface waters (accumulated at the base of the loess, 2—15 m), small (10—
25 m), medium and depth waters.
The Bucharest metropolitan area is situated at the contact between the
steppe, silvo-steppe and broadleaf forests. Most of the initial vegetation has been
192
Mihoi Razvan Nila
replaced with agricultural cultures and secondary pastures, with a high number of
segetal plants. Inside the residential areas an important component is represented
by the ruderal vegetation developed on marginal lands, as well as the invasive
species introduced accidentally or intentionally.
Although generally the effects of residential areas upon the biodiversity are
negative, there are several species proliferating in these man made environments.
The protected areas from the Bucharest metropolitan areas are represented by
natural reserves, corresponding to category IV IUCN (Ciomuleasa Forest, Oloaga-
Gradinari Forest, Padina Tatarului, Snagov Lahe, Snagov Forest), the Natura 2000
site Gradistea - Caldarusani - Dridu, and the Natural Park Comana.
Social and economic resources
The metropolitan area has represented due to its natural conditions a
favourable area for the development of human settlements, and population density
increased after the Adrianopole peace treaty, when deforestations begin in the
favour of arable lands. Following the oscillations determined by the two world
wars, the population increases in the communist period (encouraged by the public
politics in the field).
The average birth rate varied between 4 and 20 %o in the Bucharest
metropolitan area, with differences determined by the rural degree and isolation of
the settlements. In the areas whit pronounced rural character, the birth rate is
reduced, death rate high (due do the large percent of older population), and
therefore the natural balance records negative values. Migratory flows are positive
in the proximity of Bucharest and negative in the extremities of the metropolitan
area. The total population balance is positive in 65 territorial administrative units
from the metropolitan area. Population density ranges between 22-23 inhabitants
/km (Gurbanesti, Frasinet) and over 1000 inhabitants/km (Chitila).
Only 31% of the total population lives in the 13 cities of the metropolitan
area, with older population (above 60 years) increasing in the past 20 years from
18% to 21.5% while young population (0-14 years) decreased from 21% to
18.5%. Of the total population of the Bucharest metropolitan area, 36.45% is
active population (of which 88.25 have an occupation, the rest being
unemployed). The agricultural sector involves 40-50% of the population
(especially in the south-eastern part of the metropolitan area), while the secondary
sector has low values (with the exception of the bigger cities and localities
situated in the proximity of Bucharest).
Agriculture still represents a dominant activity in numerous localities,
being represented especially by arable lands (over 90% of the total), the other
types (orchards, pastures, vineyards) having reduced surfaces, or being absent in
some localities. In the past 20 years the percent of abandoned lands has increased
in the metropolitan area. Industrial activities situated mainly in the proximity of
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193
Bucharest have recorded a process of de-structuration, especially in the case of
sectors without an opening market.
The metropolitan area records a deficit of personnel in the education and
public health sectors, predominantly in the case of rural localities from the
periphery. Cultural and touristic activities lack a certain infrastructure that would
be needed for their efficient functioning.
The Bucharest metropolitan area is crossed by two pan-European road
corridors (IV Nadlac-Constanta and IX Albita-Bucharest), as well as two railroad
corridors (IV Curtici—Constanta and IX Ungheni-Giurgiu) and a fluvial corridor
(VII Danube). The infrastructure is poorly developed, per example the public
heating system being deficient, and only 10% of the housings have private heating
systems. Although the natural gases network is present in the metropolitan areas,
the high costs represented by the connection determine affordability for a reduced
segment of the population. In a similar manner, the alimentation with water and
the sewage systems are lacking in most of the localities.
Chapter 3 - The dynamic of residential areas
Residential surfaces as an expression of the urban and rural systems
dynamics
The evolution of residential surfaces can’t be dissociated from the
evolution of the settlements system. The relationships between urban and rural
systems are determined by a difference of potential between the two categories. In
the case of the Bucharest metropolitan area, until 1990 the city was of priority,
and the rural spaces surrounding it was developed only in response to its needs.
Following the restructuration after 1990, the metropolitan area should have
developed new types of economic activities. The lack of a clear strategy
determined in the case of the metropolitan area the appearance of the urban sprawl
phenomenon - represented by the expansion of the city and its suburbs outside its
limits, especially towards rural lands.
This urban sprawl has been directed mainly towards the agricultural
surfaces, the rest being represented by forest and semi-natural surfaces, or even
former industrial areas. This severe loss of agricultural surfaces not only does it
affect the provision of alimentary products, but changes patterns of living for the
rural population. In statistical terms, agricultural surfaces still account for 78% of
the total surface of the metropolitan area, but a large percent of this surface is now
covered by abandoned agricultural land.
Agricultural surfaces and especially industrial activities played important
parts in the development of residential areas, as they have always attracted young
work-force, which needed housing. In the Bucharest metropolitan area, the large
industrial companies have developed in their proximity collective residential
surfaces, which have been bought by the inhabitants after 1990, even if now they
Mihai Razvcm Nifa
194
aren’t working at the respective companies. The localities which still have large
surfaces occupied by industrial activities are located mainly in the proximity of
the city (Popesti Leordeni - 6.19 ha; Glina 9.18 ha; etc.).
Factors influencing the dynamic and structure of residential areas
The factors of influence are determined by the functions of residential
areas, which can be allowed functions (housing, small and average commercial,
education, culture, sports, small medical facilities), restrictive functions
(hospitals, large commercial areas, transit areas) and forbidden functions
(industrial areas, deposits, airports, wastes landfills).
The first level of factors influencing the distribution of residential areas is
represented by the resources, which can be natural (geological and relief
conditions, climate and hydrological characteristics, biodiversity), social (the
structure and dynamic of the population, cultural and education level, health) or
economical (agricultural and industrial activities, technical and public structures).
The second level of factors deals with the accessibility and location of
residential areas (their position in the localities, the characteristics of the
neighbourhood, the accessibility of work places, schools and other services,
residential costs and prices). The last level accounts the characteristics of the
housing (type, number of chambers, endowments, costs, etc.).
Inside the Bucharest metropolitan area population mobility is rather
reduced, as most of the inhabitants own their homes the mobility is significantly
smaller than if they would be tenants. Neither the less, the high income population
of Bucharest is building/acquiring new housings in the metropolitan area, while
the poor population from the periphery of the metropolitan area move at the
periphery of Bucharest. The accessibility is also influenced by the poor quality of
the transportation infrastructure, which becoming over-crowded generates high
traveling times.
Among the characters influencing the price of the" housings are the lack of
clear instruments for valorising real-estate properties, the effects of mortgages and
the high level of prices existent until 2008, the deficient quality of constructions
and the effects of economic and financial global crisis.
Housings from the Bucharest metropolitan area have been differenced and
analysed according to their age, type, size, comfort elements, occupation.
Approximately 65% from the housings are already amortized and another 13%
will be amortized until 2020, so that only 17% of the housings will still present
good living conditions. From the total housings 94.6% have private owners (92%
of them being occupied by the proprietaries, 3% being rented and 4% social and
service housings).
If the housing have an average surface of 38.7 m2 (approximately 15
m2/inhabitant) and a number of 2.6 rooms, the newly constructed housings have
Dinamica rezidentialului din ZMB 51 evaluarea proiecjiei ei Tn starea mediului
195
an average of 70 m2 and 3.4 rooms/housing. The endowments with bathrooms,
kitchens, water of the housings was analysed in the housings from the Bucharest
metropolitan area.
The first typologies of residential areas were developed based on the
attractiveness of natural elements (lakes and forest), especially in the northern part
of the metropolitan area (e.g. Snagov, Corbeanca, etc.). Another significant
development of residential areas was recorded based on the proximity of
Bucharest, in localities from the first ring, as they beneficiate from a quick access
to Bucharest but generate significant congestions in the penetrations.
On the counterpart there are localities where residential surfaces have
decreased or have been relocated, especially due to the hydrological works on the
main rivers (like the Mostistea irrigation system or the Mihailesti Lake). In the
eastern part of the metropolitan area, the localities characterised by a high rural
degree haven’t recorded significant transformations of their residential areas.
Residential areas haven’t modified only their surface in the analysed
period, but also the density of residential units. For example, in the localities from
the northern part of the metropolitan area, like Ciolpani, average density increased
from 13 to 20 households per hectare. The highest density increases were
recorded in rural localities were collective residential surfaces were built between
1980 and 1989 (Ghermanesti, Balotesti). Decreases in the density of residential
households were recorded only in the periphery of certain rural localities.
Chapter 4 - The environmental projection of residential areas
Categories of residential areas and their environmental projection
Most of the classifications of residential areas are realised according to the
physical and occupational characteristics of the housings, without considering the
other types of functions accepted inside residential areas, the social and economic
structure of inhabitants or their accessibility. Residential areas can therefore
contain individual, mixt or collective housings, which can be classified according
to the type and configuration of parcels, the configuration of the streets and public
spaces, etc.
Residential areas from the Bucharest metropolitan area were classified into
4 categories: collective residential (blocks of small and average height, P+2
mainly, especially in the centre of urban localities, lacking certain public
infrastructure, occupying 226 ha, at metropolitan level), pavilion residential (old
housings built until 1990, predominantly P and P+1, large density in compact
settlements, 10911 ha at metropolitan level), isolated residential (groups of less
than 5 housings separated by open land or natural elements from other residential
surfaces, characteristic to profound rural areas and to localities with a recent real-
estate boom, 8000 ha at metropolitan level) and residential ensembles (built
especially after 2000).
196
Mihai Razvon Nifa
The total surface of residential areas increased with 39.41% (over 5439 ha)
in the Bucharest metropolitan area between 1977 and 2006, with the highest gains
in localities such as Voluntan (153.22%), Pantelimon (102.8%) and Mogosoaia
(93.38%), and the lowest one in Gurbanesti (1.26%), Gostinari (7.12%) or Valea
Argovei (9.34%). Predominant are still residential areas characterized by a
compact pavilion type (over 55% of the total residential surface).
The favourability and restrictiveness for the development of residential
areas was determined starting from the distribution of residential spaces in
relation to seven parameters divided into two large categories: natural factors
(forests, water bodies, soils) and social-economic parameters (existing residential,
economic activities, public services, transportation network).
According to the criteria “existing residential surfaces” the favorability is
maximum inside the locality where open land occurs, or at the immediate
periphery. Economy activities, although theoretically are restrictive for residential
development, in practice have proved to be an indifferent criteria, due to the low
price of land which reduces the effects of environmental externalities. For water
bodies and forests maximum favorability for the development of residential
surfaces is located in their proximity.
The total aggregation of attributes discovers new spaces in which
residential development would beneficiate from optimum conditions, and
sometimes presents areas which have yet been used by residential development.
The main environmental impacts of residential areas
Residential surfaces have numerous direct impacts on environmental
quality, most of them directly related to changes in land-uses, an increase of the
consumption for goods and services, the increase of energy and water use or the
generation of wastes. The development of new residential areas was made
predominantly in parcels of former agricultural land, where public infrastructure
isn’t present.
Impact categories should be clearly separated on domains, respectively
ecological impacts vs. health impacts, direct vs. indirect impacts, immediate vs.
long term impact. Problems emerge from the fact that environmental impacts of
residential areas are diverse, cumulative and synergic, thus the need of integrating
them in a single indicator that will present a correct situation.
Among the methods used for characterising the environmental impact of
residential areas are: environmental costs (reducing the impact to their monetary
value), equivalence method (reducing emissions to a single index, according to
their toxicity), matrices (integrate human activities with environmental
components according to the magnitude and importance) or the ecological
footprint (the land need for producing all the resources consumed by a human
community and assimilating its wastes).
Dinamica rezidentfalului din ZMB §i evaluarea proiec^iei ei in starea mediului
197
Measures for reducing the environmental impact of residential areas are
concentrated on energy (reducing the consumption, using alternative sources),
wastes management (recycling, caution in wastes management, reducing the
production of wastes) or construction materials (the use of renewable materials,
sustainable use of materials with a reduced environmental impact). When the
impacts are higher than the carrying capacity of the environment, we are speaking
about an environmental degradation determined by residential surfaces.
The impact of residential areas on water quality is expressed mainly by the
release of domestic waste-waters, charging the surface and groundwater with
different pollutants. The lack of a centralized system of collecting waste-water
determines its evacuation either directly in rivers and lakes (as it is the case of the
Snagov Lake) or in underground tanks (which aren’t correspondingly isolated and
therefore infiltration occurs).
The impact of residential area on air quality is determined by the
pollutants emitted as a result of using solid, liquid or gas fuels as energy sources,
from the substances contained in cleaning products, paint, solvents or the use of
motorised vehicles. The quantity of pollutants is depended of the heating system
of the residential areas, the income of the inhabitants and population density.
Problems emerge due to the fact that emissions control is difficult in residential
areas when compared to industrial units.
Soil quality is affected by residential areas especially by the wastes which
of various reasons (the lack of an efficient collecting system, poor education of
inhabitants) are deposited uncontrolled (at the periphery of localities, edge of
foresfor on the valleys).
'Residential surfaces also have significant impacts on the biodiversity or
the landscape (especially in the case of Bucharest metropolitan area, where the
lack of law enforcement determined the development of un-traditional buildings
and contrasting colours).
Chapter 5 - Perspectives for the development of the Bucharest
metropolitan area
Besides the general principles of territorial and urban planning the
metropolitan approach emphases the integration of spatial and strategically
planning, local economic development, developing infrastructure networks and a
high congruence between the spatial dynamic of the metropolis and that of the
metropolitan area.
Some of the fundamental objective in the Bucharest metropolitan area
should be the prevention of urbanisation for the rural spaces, reducing
transportation needs by assuring proximity between the work-place and the
residence or promoting clear functions of the city. The intervention which to
ensure a balanced territorial development should concentrate on the economic
198
Mihai Razvan Ni$a
infrastructure (credits, encouraging production), physical infrastructure (roads,
railroads, irrigations), the development of human resources (trainings,
dissemination) and support services (access to basic social services).
In concordance with the balanced territorial development, the sustainable
development of residential surfaces from the Bucharest metropolitan area aims at
correlating resources exploitation, investments, technologies and institutional
changes, with the purpose of improving present and future housing conditions.
For analysing the present situation in the Bucharest metropolitan area, a series of
indices were calculated and expressed graphically: naturalness index, index of
environmental transformation, indices of human pressure through different types
of land-uses.
For a sustainable territorial development in the Bucharest metropolitan
areas, we proposed a series of measures, based on: balanced development of the
metropolitan area by halting urban sprawl; balancing social and economic
development with maintaining the quality and functions of the environment;
developing infrastructure networks and making them accessible to all users;
improving living conditions in rural areas.
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| spellingShingle | Niţǎ, Mihai Rǎzvan Dinamica rezidenţialului din zona metropolitană a municipiului Bucureşti şi evaluarea proiecţiei ei în starea mediului Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 gnd Stadtentwicklung (DE-588)4056730-8 gnd Metropolregion (DE-588)7532090-3 gnd Lebensqualität (DE-588)4034922-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020216-1 (DE-588)4056730-8 (DE-588)7532090-3 (DE-588)4034922-6 (DE-588)4008858-3 |
| title | Dinamica rezidenţialului din zona metropolitană a municipiului Bucureşti şi evaluarea proiecţiei ei în starea mediului |
| title_auth | Dinamica rezidenţialului din zona metropolitană a municipiului Bucureşti şi evaluarea proiecţiei ei în starea mediului |
| title_exact_search | Dinamica rezidenţialului din zona metropolitană a municipiului Bucureşti şi evaluarea proiecţiei ei în starea mediului |
| title_full | Dinamica rezidenţialului din zona metropolitană a municipiului Bucureşti şi evaluarea proiecţiei ei în starea mediului Mihai Răzvan Niţă |
| title_fullStr | Dinamica rezidenţialului din zona metropolitană a municipiului Bucureşti şi evaluarea proiecţiei ei în starea mediului Mihai Răzvan Niţă |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dinamica rezidenţialului din zona metropolitană a municipiului Bucureşti şi evaluarea proiecţiei ei în starea mediului Mihai Răzvan Niţă |
| title_short | Dinamica rezidenţialului din zona metropolitană a municipiului Bucureşti şi evaluarea proiecţiei ei în starea mediului |
| title_sort | dinamica rezidentialului din zona metropolitana a municipiului bucuresti si evaluarea proiectiei ei in starea mediului |
| topic | Geografie (DE-588)4020216-1 gnd Stadtentwicklung (DE-588)4056730-8 gnd Metropolregion (DE-588)7532090-3 gnd Lebensqualität (DE-588)4034922-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geografie Stadtentwicklung Metropolregion Lebensqualität Bukarest |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027662538&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027662538&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027662538&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nitamihairazvan dinamicarezidentialuluidinzonametropolitanaamunicipiuluibucurestisievaluareaproiectieieiinstareamediului |