Grad Smlednik: raziskave 2011 - 2012
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Slovenian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Ljubljana
Zavod za Varstvo Kulturne Dediščine Slovenije
2013
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Monografije CPA
2 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassungen der Beitr. in engl. Sprache Literaturverz. S. 149 - 157 |
| Beschreibung: | 208 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 31 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789616902571 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Grad Smlednik |b raziskave 2011 - 2012 |c uredil Benjamin Štular |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a The castle of Smlednik |
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| 490 | 1 | |a Monografije CPA |v 2 | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassungen der Beitr. in engl. Sprache | ||
| 500 | |a Literaturverz. S. 149 - 157 | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 2011-2012 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804152724393033728 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Vs
ebina
7
Predgovor
(Andrej
Gaspari)
11 1
Uvod
(Benjamin
Štular)
13 2
Pregled raziskav po letu
1961
(Jernej Rihier)
19 3
Smlednik
v
prazgodovini (Petra Vojaković)
19 3.1
Analiza gradiva
27 3.2
Interpretacija
29 4
Grad Smlednik
v
pisnih virih
(Benjamin Štular)
39 5
Arheološki izvid izkopavanj
v
letih
2011 in 2012
(Rok Klasinc)
39 5.1
Geološka podlaga (faza
1)
41 5.2
Prazgodovina (faza
2)
41 5.3
Visoki srednji
vek,
gradnja stolpa (faza
3)
43 5.4
Pozni srednji
vek
1,
gradnja notranjega obzidja (faza
4)
44 5.5
Pozni srednji
vek
2,
popravila (faza
5)
44 5.6
Pozni srednji
vek
3,
dozidava prostorov znotraj grajskega oboda (faza
6)
48 5.7
Zgodnji novi
vek
(faza
7)
49 5.8
Polpreteklo obdobje (fazi
8 in 9)
50 5.9
Interpretacija
51 6
Drobni
predmeti
(Benjamin
Štular)
51 6.1
Kovinski, koščeni
in šteklení
predmeti
51
Nakit
in osebni
predmeti
52
Okovi
in
ostali predmeti iz bakrovih zlitin
53
Orodje
54
Orožje
in podkve
56
Koščeni
in svinčeni
predmeti
56
Steklo
57
Kovinske najdbe iz obdobij po opustitvi gradu
57 6.2
Knjižni okovi
(Anja Vintar)
66 6.3
Lončenina
66
Namizno posodje
67
Pećnice
67
Lončenina iz obdobij po opustitvi gradu
68
Srednjeveška
in zgodnjenovoveška
lončenina
76
Tafonomija lončenine
78 6.4
Interpretacija
( Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
79 7.
Živalski ostanki
(Borat
Toškan)
80 7.1
Faze
3-7
85 7.2
Diahrone spremembe
86 7.3
Nepopolni skelet domaće mačke
89 7.4
Pemtnina
91 8
Analiza oglja (Tjaša
Tolar)
91 8.1
Uvod
91 8.2
Metode
dela
92 8.3
Rezultati
in
diskusija
95 8.4
Zaključek
97 9
Analiza gradbenega
materiala:
naravoslovno ozadje (Tomaž Verbič
in Maja
Gutman)
97 9.1
Geološka zgradba Smlednika
97 9.2
Gradbena
uporabnost kamnin iz okolice Starega gradu
97 9.3
Makroskopske lastnosti gradbenih
materialov
100 9.4
Petrološka analiza
vzorcev malt
105 9.5
Interpretacija petrološke analize
107 10.
Stavbna analiza
(Benjamin
Štular)
107 10.1
Predhodne raziskave
111 10.2
Objekti izven grajskega jedra
114 10.3
Interpretacija stavbnega razvoja gradu
120 10.4
Unsern
turn gen
Flednik
125 11
Grad
v
prostoru
(Benjamin
Štular)
125 11.1
Mikrolokacija
in gospostvo
129 11.2
Gradišće nad Zavrhom
135 12
Grad Smlednik
(Benjamin
Štular)
135 12.1
Grad Smlednik
v
srednjem
veku:
interpretacija
141 12.2
Stanje raziskav
in
pogled naprej
143 12.3
Epilog: nekega dne leta
1297
na gradu Smlednik
149 13
Literatura
in viri
(uredil
Benjamin
Štular)
159 14
Katalog
in
table
(Benjamin
Štular)
173 15
Priloge (Jernej Rihter,
Benjamin
Štular
in
Rok Klasinc)
173 15.1
Priloga
1:
Arhiv
enote
kulturne dediščine (EŠD
5911)
191 15.2
Priloga
2:
Opis stratigrafskih enot (SE)
z
izkopavanj
2011
in
2012
198 15.3
Priloga
3:
Seznam
avtorjev
199 16
Grad Smlednik
(The castle of
Smledmk) Research
2011-2012
{Summaries)
Grad Smlednik.
Raýskave
2011 -2012
16
Grad Smlednik
(The castle of
Smlednik)
Excavation
2011-2012
{Summaries)
1
Introduction
Benjamin
Štular
Modern
science began to study the castle of
Smlednik over a century and a half ago. Perhaps
even more importantly, the more or less intensive
conservation works on the castle have been taking
place for over half a century. In this light, the
collection of scientific and technical publications
on the castle is extremely meagre: short articles
could be counted on the fingers of one hand, while
a monograph that would deal with this site does
simply not exist. The situation is slightly better
when it comes to promotional publications. Hence,
the purpose of this book is clear: to present the
history of research and conservation works, as
well as the findings from the latest research on
the Smlednik castle.
2
An overview of the post-1961 research
Jernej Rihter
This overview of the research history is a result
of a thorough examination of the documentation
held at the Ljubljana Regional Unit of the Institute
for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slove¬
nia, the Ministry of Culture s
INDOK
Cultural
Heritage Centre, the Gorenjska Museum, and the
Museum and Galleries of Ljubljana. Within the
frame of this investigation,
126
units have been
registered, encompassing in total
387
various size
pages {Appendix
1).
Unfortunately, the investigated
material contains almost no archaeological textual
or graphical documentation.
3
Prehistoric Smlednik
Petra Vojaković
The aim of this chapter is to present the settlement
of Smlednik and its vicinity in the prehistoric pe¬
riod. The presentation used both, the previously
published material as well as recent findings. Already
at the beginning of the 20th century,
Pečnik
and
Rutar
suggested that several hills around Smlednik
were inhabited in the prehistoric period. However,
their predictions have only recently been proven
with our archaeological excavations. Despite the
modest data, modern topographical investigations
indicate that the central settlement should be sought
for on Brecelj hill. As suggested by new data, the
settlement on Brecelj hill and its wider area inten¬
sified between the 12th and 7th centuries
ВСЕ (На
A to Ha C). The scarce prehistoric finds and layers
discovered during the excavations on the nearby
hill of Smlednik belong to the same time frame.
Considering its strategic position, good visibility
and small size of the plateau, it is most likely that
Smlednik was used to oversee and control land/
river communications. Prehistoric activities have
been recorded also in the lowland area of the
nearby village of
Hraše.
4
The castle in written records
ni amin
Stillar
There are two types of written sources for the castle
of Smlednik. Firstly, there are the
-
usually extremely
scarce
-
high medieval records from the golden age of
castles. The only mention until the mid-12th century
is the name of the probable Smlednik castellan (the
199
Monografije
СРА
2
captain of the castle): Odalrik. The mentions from
the 13th century, merely mention a few names of
the gentry: either those who signed as witnesses
(Rapot and his son-in-law Bernard, Hainzo,
Peterlin,
Majnhart) or those who had the power to dispose
of their property (Bernard donated a farm).
Most records date to the end of the Middle Ages
or the early post-medieval period. Greater frequen¬
cy, but above all, new kinds of sources, such as
urbaria (i.e. manuscripts that record land surveys)
and inventories, provide a much more tangible
picture of the castle. However, this is a picture
of a castle that has become a mere subject of
pawning and trading, and a place where different
captains temporarily served. An inventory from
1569
provides us with a better insight into the
state of the castle, which is in such an appalling
condition that the question is justifiably raised
whether the administrative centre of the manor was
at that time already at the Valburga manor house.
However, it is certain that in the third decade of
the 17th century, when Count Verdenberg built a
Renaissance mansion on the location of the late
medieval manor house, the old castle was already
deserted. Not only the valuables, but even shovels,
hoes and picks were removed from the old castle.
It remained important only to the Emperor, as a
possible point of defence against Turkish raids.
5
Archaeological findings
from the
2011
and
2012
excavations
Kok
Klasinc
9
stratigraphie
phases belonging to
4
chronological
periods were defined at the site. In addition to the
geological phase, the following periods were docu¬
mented: the prehistoric period (phase
2),
the Early
Middle Ages (scarce finds in secondary contexts),
the High and/or Late Middle Ages (phases
3—6),
the transition between the Late Middle Ages and
the post-medieval period (phase
7),
and the recent
history of the castle ruins (phases
8
and
9).
It
should be noted, especially with phases
3—6,
that
these are
stratigraphie,
not chronological phases.
200
6
Small finds
Benjamin Stular,
Anja Vintar
Two early medieval rings (Cat.
Nos.
1
and
2)
with
analogies from 10th century cemeteries stand out
amongst the described finds.
The remaining finds represent an expected as¬
sortment of artefacts found in a castle that was
still in use in the 16th century. Among the most
expressive finds are three metal book mounts [Cat.
Nos.
12, 13
and
14);
although found without a
known archaeological context, it is hard to imagine
a book discarded in the mud in the middle of a
castle courtyard. It seems more likely that they are
remains of the castle s inventory in its last stage.
The
1569
castle inventory mentions two old
missals , and this description actually seems to be
appropriate
—
we see the book mounts as objects
that had not been discarded, but no longer held
special value to the castle inhabitants. Small archae¬
ological finds therefore paint a similar picture as
the written records
—
that of a deteriorating castle.
A collection of panel-type stove tiles testifies that
the castle was furnished with stoves in the 16th
century. It is likely that these tiles belonged to the
stoves
Andrej
Nastran
started to take care of on
October 7th
1559.
These stove tiles confirm the
findings of the written records analysis and the
interpretation of metal book mounts: in the 15th
century, the castle was furnished as a modern pres¬
tige dwelling, while at the end of the 16th century,
it was merely a shadow of its former splendour.
Due to the small size of the excavation trench,
pottery
-
documented with modern archaeologi¬
cal excavations
—
was found in small quantities.
Kitchen pottery rather than tableware for castle
feasts prevails.
Grad Smkdnik.
Raţiskave
2011 -2012
7
Animal
remains
Toškan
The collection of animal remains discovered during
the
2011/2012
excavations at the Smlednik castle
contained
561
bones and teeth or their fragments.
While mammalian remains prevail with
94.3%,
bird
and amphibian remains were also present.
31 %
of
the
529
mammalian finds could be taxonomically
classified at least to the level of genus. Most of
these belong to the period between the mid-13th
century and the beginning of the 17th century (i.e.
phases
3—7).
The fauna sample from the Smlednik castle in¬
cludes remains of at least ten species, eight of
which were mammalian. According to the number
of remains, pig was followed by sheep and goats
(Caprinae) and domestic cattle (Bos taunts), however
the difference does not surpass the threshold of
statistical significance. We assume that the repre¬
sentation of small animals might have been higher
if larger quantities of sediment had been sieved.
9
Analysis of the building material:
natural-science background
Verbic and
Maja Gutman
Mortar samples were investigated in order to
establish its structure and potential differences
between the samples. It was concluded that in
the binder and aggregate structure, samples
7
and
10
differed substantially from the remaining
samples: the binder was high-calcium lime (while
other samples contained dolomite lime) and the
structure of the aggregate contained exclusively
carbonate (dolomite) grains (while all other samples
also contained silicate grains).
Especially important for further analysis is the
fact that sample
7
was taken from the tower and
sample
10
from a wall belonging to the same
stra¬
tigraphie
phase. This means that a different kind
of mortar
—
and a different building technique
—
was used to build the tower (compared to the rest
of the castle). However, this proof should not be
mistaken for direct proof that the tower is older
than the inner curtain wall.
8
Charcoal analysis
Tjaša Tolar
The results of the charcoal analysis indicate that
medieval layers contained wood belonging to ring-
-porous and diffuse-porous deciduous trees and to
a smaller extent coniferous wood. In prehistoric
layers, wood of ring-porous and diffuse-porous
deciduous trees has been found. In almost half of
the cases
(40 %)
the charcoal fragments
-
which
according to archaeological interpretations repre¬
sent parts of a medieval wall
—
were oak. The
charcoal from prehistoric layers
(SE
59
and
77)
also belonged to oak
(46 %)
and diffuse-porous
deciduous trees.
10
Building analysis
Benjamin
S
tu lar
This chapter presents the research history and
the buildings discovered in the castle s vicinity,
followed by a building analysis based on the
new data. The most important discovery is that
the construction phases can be correlated to the
archaeological phases. Despite the scarce finds the
latter are easier to date.
Results show that the tower stood independently
or was surrounded by wooden buildings at least
for a while. Then, the inner curtain wall and the
palatium were built, perhaps immediately to their
full extent. In the post-medieval period the outer
curtain wall was built, while several minor recon¬
structions were carried out in the interior. During
the castle s last phase, a large wooden building
might have been erected in the eastern part.
201
Monografije
СРА
2
There have been some important new findings
concerning the tower. The calculated area of the
potential living quarters, the height of the en¬
trance and the absence of windows are in accor¬
dance with the description of a typical bergfried.
The Smlednik tower was therefore not built for
habitation and was not furnished as such. On the
contrary, it was designed as a bergfried with an
above average area of usable surface, with walls of
above average width and it might have also been
of above average height. Such a bergfried was
usually a part of a castle. Still, in the event that
stepped construction was used, this tower offered
sufficient area for habitation in accordance with
the standards of the time.
11
The castle and its broader surroundings
Stular
It seems that the location was crucial for the con¬
struction of the Smlednik castle. Despite the new
findings, the castle of Smlednik is still considered
to be one of the oldest in the area. Situated in
the heart of central Carniola, it had direct visual
contact with three of the four centres of the time:
the towns of Kranj, Skofja
Loka
and Kamnik.
in the High Middle Ages the core of the Smlednik
manor should be sought among the villages the
lords of Smlednik or their castellans managed or
traded with in different periods and which existed
as early as the 12th or 13th century. We can conclu¬
de that the manor of Smlednik lay entirely on the
left bank of the
Sava
river, delimited by the
Pšata
stream on the east, the
Rasica
hill on the south,
and the villages of Brnik and
Senčur
on the north.
The question whether the villages of Voklo and
Voglje belonged to Smlednik, remains unanswered.
In recent years, some fortifications have been do¬
cumented in the vicinity of the Smlednik castle,
and this implies interesting processes. While the
fortifications above the villages of
Draga
and Zavrh,
as well as the Old Jeterbenk castle were probably
abandoned before the mid-14th century, the two
main feudal seats of the broader area,
Goričane
and Smlednik, maintained their status until the
beginning of the 17th century. This process might
be explained in the light of the dynastic politics
of the 12th and the first half of the 13th century,
when the above mentioned area bordered large
manors belonging to the families of Speinheim
and Andechs and the bishops of
Freising.
12
The Smlednik castle
Benjamin Stular
9
stratigraphie
phases were documented through
archaeological excavation, and they were divided
into
5
chronological periods.
Dated approximately to the period between the 12th
and 7th centuries
ВСЕ,
the
stratigraphie
phase
2
covers the earliest activities on the castle hill and
is presented in Chapter
3.
It seems that the area of the castle was inhabited
as early as the 10th century (Early Middle Ages).
Two finger rings (Cat.
Nos.
1
and
2),
dated to the
10th or the beginning of the
11*
century, were
found in the south-eastern part of the castle. It
is possible that the modest pottery fragment (Cat.
No.
77)
documented during a field walk alongside
the embankment northeast of the outer curtain
wall belongs to the same period (Fig.
10.6:
4).1
Although the finds are scarce, the analogy with the
nearby Mali
grad
castle in Kamnik seems to come
naturally; the latter was built at the end of the
1
2th
century on top of the
župan s2
family cemetery,
dated to the last quarter of the 10th century and
the first quarter of the
1
1th century. The Mali
grad
castle probably destroyed the remains of
župan s
manor house
(ger.
Hof),
that was assumed to be
standing in the immediate vicinity of the cemetery
(based on the comparisons with Great Moravia
(Fig.
12.1)?
A similar situation was documented at
1
Benjamin
Štular
and
Andrej
Gaspari,
3rd April
2013.
The fragment lay amongst the machine excavated material.
2
The Slavic word for the pre-feudal local lord.
3
Stular
2007.
202
Grad Smlednik.
Raţiskave
2011 -2012
Bled
and Ptuj4,
as well as at
Pušćava
above
Stari trg
near
Slovenj Gradec
(although the latter belongs
to the 9th century).5
However, in the examples mentioned above, the
cemetery never stood on top of the hill and the¬
refore the two rings from Smlednik should not be
associated with a cemetery.
There are two indications that the rings were not
merely chance finds. The first one is a traverse wall,
destroyed during the
1
960s restoration works (at the
very latest when a cistern was built in
1964).
Hence,
very little is known about it (see Chapter
10.1):
it is stratigraphicaUy older than the inner curtain wall
it was preserved in the south-eastern corner of the
castle core (from where the two rings originate)
it follows the contours of the terrain (irregular
plan of the curtain wall) and
it was probably bound with mortar
{argumentum
ex sikntio).6
It is clear that this fortification structure predated
the inner curtain wall, however it is unclear as to by
how much. The location of the rings and perhaps
the construction itself
—
an irregular plan that fol¬
lows the contours of the terrain
—
could indicate
the 10th or the beginning of the
11
th century. While
two artefacts are indeed poor evidence, it should
be emphasized that there are no finds from the
second half of the 11th century or the entire 12th
century. However, the irregular plan in itself is not
a reliable argument for dating.7
On the other hand, the fact that the wall was
bound with mortar could imply a later date (per¬
haps a curtain wall built at the same time as the
tower), since no such walls from the 10th or the
beginning of the 11th century have been found in
Slovenia. However, in the neighbouring areas there
4
Predovnik
2012.
5
Pleterski, Belak
2002.
6
While its description is not preserved, Komelj associ¬
ated the wall with the previous castle phase. It could be as¬
sumed that the wall was built in a similar technique as the
remaining walls. In other words, it is inconceivable that the
experienced castellologist Komelj would associate a dry wall
with a potential curtain wall.
7
Sapač
2003, 30,
note
42.
is some, albeit rare, evidence of early medieval
stone-built fortifications. Frankish annals report
for
821:
priest Tiberius told Emperor Louis that
Fortunatus,
the Patriarch of
Grado,
encouraged
Duke Ljudevit (Posavski,
author s comment) to
wage war with the Franks, and sent him artists
and masons
{murarios)
to help him build additions
to his existing fortresses
{castella sua muniendà) (in
Pannonia,
author s comment).8 Archaeological
sources confirm the existence of mortar bound
fortification structures at
Königspfalz in
present
day Karnburg /Krnski
grad,
where two construc¬
tion phases are dated to the 9th and 10th centuries.9
However, these two examples indicate that in the
Early Middle Ages, a mortar bound wall could
only protect a fortification of the highest status
in the land. In early medieval Carniola, this leading
position belonged to Kranj, whose defensive walls
were built as early as the
б*
century10. Therefore
a mortar bound stone curtain wall does not seem
likely at Smlednik.
Since the wall in question was not documented
prior to its destruction, it cannot be dated more
precisely than to the period ranging between the
10th and
ІЗ01
centuries. The earlier date is based
on the dating of the two rings and the later on the
construction of the tower (see below). The later
date seems more likely.
In the 10th or the beginning of the 11th century,
we would sooner expect the embankment as docu¬
mented in the
lidar
image (see Chapter
10.2).
The
dry wall of irregular plan would be disregarded as
prehistoric, were it not for the pottery fragment,
for which
—
considering the technique and clay
used
-
many analogies can be found in the 10th
century.11 No such Early Medieval defensive walls
are known in the area. However, based on analogies
from Austrian Carinthia12, it seems that the reason
for this lies in the research conditions. In our case
8
Kos
1906,
No.
67.
9
Dolenz,Baur2011,
26-31
and
114-121.
10
Sagadin
2008,141-144.
11
Belak, Pleterski, Knific
2008:
T.
2: 1;
T.
5: 10;
T.
12: 3;
T.
17: 13;
T.
23: 15-31.
12
Gostečnikl997.
203
Monografije
СРА
2
the evidence is scarce: the probable dating of the
embankment (which is not entirely destroyed and
enables additional surveys).
The interpretation allowing for the possibility of
an early medieval fortification is supported by
Bezljaj s etymological explanation of the place-
name Smlednik: this might be a residue of an early
Slavic variant of a Germanic root (see Chapter
4).
If
there was a hillfort at the location of the Smled¬
nik castle in the
10*
century, similar to the one at
Mali
grad,
its inhabitants were likely to be Slavic
speaking people, who were in direct contact with
their Germanic-speaking northern neighbours,
predominantly Bavarians.13
The interpretation of the early medieval phase
must be wrapped up with the conclusion that
the area of the later castle was visited during this
period. Further research would be necessary in
order to prove that this is indeed the discovery
of the first early medieval hillfort in Slovenia (if
the embankment is early medieval). On the other
hand, the evidence might have been lost forever
with the so-called restoration works (if the wall
of the irregular ground plan was early medieval).
Stratigraphie
phase
3
is crucial for the interpre¬
tation of the castle ruins as seen today, for this is
the phase in which the tower was built. We have
documented traces of intense terrain levelling,
which is indicated by a perfectly horizontal charred
layer. On the levelled ground, the first two layers
for the tower walls were laid and simultaneously
strengthened with the material at hand, which
included a destroyed mortar floor, residue of an
older building. The construction continued by
layering roughly shaped local quarry stones.
According to Komelj and
Stopar,
the construction
took place in the first half of the 12th century (see
Chapter
10.1).
Stopar
supports his date with the
following three elements:
•
tower proportions
•
Romanesque apse of the chapel and
•
cornerstones made of cut sandstone.
Stopar
considered the latter
-
a late Romanesque
element
—
as foreign . However, it seems that
cornerstones partially influenced his dating of the
tower into the first half of the 12th century rather
than in the
1
2th century in general (into which the
loosely dated elements such as a Romanesque apse
and tower proportions otherwise belong). We can
compare the Smlednik castle to the Mali
grad
cas¬
tle in the nearby town of Kamnik. Although Mali
grad
was the seat of
a seigneurial
estate, its chapel
with a semicircular apse on the second floor and
the tower
-
of similar proportions and built in
the same technique as the Smlednik tower
—
were
built at the end of the 12th or the beginning of
the 13th century.14 It seems that
Stopar
was misled
by insufficient documentation: It is regretful that due
to insufficient documentation, it will not be possible to
answer certain questions about the architectural history of
the castle, for even the comparison of the existing random
field sketches and photos indicates discrepancies that cannot
be discussed here.15 As indicated, the cornerstones
made from cut sandstone were not part of the
original construction, but were added later on,
in an undocumented reconstruction. As for the
chapel with the Romanesque apse
—
if it actually
stood as shown in Donino s plan
—
it could not
have been built simultaneously with the inner cur¬
tain wall. Thus, we do not have a single element
that would date the Smlednik tower reliably into
the 12th century, let alone its first half. The best
analogy can be found in the previously mentioned
phase 4b at the Mali
grad
castle in Kamnik which
is securely dated into the end of the 12th or the
beginning of the 13th century.
The castle is not directly mentioned in the 12th cen¬
tury written sources, and neither is the tower. The
tower s first direct mention is dated to
1406,
which
is a reliable terminus ante quern for this phase. There
is a single 12th century source, in which Odalricus
de Fledinich
appears as a signer. In that period such
titles denote the owner of the castle and therefore
indirectly the castle itself. However, it was merely
13
Cf.
Stolar 2009a,
118-119.
204
14
Stolar 2009a,
54-61.
15
Translation from
Stopar
1998, 71.
Grad
Smkdnïk.
RaZ¿skave
2011 -2012
in a short period between
1214
and
1228
that the
lords and the parish priest of Smlednik appeared
in written records more frequently. This indicates
active estate management by the lords of Smlednik.
This does not appear as a coincidence if we take
into account the activities of the more powerful
neighbour on the other side of the
Pšata
stream,
the Margrave of
Istria,
Henry IV of the Andechs.
He spent the decade between
1208
and
1218
in his
alpine homeland, with the centre of his property in
Kamnik. During this time he was predominantly
occupied by the consolidation of his regional author¬
ity; he died in 1228.16 As a consequence, from the
second decade of the 13th century onwards, some
Andechs
ministeriales
—
who bordered Smlednik
on three sides
—
tried to enlarge their property and
set foundations for their new careers and social
connections.17 This period appears to have been
favourable also for the lords of Smlednik.
The romantic notion of one of the mightiest castle
towers of the 12th century
—
the like of which even
the Margrave of
Istria
could not build at the peak
of his power
—
owned by the otherwise economi¬
cally and politically mediocre lords of Smlednik,
seems to be just that
—
a romantic notion. A 13th
century date seems a much more likely explanation.
The historical context indicates that the earliest
possible date for the tower construction to start
was the second decade of the 13th century. The
possibility that the tower was built by the lords
of
Planina,
who became the owners of Smlednik
sometime before
1251,
cannot be excluded.
Archaeology does not permit more precise dating.
The pottery from the tower construction phase,
including the pottery from the layer underneath
the tower walls, does not predate the 13th century.
In most cases such pottery would be dated into the
14th century, however rare analogies exist from the
mid-13th century onwards. It would also be hard to
explain the brick fragments in the mortar before
the 13th century; they most likely belong to the
14th century.18 Thus, the only question remaining
is how late in the
13
century can the construction
of the tower still be expected? In our opinion the
tower was not built before the second decade of
the 13th century, however more and more clues
are pushing the date further into the 13th century.
If this is the case, where did Odalrik of Smlednik
live in
1136?
It seems that the answer lies in the
above mentioned radical levelling which took place
prior to the construction of the tower, and included
burning and demolishing a building. This building
had a mortar floor, which was in the High Middle
Ages associated with prestigious living quarters.19
The following can be concluded for this building:
the location was suitable for a castle
•
it was a building with prestigious living quarters
•
it was predominantly built from impermanent,
possibly organic materials (which left almost
no traces) and
•
it was useless in the eyes of the
13
century
castle builders.
Was it a so-called strong house that needed to be
completely demolished in order to build a tower on
the exact same spot? Or had Odalrik s wooden castle
deteriorated to such an extent that it was literally
levelled to the ground before construction began?
Phase
4
denotes the period in which the inner
curtain wall and the palatium were built, i.e. the
phase in which the castle becomes a complete
castle. The analysis of the archaeological excavation
implied (see Chapter
5.10)
that the curtain wall
was not built simultaneously with the tower, which
was confirmed by the mortar analysis (see Chapter
9).
Unfortunately, there were no other elements
that would allow us to conclude how much time
had passed between the construction of the wall
and the construction of the tower. They do not
appear to have been built by the same masons,
for they would not have changed the construction
16
Stolar 2009a,
24;
see the literature quoted there.
17
Štular 2009a,
29-30;
see the literature quoted there.
18
While bricks appear in mid- 12th century Romanesque
architecture, they do not penetrate south of Germany be¬
fore the 13th century; see e.g. Conant
1978,
passim, espe¬
cially
414-420.
19
E.g.
Štular
2012.
205
Monografije
СРА
2
technique
(mortar)
in the middle of construction,
nor would they have demolished another building
(mortar in the foundations of the inner curtain
wall). Therefore, it is most likely that several years
passed between the two constructions.
As for the attitude phase
4
builders had towards
the older phases, it has been already stated that
they seemed to have had no technical or any other
impediments to demolishing older buildings. In
fact, frequent reconstructions are one of the basic
characteristics in the life of a castle. It is therefore
significant that the remains of the embankment
between the two moats were not levelled, but
remained
1
metre high (see Chapter
10.2).
A cen¬
tury ago, the embankment was still so prominent
that
Oto
Pipper,
a visitor of numerous castles,
mistook it for the outer ward (see Chapter
10.1).
The embankment would provide protection to the
attackers of the medieval castle if they managed
to get across the first moat. From the functional
point of view
-
the castle s defence
-
this is an
obvious mistake, and yet it was not eliminated in
the three centuries of the castle s existence. Since
the embankment is dated either to the prehistoric
or the Early Medieval Period, it can be assumed that
its precise age was not known at the time the castle
was constructed. On the other hand, it is known
that in the High Middle Ages, people recognised
Late Antique fortifications. In the middle of the
12th century, Countess
Hedvika
thus knew that she
was donating a hill in the village of
Bašelj,
which was
suitable for a castle, and upon which a fort stood in the
past?10 On that location, archaeologists discovered a
Late Antique hillfort settlement, which was reused
in the Early Middle Ages.21
Why was the embankment preserved? The only
possible explanation can be found in the so-cal¬
led invention of tradition. This is a process with
which the builders of the castle emphasized their
right to authority by presenting themselves as the
lawful heirs of the previous rulers (in this case
by leaving the traces of the previous fortification
untouched). A similar process can be observed
at the castles of Bled and Ptuj and the Mali
grad
castle in Kamnik.22
Phase
5
is an intermediary phase prior to the
drastic construction works of phase
6.
The absolute dates of phases
4
and
5
depend
solely on the finds in archaeological layers. Small
quantities of typologically unified pottery were
discovered in phases
4
to
6. Kitchenware
forms in
the Late Middle Ages were long-lived and changes
can be studied only on larger samples.23 In phase
7
typological changes in kitchenware appear (Fig.
12.2).
Therefore, it can only be said that phases
4
and
5
belong to the Late Middle Ages.
Phase
6
can be dated more precisely. Its terminus post
quern is the time of the last extensive construction
activities, which
—
according to both historical con¬
text and architecture
—
took place at the beginning
of the 16th century. On the other hand, the
1569
inventory shows a castle which has not been invested
into for quite a while, perhaps for decades. So this
is the terminus ante quern for phase
6.
The post-medieval phase
7
denotes the last pe¬
riod during which the tower was used; at the
time the remaining walls were already decaying.
This corresponds to the historical sources on the
last phase in which the castle was used. Phase
7
probably belongs to the period of the previously
mentioned inventory and did not last longer than
until the third decade of the
1
7th century (when the
mansion was built in the village bellow the castle).
Phases
8
and
9
encompass modern activities,
when the castle was no more than a decaying ruin.
Most activities can be associated with research,
conservation-restoration works, and the construc¬
tion of the concrete cistern in the second half of
the 20th century.
20
Translated from
Kos
1915,
no.
338: ...
collem
castro ap-
twn, in quo
et
quondam
fuit
castellum in
loco, qui Vasche nuncupatur .
21
Knific
1999.
22
Predovnik
2012.
23
E.g. Porenta
et al.
2014.
206
Grad Smlednik. Ka^iskave
2011 -2012
The findings regarding the
Smlednik
castle can be
summed as follows: the earliest action that left clear
traces in the medieval archaeological record of the
Smlednik castle was the construction of the tower,
which began in the first half of the 13th century. It
might have been commissioned between the years
1214
and
1220
by Wergant and his son-in-law Rapot,
the first two lords of Smlednik to take an active po¬
litical and economic role. The castle s predecessor, a
fortified house or perhaps even a wooden castle, was
demolished and burnt to the ground. The new castle
was planned much more boldly. The plan included
a rectangular curtain wall, a relatively comfortable
palatium, and a mighty bcrgfricd.
The construction began with the latter. Even two
centuries later, the tower made such an impression
on Herman of
Celje,
who owned over
100
castles,
that he started to use it as a prison. However, there
were some major changes during construction. We
know that a different kind of mortar was used for
the curtain wall and for the tower. The likeliest ex¬
planation for this is that there was an interruption,
after which the construction was resumed by a new
team of masons. Such interruptions were relatively
common in the Middle Ages. One of the most
frequent reasons for such an interruption was a
lack of funds. The forty-year absence of the lords
of Smlednik in written records (between
1220
and
1260)
might coincide with the financial problems
of the family, although it is unlikely that the con¬
struction would have been halted for so long. It is
not known whether the tower was finished prior
to this interruption. However, it seems that the
tower stood at the time and was surrounded by
an irregular curtain wall of modest dimensions. If
this was the case, the tower could have served as
a somewhat narrow and gloomy residence.
This unusual state of affairs was merely temporary
and ended in the middle of the 13th century, when
the family of Smlednik lost ownership of the castle.
The new owners were the lords of Svibno, who
kept the family of Smlednik as their castellans for
a while. Among the castellans, two
Ulriks
from the
Chropf family, a father and a son, are known from
the end of the 13th century. The castle was finished
and gained its recognizable image: the palatium,
the curtain wall, two moats, and the mighty tower,
which offered a view over entire upper Carniola
and its towns: Kranj, Skofja
Loka, Kaninik.
The
castle was visible from almost the entire manor of
Smlednik, which spanned on the left bank of the
Sava
river, and was delimited by the
Pšata
stream
on the east, the
Rasica
hill on the south, and the
villages of Brnik and
Senčur
on the north.
At the foot of the castle, between the two moats,
traces of an older fortification were still visible.
Had the builders complied merely with the functio¬
nality principle, the space between the two moats
would have been levelled completely. However, this
was not performed, since the lords of the castle
displayed these ruins as proof that their families
had ancient roots and were therefore noble.
In
1328
the castle of Smlednik was bought by the
later Counts of
Celje,
who made no alterations
to the castle building. Instead, the owners of nu¬
merous castles reorganized the manor house and
started using the castle of Smlednik in a new way,
for the famous tower became an infamous prison.
Like most medieval prisons, the Smlednik prison
served as encouragement for paying debts. The
tower of Smlednik served this purpose at least
during the period spanning from
1409
to
1569.
In the 5til century, probably still while in the
hands of the Counts of
Celje
(i.e. before
1457),
the castle was furnished as a modern, prestigious
residence. In this period, windows were already
glazed.24 Eating habits also changed. Hands and
knives at improvised tables were replaced by re¬
al tables in dining rooms, and by tableware not
dissimilar to the one used today: plates, bowls,
glass stemware,25 spoons26 and knives. The menu
expanded accordingly: roasted and cooked meat
24
The
2012
excavations revealed fragments of leaded
window frames.
25
Several fragments of glass stemware were document¬
ed at Smlednik castle (see Chapter
6.1.6).
26
Two spoons were documented at Smlednik castle (see
Chapter
6.1.1).
207
Monografije
СРА
2
was replaced by a broader selection of complicated
dishes with numerous courses.27
Following the extinction of the Counts of
Celje
in
1457,
the castle became property of the House
of
Habsburg,
just like the rest of the
Celje
in¬
heritance. At the beginning of the 16th century,
in the light of Turkish danger, the Habsburgs
additionally fortified the Smlednik castle. The
construction of the outer curtain wall represented
the last modernization process of the castle. Since
the task of the outer curtain wall was to protect
the castle from cannonballs, the area between the
two curtain walls was filled with soil to a certain
height. This construction technique gave the wall
the necessary elasticity to absorb the kinetic energy
released by cannonballs. A stone wall, even when
3.47
metres thick (as is the case in the tower of
Smlednik), behaves as a rigid body, crumbling and
breaking under the force of such projectiles. The
defensive wall was merely one part of a castle s
defence and the castle also had firearms. In
1569,
the castle had long guns for firing warning shots
at Turkish raids, a copper mortar, several barrels
of gunpowder,
460
bullets,
10
pounds of lead and
firearms accessories.
The castle was not only fortified, but also reno¬
vated as living quarters for one last time. While
the palatium was not enlarged, the auxiliary rooms
were probably moved to wooden buildings in the
narrow eastern courtyard, between the tower and
the inner curtain wall. Even though they were not
enlarged, the interior palatium rooms received new
furniture. Some of the furniture was listed in
1569,
when it was already old and broken or even lost:
a bathtub, a carved stone basin, beds and tables,
a clock. The fact that the castle was no longer a
highest-status residence, was also shown by the
table, on which pork and game were becoming
increasingly rare.
In the mid-16th century, the castle remained im¬
portant only to the Emperor, as a possible point
of defence against Turkish raids. Not only the
valuables, but even shovels, hoes and picks were
removed from the old castle. The miserable state
of armament indicates that the castle s military
crew
—
if a permanent crew was even stationed
in the castle
—
would not have been capable of a
serious defence.
Translation
Nieta
Osredkar
27
Paolo Santonino wrote famous descriptions of
such feasts at the end of the
ІБ*
century. They could
run for a dozen courses (Santonino).
208
f
Bayerische ]
Staatsbibliothek
München 1
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Štular, Benjamin |
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| author_GND | (DE-588)138401969 |
| author_facet | Štular, Benjamin |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042205098 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)897360058 (DE-599)OBVAC11718101 |
| era | Geschichte 2011-2012 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 2011-2012 |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:15:16Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789616902571 |
| language | Slovenian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027643908 |
| oclc_num | 897360058 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 208 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 31 cm |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Zavod za Varstvo Kulturne Dediščine Slovenije |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Monografije CPA |
| series2 | Monografije CPA |
| spelling | Grad Smlednik raziskave 2011 - 2012 uredil Benjamin Štular The castle of Smlednik Ljubljana Zavod za Varstvo Kulturne Dediščine Slovenije 2013 208 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 31 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Monografije CPA 2 Zsfassungen der Beitr. in engl. Sprache Literaturverz. S. 149 - 157 Geschichte 2011-2012 gnd rswk-swf Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd rswk-swf Schloss Smlednik (DE-588)7553141-0 gnd rswk-swf Schloss Smlednik (DE-588)7553141-0 g Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 s Geschichte 2011-2012 z DE-604 Štular, Benjamin (DE-588)138401969 edt Monografije CPA 2 (DE-604)BV040349637 2 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027643908&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027643908&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Grad Smlednik raziskave 2011 - 2012 Monografije CPA Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)7553141-0 |
| title | Grad Smlednik raziskave 2011 - 2012 |
| title_alt | The castle of Smlednik |
| title_auth | Grad Smlednik raziskave 2011 - 2012 |
| title_exact_search | Grad Smlednik raziskave 2011 - 2012 |
| title_full | Grad Smlednik raziskave 2011 - 2012 uredil Benjamin Štular |
| title_fullStr | Grad Smlednik raziskave 2011 - 2012 uredil Benjamin Štular |
| title_full_unstemmed | Grad Smlednik raziskave 2011 - 2012 uredil Benjamin Štular |
| title_short | Grad Smlednik |
| title_sort | grad smlednik raziskave 2011 2012 |
| title_sub | raziskave 2011 - 2012 |
| topic | Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ausgrabung Schloss Smlednik |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027643908&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027643908&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV040349637 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT stularbenjamin gradsmlednikraziskave20112012 AT stularbenjamin thecastleofsmlednik |