Mercury control: for coal-derived gas streams
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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CONTENTS
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
XVII
MERCURY R&D BOOK FOREWORD
XXI
PREFACE
XXIII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
XXVII
PART I: MERCURY IN THE ENVIRONMENT: ORIGIN, FATE, AND REGULATION 1
1 MERCURY IN THE ENVIRONMENT 3
LEONARD LEVIN
1.1 INTRODUCTION 3
1.2 MERCURY AS A CHEMICAL ELEMENT 4
1.2.1 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE FORMS OF MERCURY
6
1.2.2 ASSOCIATIONS WITH MINERALS AND FUELS
6
1.3 DIRECT USES OF MERCURY 6
1.4 ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT AND DEPOSITION 7
1.5 ATMOSPHERIC REACTIONS AND LIFETIME
8
1.6 MERCURY BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING
8
REFERENCES 10
2 MERCURY AND HALOGENS IN COAL
13
ALLAN KOLKER AND
JEFFREY C. QUICK
2.1 INTRODUCTION 13
2.1.1 MODE OF OCCURRENCE OF MERCURY (HG) IN COAL 13
2.1.2 EFFECTIVENESS OF PRE-COMBUSTION MERCURY REMOVAL 14
2.1.3 METHODS FOR MERCURY DETERMINATION 15
2.2 MERCURY IN U.S. COALS 16
2.2.1 U.S. COAL DATABASES 16
2.2.1.1 USGS COALQUAL DATABASE 16
2.2.1.2 1999 EPA ICR 19
2.2.1.3 2010 EPA ICR 19
2.2.2 COMPARISON OF U.S. COAL DATABASES 20
2.3 MERCURY IN INTERNATIONAL COALS 22
2.3.1 REVIEW OF MERCURY IN COAL IN THE LARGEST COAL PRODUCERS 22
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1050181018
VI | CONTENTS
2.3.1.1 CHINA 23
2.3.1.2 INDIA 24
2.3.1.3 AUSTRALIA 26
2.3.1.4 SOUTH AFRICA 26
2.3.1.5 RUSSIAN FEDERATION 27
2.3.1.6 INDONESIA 29
2.4 HALOGENS IN COAL 29
2.4.1 INTRODUCTION 29
2.4.1.1 CHLORINE (CI) 30
2.4.1.2 BROMINE (BR) 32
2.4.1.3 IODINE (I) 35
2.4.1.4 FLUORINE (F) 35
2.5 SUMMARY 36
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 37
REFERENCES 37
3 REGULATIONS
45
NICK
HUTSON
3.1 U.S. REGULATIONS 45
3.1.1 BACKGROUND 45
3.1.2 ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS (EGUS) 46
3.1.3 MERCURY AND AIR TOXICS STANDARDS ("MATS") - EXISTING SOURCES 47
3.1.4 MERCURY AND AIR TOXICS STANDARDS ("MATS") - NEW SOURCES 49
REFERENCES SO
4 INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION AND TRENDS
51
LESLEY L. SLOSS
4.1 INTRODUCTION 51
4.2 INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION 52
4.2.1 UNEP INTERNATIONAL LEGALLY BINDING INSTRUMENT ON MERCURY
("MINAMATA CONVENTION") 53
4.2.2 EUROPEAN UNION (EU) 53
4.3 REGIONAL AND NATIONAL LEGISLATION 59
4.3.1 EUROPE 59
4.3.1.1 GERMANY 59
4.3.1.2 NETHERLANDS 59
4.3.2 ASIA 60
4.3.2.1 CHINA 60
4.3.2.2 JAPAN 62
4.3.2.3 OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES 63
4.3.3 OTHER COUNTRIES 64
4.3.3.1 AUSTRALIA 64
4.3.3.2 CANADA 65
4.3.3.3 RUSSIA 65
4.3.3.4 SOUTH AFRICA 65
CONTENTS I VII
4.4 SUMMARY 65
REFERENCES 66
PART II: MERCURY MEASUREMENT IN COAL GAS 69
5 CONTINUOUS MERCURY MONITORS FOR FOSSIL FUEL-FIRED UTILITIES
71
DENNIS L. LAUDAL
5.1 INTRODUCTION 71
5.2 COMPONENTS OF A CMM 73
5.2.1 MERCURY ANALYZER 73
5.2.1.1 COLD-VAPOR ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY 73
5.2.1.2 COLD-VAPOR ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY 74
5.2.1.3 OTHER ANALYTICAL METHODS 75
5.2.2 PRETREATMENT/CONVERSION SYSTEMS AND PROBE 75
5.2.2.1 SAMPLING PROBE 76
5.2.2.2 PRETREATMENT AND MERCURY CONVERSION 77
5.2.3 CMM CALIBRATION SYSTEM 79
5.3 INSTALLATION AND VERIFICATION REQUIREMENTS 82
5.3.1 INSTALLATION 82
5.3.2 CMM VERIFICATION 82
5.3.2.1 MEASUREMENT ERROR 83
5.3.2.2 SEVEN-DAY CALIBRATION DRIFT 83
5.3.2.3 RELATIVE ACCURACY TEST AUDIT 83
5.4 MAJOR CMM TESTS 84
5.5 CMM VENDORS 87
REFERENCES 88
6
BATCH METHODS FOR MERCURY MONITORING
91
CONSTANCE SENIOR
6.1 INTRODUCTION 91
6.2 WET CHEMISTRY BATCH METHODS 91
6.2.1 EARLY EPA TOTAL HG METHODS 91
6.2.2 DEVELOPMENT OF WET CHEMISTRY METHODS TO SPECIATE HG 93
6.2.3 METHOD APPLICATION AND DATA QUALITY CONSIDERATIONS 94
6.3 DRY BATCH METHODS 95
6.3.1 SORBENT TRAP METHOD HISTORY 95
6.3.2 METHOD OVERVIEW 97
6.3.3 TOTAL HG MEASUREMENTS 97
6.3.3.1 PS-12B 97
6.3.3.2 METHOD 30B 98
6.3.4 SPECIATION MEASUREMENTS 98
6.3.5 SAMPLING PROTOCOL 99
6.3.5.1 PROCEDURE AND APPARATUS 99
6.3.6 TRAP ANALYSIS 100
6.3.7 RELATIVE ACCURACY AND QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL 100
VIIII CONTENTS
6.4 RECOMMENDATIONS 105
6.4.1 PARTICULATE MATTER 105
6.4.2 TOTAL VERSUS SPECIATED MERCURY 105
6.4.3 EXPECTED MERCURY CONCENTRATION IN THE FLUE GAS 105
6.4.4 NEED FOR REAL-TIME DATA 106
6.4.5 COMPLEXITY OF INSTALLATION AND OPERATION 106
REFERENCES 106
PART III: MERCURY
CHEMISTRY IN COAL UTILIZATION SYSTEMS AND AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL DEVICES
109
7 MERCURY BEHAVIOR IN COAL COMBUSTION SYSTEMS
111
CONSTANCE SENIOR
7.1 INTRODUCTION 111
7.2 COAL COMBUSTION BOILERS 112
7.3 MERCURY CHEMISTRY IN COMBUSTION SYSTEMS 113
7.4 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICES ON UTILITY AND INDUSTRIAL BOILERS 117
7.4.1 PM CONTROL 118
7.4.2 NO
X
CONTROL 119
7.4.3 S0
2
CONTROL 119
7.4.4 BOILER POPULATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES 120
7.5 MERCURY BEHAVIOR IN COAL-FIRED BOILERS 121
7.5.1 DATA SOURCES 121
7.5.2 MERCURY BEHAVIOR IN APCDS J23
7.6 SUMMARY 129
REFERENCES 130
8
GASIFICATION SYSTEMS
133
NICHOLAS LENA
8.1 PRINCIPLES OF COAL GASIFICATION 133
8.2 GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES OVERVIEW AND GASIFIER DESCRIPTIONS 134
8.3 GASIFICATION APPLICATIONS AND DOWNSTREAM GAS CLEANUP AND
PROCESSING 135
8.4 MERCURY TRANSFORMATIONS AND FATE 135
8.5 HG MEASUREMENT IN A REDUCING ENVIRONMENT 137
8.6 HG CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES FOR GASIFICATION 138
8.7 HG AND THE MATS RULE FOR GASIFIERS 139
REFERENCES 140
9 MERCURY EMISSIONS CONTROL FOR THE CEMENT MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRY
141
ROBERT SCHREIBER
JR., SHAMEEM HASAN,
CARRIE YONLEY,
AND CHARLES D. KELLETT
9.1 INTRODUCTION 141
9.2 CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS DESCRIPTION 141
9.2.1 WET PROCESS KILN 144
CONTENTS | IX
9.2.2 DRY PROCESS KILN 145
9.3 STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ON THE SOURCE AND BEHAVIOR OF MERCURY IN THE
CEMENT KILN SYSTEM 147
9.4 MERCURY EMISSIONS CONTROL SOLUTIONS IN THE CEMENT INDUSTRY 153
9.4.1 ACTIVATED CARBON INJECTION (ACI) 156
9.4.2 WET SCRUBBING 157
9.4.3 SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION (SCR) AND WET SCRUBBING 158
9.5 CONCLUSIONS 159
REFERENCES 160
PART IV: MERCURY RESEARCH PROGRAMS IN THE UNITED STATES
163
10 OOE'S MERCURY CONTROL TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
165
THOMAS J. FEELEY III, ANDREW P.
JONES,
JAMES T. MURPHY, RONALD K.
MUNSON,
ANDJAREDP.
CIFERNO
10.1 INTRODUCTION 165
10.2 BACKGROUND 165
10.2.1 NETL'S HG CONTROL TECHNOLOGY R& D 166
10.2.2 MERCURY SPECIATION 167
10.2.3 MERCURY CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES 168
10.2.4 RESULTS FROM FIELD TESTING PROGRAM 169
10.2.5 OXIDATION ENHANCEMENTS 169
10.2.6 CHEMICAL ADDITIVES 170
10.2.7 CATALYSTS 170
10.2.8 ACTIVATED CARBON INJECTION 171
10.2.8.1 UNTREATED PAC 171
10.2.8.2 CHEMICALLY TREATED PAC 173
10.2.8.3 CONVENTIONAL PAC WITH CHEMICAL ADDITIVES 175
10.2.8.4 ACI UPSTREAM OF A HOT-SIDE ESP 176
10.2.9 REMAINING TECHNICAL ISSUES 176
10.2.9.1 IMPACTS ON FLY ASH 176
10.2.9.2 SULFUR TRIOXIDE INTERFERENCE 178
10.2.10 NETL IN-HOUSE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES 179
10.2.11 HG CONTROL TECHNOLOGY COMMERCIAL DEMONSTRATIONS 180
10.2.12 MERCURY CONTROL COST ESTIMATES 180
10.2.12.1 ECONOMIC ANALYSES FOR ACI 181
10.2.12.2 ECONOMIC ANALYSES FOR WET FGD ENHANCEMENT 181
10.2.13 COAL UTILIZATION BYPRODUCTS (CUB) R& D PROGRAM 182
10.2.14 DETERMINING THE FATE OF HG IN FGD BYPRODUCTS 183
10.2.15 DETERMINING THE FATE OF HG IN FLY ASH 184
10.3 SUMMARY 185
DISCLAIMER 186
REFERENCES 186
X I CONTENTS
11 U.S. EPA RESEARCH PROGRAM
191
NICKHUTSON
11.1 INTRODUCTION 191
11.2 CONGRESSIONALLY MANDATED STUDIES 191
11.3 CONTROL TECHNOLOGY FROM WORK ON MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
(MWCS) 193
11.4 MERCURY CHEMISTRY, ADSORPTION, AND SORBENT DEVELOPMENT 194
11.4.1 HALOGENATED ACTIVATED CARBON SORBENTS 196
11.4.2 NON-CARBONACEOUS SORBENTS 197
11.4.3 MERCURY CONTROL IN A WET-FGD SCRUBBER 198
11.4.4 EFFECT OF SCR ON MERCURY OXIDATION/CAPTURE 200
11.5 COAL COMBUSTION RESIDUES AND BY-PRODUCTS 201
11.6 EPA SBIR PROGRAM 202
REFERENCES 202
12 THE ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE'S PROGRAM TO CONTROL MERCURY
EMISSIONS FROM COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS
205
RAMSAY
CHANG
12.1 INTRODUCTION 205
12.2 CO-BENEFITS OF INSTALLED CONTROLS 205
12.2.1 SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION/FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION 205
12.2.2 UNBURNED CARBON 206
12.3 SORBENT INJECTION 207
12.3.1 UNITS EQUIPPED WITH ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS 208
12.3.1.1 WESTERN COALS 208
12.3.1.2 EASTERN BITUMINOUS COALS AND HIGH-SULFUR FLUE GASES 208
12.3.2 UNITS EQUIPPED WITH FABRIC FILTERS OR TOXECON 209
12.3.3 CHALLENGES AND RESPONSES 211
12.3.3.1 PRESERVING FLY ASH SALES 211
12.3.3.2 OPTIMIZING ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR PERFORMANCE 211
12.3.3.3 OPTIMIZING FABRIC FILTER AND TOXECON PERFORMANCE 212
12.4 BOILER CHEMICAL ADDITION 213
12.4.1 COMBINED TECHNOLOGIES 214
12.4.2 CHALLENGES AND RESPONSES 215
12.4.2.1 WET FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION CHEMISTRY AND MERCURY
PARTITIONING 216
12.4.2.2 CORROSION ALONG FLUE GAS PATH AND IN THE WFGD 216
12.4.2.3 PRESERVING FLY ASH SALES 217
12.4.2.4 SELENIUM PARTITIONING IN WET FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION SYSTEMS
217
12.4.2.5 BROMIDE LEACHING FROM FLY ASH 217
12.5 NOVEL CONCEPTS FOR MERCURY CONTROL 218
12.5.1 TOXECON II 218
12.5.2 GORE CARBON POLYMER COMPOSITE MODULES 218
12.5.3 SORBENT ACTIVATION PROCESS 220
CONTENTS | XI
12.6 INTEGRATION OF CONTROLS FOR MERCURY WITH CONTROLS FOR OTHER AIR
POLLUTANTS 221
12.7 SUMMARY 222
REFERENCES 222
PART V: MERCURY CONTROL PROCESSES 225
13 MERCURY CONTROL USING COMBUSTION MODIFICATION
227
THOMAS K. GALE
13.1 MERCURY SPECIATION IN COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS WITHOUT ADDED
CATALYSTS 227
13.1.1 MERCURY IS ALL LIBERATED AND ISOLATED IN THE FURNACE 227
13.1.2 CHLORINE SPECIATION IN COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS 227
13.1.3 MECHANISMS GOVERNING MERCURY SPECIATION 228
13.2 ROLE OF UNBURNED CARBON IN MERCURY OXIDATION AND
ADSORPTION 229
13.2.1 UBC IS THE ONLY CATALYST WITH ENOUGH ACTIVITY IN COAL-FIRED POWER
PLANTS 229
13.2.2 UBC CAN REMOVE HG OR OXIDIZE HG, DEPENDING ON THE UBC
CONCENTRATION 230
13.2.3 NATURE OF CARBON TYPE DEPENDS ON PARENT COAL AND COMBUSTION
EFFICIENCY 231
13.2.4 CONCENTRATION OF UBC NEEDED TO OXIDIZE OR REMOVE MERCURY FROM
FLUE GAS 232
13.3 SYNERGISTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UBC AND CALCIUM IN FLYASH 233
13.3.1 CALCIUM ENHANCES THE RETENTION OF MERCURY ON CARBON 233
13.3.2 CALCIUM/CARBON SYNERGISM IS LIMITED TO A RANGE OF
CONDITIONS 234
13.4 POTENTIAL COMBUSTION MODIFICATION STRATEGIES TO MITIGATE MERCURY
EMISSIONS 236
13.5 EFFECTS OF COMBUSTION MODIFICATIONS ON MERCURY OXIDATION ACROSS
SCR CATALYSTS 238
13.5.1 INHIBITION OF MERCURY OXIDATION CAN OCCUR IN LOW-CHLORINE FLUE
GAS 238
REFERENCES 238
14 FUEL AND FLUE-GAS ADDITIVES
241
JOHN MEIER, BRUCE KEISER,
AND BRIAN S. HIGGINS
14.1 BACKGROUND 241
14.1.1 BROMINE-SALT MERCURY OXIDATION 242
14.1.2 FUEL ADDITIVE INJECTION EQUIPMENT 242
14.1.3 CASE STUDY RESULTS 243
14.1.3.1 CASE STUDIES WHERE HALOGEN-CONTAINING FUEL ADDITIVES ARE
ADVANTAGEOUS 244
XIII CONTENTS
14.1.4 CASE STUDIES WHERE CONDITIONS ARE DISADVANTAGEOUS TO FUEL
ADDITIVE 248
14.1.4.1 UNITS BURNING HIGH CHLORINE FUEL WITH AN SCR 249
14.1.4.2 SUBBITUMINOUS FIRED UNITS WITH FLUE GAS CONDITIONING (S0
3
INJECTION) 249
14.1.4.3 UNITS WITHOUT ACID GAS SCRUBBING AND A FABRIC FILTER (FF) 250
14.2 SUMMARY 250
REFERENCES 250
15 CATALYSTS FOR THE OXIDATION OF MERCURY
253
APRIL FREEMAN SIBLEY
15.1 INTRODUCTION 253
15.1.1 PROCESS OVERVIEW 253
15.2 HG OXIDATION AND AFFECTING PARAMETERS 254
15.2.1 HG OXIDATION REACTION MECHANISM 255
15.2.2 HOMOGENEOUS OXIDATION OF MERCURY 255
15.2.3 HETEROGENEOUS OXIDATION OF MERCURY OVER SCR CATALYSTS 255
15.2.4 SCR OPERATION-HG REACTION EFFECTS 257
15.2.5 HG OXIDATION AND S0
2
/S0
3
CONVERSION 258
15.3 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH 259
REFERENCES 260
16 MERCURY CAPTURE IN WET FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION SYSTEMS
261
GARY BLYTHE
16.1 INTRODUCTION 261
16.2 FATE OF NET MERCURY REMOVED BY WET FGD SYSTEMS 263
16.2.1 PHASE PARTITIONING 263
16.2.2 MERCURY IN FGD BY-PRODUCT STREAMS 264
16.3 MERCURY REEMISSIONS 267
16.3.1 DEFINITION AND REPORTING CONVENTIONS 267
16.3.2 REEMISSION CHEMISTRY 269
16.3.3 REEMISSION ADDITIVES 271
16.4 EFFECTS OF FLUE GAS MERCURY OXIDATION TECHNOLOGIES ON FGD
CAPTURE OF MERCURY 272
REFERENCES 274
17 INTRODUCTION TO CARBON SORBENTS FOR POLLUTION CONTROL
277
JOE
WONG
17.1 CARBON MATERIALS 277
17.2 CARBON ACTIVATION 277
17.3 CARBON PARTICLE SHAPES AND FORMS 280
17.3.1 POWDERED ACTIVATED CARBON (PAC) 280
17.3.2 GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON (GAC) 281
17.3.3 SHAPED ACTIVATED CARBON 282
17.3.4 OTHER ACTIVATED CARBON FORMS 282
CONTENTS XIII
17.4 ACTIVATED CARBON APPLICATIONS 282
17.5 ACTIVATED CARBON PROPERTIES IN EMISSION SYSTEMS 283
17.5.1 ACTIVATED CARBON SURFACE 285
17.5.2 ACTIVATED CARBON PORES 286
17.5.3 ACTIVATED CARBON PARTICLES 289
17.6 SUMMARY 291
REFERENCES 291
18 ACTIVATED CARBON INJECTION
293
SHARON M. SJOSTROM
18.1 INTRODUCTION 293
18.2 THE ACTIVATED CARBON INJECTION SYSTEM 294
18.2.1 POWDERED ACTIVATED CARBON STORAGE 294
18.2.2 PROCESS EQUIPMENT 29S
18.2.2.1 METERING 295
18.2.2.2 CONVEYING 295
18.2.3 PAC DISTRIBUTION 296
18.3 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ACTIVATED CARBON 296
18.3.1 SITE-SPECIFIC FACTORS 296
18.3.1.1 FLUE GAS CHARACTERISTICS: HALOGENS AND S0
3
297
18.3.1.2 TOXECON* 303
18.3.2 PAC-SPECIFIC FACTORS 303
18.3.3 ACI SYSTEM DESIGN-SPECIFIC FACTORS 304
18.3.3.1 INJECTION LOCATION 304
18.3.3.2 DISTRIBUTION 304
18.4 BALANCE-OF-PLANT IMPACTS 305
18.4.1 COAL COMBUSTION BY-PRODUCTS 305
18.4.1.1 AUTOIGNITION OF PAC IN ASH HOPPERS 306
18.4.1.2 IMPACTS ON PARTICULATE EMISSIONS 306
18.4.1.3 CORROSION ISSUES 307
18.5 FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS 307
REFERENCES 307
19 HALOGENATED CARBON SORBENTS
311
ROBERT NEBERGALL
19.1 INTRODUCTION 311
19.2 APPLICATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FOR MERCURY CONTROL 311
19.3 DEVELOPMENT OF HALOGENATED ACTIVATED CARBON 313
19.3.1 MOTIVATION 313
19.3.2 MANUFACTURE 315
19.3.3 PERFORMANCE 316
19.3.4 BALANCE-OF-PLANT IMPACTS 319
REFERENCES 320
CONTENTS
20 CONCRETE-COMPATIBLE ACTIVATED CARBON
323
5. BEHROOZ
GHORISHI
20.1 INTRODUCTION 323
20.2 CONCRETE-COMPATIBILITY METRICS 324
20.2.1 THE NEW AND INNOVATIVE CONCRETE-FRIENDLY* METRICS; THE ACID BLUE
INDEX 326
20.3 PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE-COMPATIBLE PRODUCTS INCLUDING
C-PAC* 329
20.4 C-PAC* SPECIFICATION 331
20.4.1 COMMERCIAL APPLICATION OF C-PAC* 331
20.4.2 FULL-SCALE C-PAC* TRIALS AT MIDWEST GENERATION'S CRAWFORD
STATION 332
20.4.3 FULL-SCALE C-PAC* TRIALS THE PPL MONTANA CORETTE STATION 333
20.4.4 CEMENT KILN MERCURY EMISSION CONTROL USING C-PAC* 334
20.5 CONCRETE COMPATIBILITY TEST - FIELD FLY ASH/C-PAC*
MIXTURE 335
20.5.1 AIR CONTENT OF FRESH CONCRETE 336
20.5.2 UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (UCS) 336
20.5.3 STABILITY OF MERCURY IN FLY ASH AND CONCRETE 337
REFERENCES 337
21 NOVEL CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES: NON-CARBON SORBENTS AND PHOTOCHEMICAL
OXIDATIONS 339
KAREN J. UFFALUSSY
AND EVAN J. GRANITE
21.1 INTRODUCTION 339
21.2 NON-CARBON SORBENTS 340
21.2.1 AMENDED SILICATES, NOVINDA 340
21.2.1.1 BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATIONS 340
21.2.1.2 HOW DOES THE AMENDED SILICATES SORBENT WORK? 341
21.2.1.3 DEMONSTRATIONS 342
21.2.1.4 CONCLUSIONS 344
21.2.2 MINPLUS CDEM GROUP BV 345
21.2.2.1 BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATIONS 345
21.2.2.2 HOW DOES THE MINPLUS SORBENT WORK? 345
21.2.2.3 DEMONSTRATIONS OF SORBENT 347
21.2.2.4 CONCLUSIONS 348
21.2.3 PAHLMAN PROCESS - ENVIROSCRUB 348
21.2.3.1 BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATIONS 348
21.2.3.2 HOW DOES THE PROCESS AND SORBENT WORK? 349
21.2.3.3 DEMONSTRATIONS 349
21.2.3.4 CONCLUSIONS 350
21.3 PHOTOCHEMICAL REMOVAL OF MERCURY FROM FLUE GAS 350
21.3.1 SENSITIZED OXIDATION OF MERCURY: GP-254 PROCESS 350
CONTENTS I XV
21.3.2 PHOTOCATALYTIC OXIDATION OF MERCURY 352
DISCLAIMER 352
REFERENCES 353
22 SORBENTS FOR GASIFICATION PROCESSES
357
HENRY
W. PENNLINE
AND EVAN J. GRANITE
22.1 INTRODUCTION 357
22.2 BACKGROUND 358
22.3 WARM/HUMID GAS TEMPERATURE MERCURY SORBENT CAPTURE
TECHNIQUES 360
22.4 COLD GAS CLEANUP OF MERCURY 366
22.4.1 CARBON-BASED MATERIALS 367
22.4.2 OTHER MATERIALS 368
22.4.3 WET SCRUBBING TECHNIQUE 369
22.5 SUMMARY 370
DISCLAIMER 370
REFERENCES 371
PART VI: MODELING OF MERCURY CHEMISTRY IN AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
DEVICES
375
23 MERCURY-CARBON SURFACE CHEMISTRY
377
EDWIN S. OLSON
23.1 NATURE OF THE BONDING OF MERCURY TO THE CARBON SURFACE 377
23.2 EFFECTS OF ACID GASES ON MERCURY CAPACITIES ON CARBON 378
23.3 KINETIC HC1
EFFECT 382
23.4 SUMMARY 385
REFERENCES 386
24 ATOMISTIC-LEVEL MODELS
389
JENNIFER WILCOX
24.1 INTRODUCTION 389
24.2 HOMOGENEOUS MERCURY OXIDATION KINETICS 390
24.2.1 MERCURY - CHLORINE CHEMISTRY 390
24.2.2 MERCURY - BROMINE CHEMISTRY 397
24.3 HETEROGENEOUS CHEMISTRY 400
24.3.1 MERCURY ADSORPTION ON ACTIVATED CARBON 400
24.3.2 MERCURY ADSORPTION ON PRECIOUS METALS 404
24.4 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK 407
REFERENCES 407
25 PREDICTING HG EMISSIONS RATES WITH DEVICE-LEVEL MODELS AND REACTION
MECHANISMS
413
STEPHEN NIKSA
AND BALAJI KRISHNAKUMAR
25.1 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE 413
XVI
| CONTENTS
25.2 THE REACTION SYSTEM 414
25.3 HG TRANSFORMATIONS 416
25.3.1 IN-FURNACE TRANSFORMATIONS 416
25.3.2 IN-FLIGHT TRANSFORMATIONS 419
25.3.3 HG OXIDATION ACROSS SCR CATALYSTS 427
25.3.4 HG TRANSFORMATIONS WITHIN WFGDS 430
25.4 SUMMARY 433
REFERENCES 435
INDEX
437 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Granite, Evan J. 1964- |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | e j g ej ejg |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1062974638 |
| author_facet | Granite, Evan J. 1964- |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042211188 |
| classification_rvk | VG 6650 VN 5430 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)892090763 (DE-599)DNB1050181018 |
| dewey-full | 628.53 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 628 - Sanitary engineering |
| dewey-raw | 628.53 |
| dewey-search | 628.53 |
| dewey-sort | 3628.53 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Bauingenieurwesen |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV042211188 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-09-10T01:30:44Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783527329496 9783527658787 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027649878 |
| oclc_num | 892090763 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-634 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-634 |
| physical | XXVIII, 445 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 244 mm x 170 mm |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Wiley-VCH |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Mercury control for coal-derived gas streams ed. by Evan J. Granite Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2015 XXVIII, 445 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 244 mm x 170 mm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Emissionsverringerung (DE-588)4113432-1 gnd rswk-swf Quecksilber (DE-588)4127830-6 gnd rswk-swf Abscheidung (DE-588)4141100-6 gnd rswk-swf Kohlekraftwerk (DE-588)4132668-4 gnd rswk-swf Quecksilberbelastung (DE-588)4194421-5 gnd rswk-swf Rauchgasreinigung (DE-588)4213317-8 gnd rswk-swf Kohlekraftwerk (DE-588)4132668-4 s Rauchgasreinigung (DE-588)4213317-8 s Quecksilber (DE-588)4127830-6 s Abscheidung (DE-588)4141100-6 s Quecksilberbelastung (DE-588)4194421-5 s Emissionsverringerung (DE-588)4113432-1 s DE-604 Granite, Evan J. 1964- (DE-588)1062974638 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-3-527-65880-0 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, MOBI 978-3-527-65879-4 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-3-527-65881-7 X:MVB text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=4642548&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027649878&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Mercury control for coal-derived gas streams Emissionsverringerung (DE-588)4113432-1 gnd Quecksilber (DE-588)4127830-6 gnd Abscheidung (DE-588)4141100-6 gnd Kohlekraftwerk (DE-588)4132668-4 gnd Quecksilberbelastung (DE-588)4194421-5 gnd Rauchgasreinigung (DE-588)4213317-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4113432-1 (DE-588)4127830-6 (DE-588)4141100-6 (DE-588)4132668-4 (DE-588)4194421-5 (DE-588)4213317-8 |
| title | Mercury control for coal-derived gas streams |
| title_auth | Mercury control for coal-derived gas streams |
| title_exact_search | Mercury control for coal-derived gas streams |
| title_full | Mercury control for coal-derived gas streams ed. by Evan J. Granite |
| title_fullStr | Mercury control for coal-derived gas streams ed. by Evan J. Granite |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mercury control for coal-derived gas streams ed. by Evan J. Granite |
| title_short | Mercury control |
| title_sort | mercury control for coal derived gas streams |
| title_sub | for coal-derived gas streams |
| topic | Emissionsverringerung (DE-588)4113432-1 gnd Quecksilber (DE-588)4127830-6 gnd Abscheidung (DE-588)4141100-6 gnd Kohlekraftwerk (DE-588)4132668-4 gnd Quecksilberbelastung (DE-588)4194421-5 gnd Rauchgasreinigung (DE-588)4213317-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Emissionsverringerung Quecksilber Abscheidung Kohlekraftwerk Quecksilberbelastung Rauchgasreinigung |
| url | http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=4642548&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027649878&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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