Multipliciranje zavičaja i domovina: hrvatska dijaspora: kronologija, destinacije i identitet
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FF Press [u.a.]
2014
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| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Multiplication of homelands |
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| adam_text | 193
Multiplication of homelands. Croatian diaspora: chronology,
destinations, identity.
Résumé
This book is intended foremostly for students of ethnology and cultural anthropology,
but also for students of other related and similar studies, moreover for scientists, experts and
all those whose affinities and interests are directed towards subjects that deal with the ethno-
cultural identity of diaspora communities, and, therefore, migration studies and the related
identity studies.
Apart from giving a sum-up of the knowledge the Croatian scientific production gathered
on this subject so far and a discussion on the causes and consequences of migrations, a new
dimension is given on the positioning of the migrants in their new surroundings, adaptation
and other processes, and all that which came to the twenty-first century as a result of many
a century of identification strategies and practices of those people and their life experiences.
There are several topical units that come to focus while exploring those subjects. Thus, for ex¬
ample, we look into dimensions of migration movements in the context of geographical spaces
and human potentials caught in migrations, structural characteristics of migrations, position¬
ing of the migrants in their new surroundings, consequences in the domicile and migational
space, immigration politics of the countries accepting the migrants etc. Moreover, there are
the reflections on the wholesome context of migrations, such as their causes and consequences.
We start, that is, from the fact that migrations have a history that has been lasting as long as
the human kind itself, and when it changed, the contexts of migrations changed as well, and
hence the research discourses as well. Having in mind exactly that changeability, some earlier
assertions concerning certain phases or types of migrations were revised. This refers especially
to the migrations in the second half of the 20th century, when, after the Second World War,
devastated economies of many a country sought vast workforce. Afterwards, in
1960s
and on¬
wards, decolonization processes in the countries of the Third World also brought a large wave
of migrations. Firstly, a large number of former masters was returning to their home coun¬
tries. That is to say that the decolonisation process initiated an
anticolonial
revolution in many
ex colonies, so a large number of people withdrew with their capital (in cases when that was
possible). Their places were filled in by local workers (again, in cases when that was possible).
However, there was a disturbance in the employment market in former colonies as well, so a
certain number of people from them looked for (and got) work in the former metropolises.
Even though half a century has passed since the decolonisation, this trend is present even to¬
day. An of course, there was a new a migration wave at the end of the 20th century, and the very
recent one in the 21st century. Same as it was with the discovery of the New World at the end
of the 15th century, these two waves were caused by an entire series of events, like an avalanche.
One of them are the social-political changes in the Europe at the end of the
1980s.
That is,
foremostly, the fall of socialism, that led the former socialist countries into a transition period.
One of the consequences
ofthat was
the transfer of workforce, whose consequence, in return,
were inner and outer migrations. Lastly, several ex socialist countries disintegrated (The Soviet
Union, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia), with an escalation of war conflicts in some of them (for
194____________________________
J.
Grbić-Jakopović, Multipliciranje zavičaja i domovina
example, on the territories of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, or in some of the former
Soviet socialist countries) that initiated dramatical forced mass migrations. Disintegration of
ones and foundation of others, new independent countries, as well as changes in the state/
interstate boundaries, led to the formation of new minorities. Furthermore, European integra¬
tion processes, from the union of the two German countries up to the union of the European
countries into the European Union, caused the massification of the free circulation of citizens
within the boundaries of the
EU
countries. Also, the deindustrialization of the Western Euro¬
pean countries and the growth of new industrial economies created new ways for the migra¬
tion routes. The economic recession in the first decade of the 21st century should be added to
that, when the complete market was disturbed in all the parts of the world, the labour market
included. The latest example of transcontinental migration waves, however, originates from the
political and economical destabilization of a large part of the African and Arabic world (Libya,
Egypt, Syria and other Middle East countries). But above all, we have here, for more than two
decades, the presence of the assembling of the global market according to the demands of
the
neoliberal
capitalism, i.e. the results of the political project of the
neoliberal
globalization,
that turned the international migrations into a genuine dynamical machine transforming the
world order in a political and economical sense. Thus, migrations grow more complex, more
ambivalent, more accelerated, more differentiated, even more globalized. With the number of
women taking part in those migrations, we can also discuss the feminization of migrations.
Finally, there is the beginning of the politicalization of migration. They are becoming a part of
a global transnational revolution that is reshaping societies and politics. As early as the
1970s
it became more apparent that entire families migrate; guest workers evolved from temporary
guests into migrants with the aspiration to settle permanently in the given migration area
and become citizens of the country involved. From the perspective of the countries and socie¬
ties they moved to, they were seen not only as a work potential strengthening factor, but also a
possible factor of instability, fear, anguish, and even terrorism. They are viewed from the dicho¬
tomic aspect of citizens and others, legal and illegal immigrants. Bottom line, they were start¬
ing to be viewed as a factor of potential destabilization of national security and sovereignty.
Those processes affected bilateral and multilateral interstate and regional relations, which have
the tendency of forming collaboration between governments in order to improve the control
over migrations and ensure the protection mechanisms of the overall national security and
sovereignty. In this sense the status and the rights of the migrants are viewed, which are now
surpassing the usual solutions, and pluralistic models of integration, which seemed completely
appropriate in theory but proved not to be so in practice, are now being abandoned, radical¬
ized or transformed. All this, however, does have vast repercussions in the context of identity.
Questions are raised and answers are sought: do we keep the former one, the source identity,
the domicile one (and with what mechanisms?), do we adapt it to the new conditions, do we
change, develop, make progress?
This is the reason for this book to deal with how and in which way do the theoretical ap¬
proaches to the research of all of these phenomena change, how the rhetoric on the destabiliza¬
tion of traditional relations reshapes itself, how new social networks are created, and finally,
how the integration is carried out. It was pointed out, that is to say, that citizens of many
European countries and their prominent political leaders are becoming increasingly suspicious
towards the benefits expected to the thus far proclaimed (and desirable) multiculturalism and
Summary
195
that they are demanding significant changes to integration politics. In short, with the appear¬
ance of those new forms of migration and new views on migration regarding the identity and
identification processes, the term of integration has been substituted with a new term: interac¬
tion. Namely, borders, in their essential meaning, are becoming more flexible than ever. The
number of countries participating in the global migration system is ever growing, and the same
goes for the differences in migrants groups. Answers to those and similar questions are sought
in this book, through various theoretical approaches to migration processes (for example, neo¬
classical economic approach, dual labour market theory, theories on the new Ubour market econo¬
mies, that some theoretic call the theory of the new migration economy, historical-structuralist
approach, theory of migration systems and transnational theory, theory of network-mediated migra¬
tion
et al.)
indicating that the common terms such as acculturation, assimiUtion, integration,
migrant, are being sidetracked in favour of: incorporation, interaction, transmigrant.
Therefore, the research questions of why people move, where they go and what happens
after they settle down in a new destination, search for the answers on every side, trying to
comprehend the perspective of an individual, family and household groups, as well as states on
a micro-, mezzo- and macro- level. It was pointed out that in dealing with those subjects the
research interests of many sciences and scientific disciplines are getting crossed-over (history,
geography, demography, economy, sociology, ethnology, linguistics,
politology,
statistics.
..),
so
they truly have to be both multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary.
We reached the conclusion, therefore, that migrations, today more than ever, are part of
the globalization processes and that they influence the creation and distribution of capital,
merchandise, ideas, information etc. They are in the focus of international relations, they are
the main factor of economical and political changes and one of the most important questions
for the internal politics of the immigration-emigration countries. Since the consequences of
migrations can be felt on both collective and individual levels, it is understandable per
se
that there are repercussions on the identity and identity processes. Namely, new, migrational
identities are being formed. That is why a large part of this book is dedicated to the analysis
of theoretical approaches to the identity research. In order to be as meticulous as possible, we
start with earlier theoretical approaches that certainly gave an invaluable contribution to the
subject, giving it a significant context, with many a postulate being still very up-to-date. Newer
and new approaches are given in a chronological order, especially those that put those already
mentioned terms in their research focus. The fact is, actually, that with time identities and
traditional notions on belonging and adherence, i.e. identity, change. With the help of those
we try to find an answer to a series of questions. For example, where (if anywhere) should we
look for a migrants identity? Does, maybe, being a migrant, in the identity context, means
to be latently torn in an attempt to maintain the previous, original, autochthonic, domicile
identity, to adapt it, change it, remember it, develop it in a new surroundings, in the sense
of the inseparableness of both (all?) spaces and people in the surroundings that each of these
men found themselves)? Are those scientists that speak of the fragmentary, hybrid and schizo¬
phrenic aspects of identity in the right, or are we simply dealing with masters of adaptation in
cases of multiple homelands and native countries?
On the subject of identity, that became a central notion in social and humanistic sciences,
it is said that it is: primordial, essential, constructed, debatable, complex, manifold, polisemi-
196
J. Grbic-Jakopovič, MultipUáranje
zavičaja
І
domovina
cal,
broken, contradictory, flexible... and in any case an
instable
product of a series of social
influences. The summary of all the theoretical approaches is, as the discussion in this book
points out, as follows: identity is a form of group organization or a principle of society clas¬
sification whose meaning can change in time and according to the situation; it is a fluid and
unspecific aspect of society life that can be manipulated, with a different meaning in different
situations, and, most often, it depends on the very people involved what it will be like. The ap¬
proach insisting on borders implies that identity is an entanglement of changeable interactions
sooner than an important component of social organizations. With its postulates defining it as
a community term, but also a delimitation category, those borders certainly do not vanish or
exist per
se,
they are formed by people, regardless of the formal and informal cultural and eth¬
nical differences and similarities. And in the interactive field of unity, delineation and personal
differences, there are two main options: choice or imposture/competing.
Since identification processes today are most profoundly influenced by
neoliberal
globali¬
zation that creates the model of: corporation mukiculturalism that bring into question the
pluralism of cultures due to the insatiableness for the profit of the homo oeconomicus, with a
dangerous tendency of cancelling the cultural pluralism or bringing the latter in question... ,
changes in those processes are ever faster, results unpredictable, and challenges for the research¬
ers irresistible. Namely, if by stressing the past experiences we wish to penetrate the place, the
role and most importantly the transformation of the ethnical sentiment in a global reality, and
thus directly consider the present skuatedness of different identities or the eventual future,
the intertwining of ethnical and cultural homogenization and divergence
—
the possibility
of creating different research models is being created. Some point .out that cultures without
memories are being created, and some that modern identities are no pseudo-identities, but
rather an authentical reflection of the reality or an authentically new.
Identity
—
and the ethnical sentiment in its wake
—
live in an objective cultural contents
in which tradition has a special status, since it is (still) mostly from tradition that ethnical and
cultural markers are being selected
—
media for ascription and identification. Not the original,
but original , i.e. modified and transposed into every forthcoming new age, since the origi¬
nality is what we can perceive as the identity drama: to be the same, but always in a different
way. Identity lives in globality and localism at the same time. In historicity as well, since, with
a selective re/construction of the past, the revelation of references from the past and referring
to them, every generation reflects itself in the modern times.
In the objectivity of these parameters there is also a nested subjectivity. Therefore, reflec¬
tions on identity (in the way they are presented in this book) in a global reality, that often looks
like a virtual world, the researcher is motivated to come to a fairy-tale conclusion: the genesis,
the borders, the symbols and the common future, and, in the end, the striking national customs
(as a knight from
Senj
Pavao
Ritter
Vitezovic put it more than three hundred years ago) testify
that the stability of identification processes, as well as their final result
-
identity, in spite of
everything, can be unquestionable for a long while.
When it comes to global migration waves, having in mind their relation with specific po¬
litical and economic circumstances, the fate of Croatia changed during the course of the last
few centuries. A separate chapter deals with emigration chronology, destinations choices and
Summary
__________________________________________________________197
the contemporary situation. With the expansion of Ottoman Turks in the 14th/15th century,
the Croatian ethnical area was emigrational, on one hand, but the depopulated areas were soon
inhabitated by newcomers. Since the 18th century, it became an immigrational country again,
which was mostly the consequence of the movement of the inhabitants within the borders of
that time of the
Habsburg,
i.e.
Austro-
Hungarian monarchy. From the second half of the 19th
century, the situation changed again. At that time, namely, an ever larger number of people
chose to emigrate, and that trend reached its peak at the end of the
1
9th and the beginning of
the 20th century. Since the end of the 20th century again, thanks to some specific circumstances
in Croatia, but also on a larger scale, Croatia was both an emigrational and an immigrational
country, as well as a transition country. Namely, as a consequence of the war after Yugoslavia
fell apart, Croatia was caught in a wave of forced migrations (e/immigrations). Furthermore,
there is a new phenomenon (to put it mildly) of irregular immigration, that may lead to the
creation of new minorities in Croatia: for example, Chinese, Rumanian, Ukrainian, etc.
The creation of a large diaspora of the Croats began in the first half of the 15th century.
The main cause, i.e. the triggering factor for those migrations and going away, was the inva¬
sion of Ottoman Turks. Since then, and all the way to the end of the 18th century, large groups
of Croatians left their domicile areas, moving in waves in several directions: to the Apennine
peninsula, the Southern, North-Western, middle and Middle-Eastern Europe.
At the same time that the migration waves from the Croatian state and ethnical area
moved towards the said destination due to the aforementioned expansion of the Turks, Com¬
ing from the South-East in the
1
5th century, the rest of the Europe was taken with the discovery
of the New World. Due to its development potentials, America was deemed a promised land
by all the immigrants, Croatians included. Therefore, in parallel with the worsening of the
economic situation in Croatia, the Croats were moving to both of the American continents, as
well as Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, since the middle of the 19th century onwards,
in mass. After the First World War, when Croatia became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats
and Slovenes, the later Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the economic and socio-political situation in
Croatia did not improve significantly, so new waves of transcontinental migrations began, as
well as migrations to Western European countries, mostly to France, Belgium, Germany etc.,
countries that needed workforce due to the industrialization growth. Just after the Second
World War, there were new mass, emigrations from Croatia. Firstly, those who were leaving
then were the political (anticommunist) emigrants, that went partly to the overseas countries,
and partly to the Western European states. Since
1960s,
they were joined by the economic
migrants. The most numerous among them were the so-called guest workers, i.e. those who
left for the Western European countries in the sixties. That is to say, the European capitalist
economy was still seeking workforce, and socialist Yugoslavia failed to achieve the society of
full employment . Since they were situated in largest numbers in German speaking countries,
the name of guest workers was given to them after the German word
Gastarbeiter.
For many,
however, what was planned to be a temporary (i.e. guest) migration, due to a series of various
circumstances, with or without an agenda, with the grant of the country they moved to, be¬
came/remained a permanent migration (this refers mostly to the first generation of migrants).
In the same period, a significant number of migrants went towards Western European and
overseas countries again, such as Australia, New Zealand, Canada, United States, and in
1980s
198
J. Grbic-Jakopovič, Multipliciranje
zavičaja i domovina
an ever growing number of economic migrants joined them. This migration is known in the
literature, due to a symptomatically large number of highly educated people leaving the under¬
developed and developing countries, as the brain drain .
The latest migration phase started in the beginning of the
1990s.
Those were the forced
migrations from Croatian ethnical and state area caused by the war in Croatia and Bosnia
and Herzegovina after the disintegration of Yugoslavia. Those migrations were marked by the
refugee waves leaving war afflicted areas. The largest number of them moved to the Western
European countries and overseas states (United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand).
With the Yugoslavia falling apart, Croatians remaining in former Yugoslav republics and
the former province of Kosovo became diaspora. These are the Croats in the today independ¬
ent countries of Serbia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Slovenia and Kosovo.
In the last decade or so, there is a specific practice of occasional and temporary economic
migrations
-
departures to do seasonal work (legal or illegal). In this specific migration popula¬
tion there is a notable number of women, since there are many temporary and seasonal works
suitable for women, such as taking care of elderly people, picking fruit, etc.
Compared to the previous times, there is a rapid change in structural characteristics of
migrations and migrants in the recent times. First of all, migrations are now a completely
global phenomenon, more global than ever. They do not follow the once usual pattern South-
North or periphery-centre (though there were cases in earlier stages when the opposite
happened, for example, the aforementioned migrations that followed conquests, colonisations,
changes in world economy orders at different times etc.), they are actually going in all possible
directions. The number of economic migrants is the largest, and the most important causes are
globalization
-
when it comes to Europe, also the European integrational processes
—
global re¬
cession, as well as unstable political situation in certain parts of the world. The number of mi¬
grants going to other countries in order to gain education and/or specialization has increased
notably. As for the migrants age structure, forced migrations excluded, what remains more
or less the same is the fact that among them there are still mostly young and younger people.
For example, according to the data of the Croatian Bureau of Statistics, about fifty thousand
young people left Croatia in die last five years. These are highly educated people leaving for the
Western European countries, and also the United States, Canada, Australia. Some thirty thou¬
sands, according to die same source, moved to the same destinations in the last three years. In
a shockingly short time (in just several months) since the opening of the internet portal Young
ones, leave Croatia, the portal gained the support of some forty five thousand people.
..
Unlike
the previous phases, there is now a vast portion of women in the migration population, and
in some cases, due to the specific quality of the economy sector in which they seek work, they
even outnumber the men. There is still a tendency for individuals to be moving out, but the
number of entire families moving out also became larger. There is a drastic enlargement in the
number of transnational migrants. The difference is in the level of education and professional
status. It s not the uneducated, i.e. unqualified/semiqualified people that are leaving, but the
representatives of all educational and professional groups. However, due to an ever-growing
rate of unemployment, the highly educated migrants, since
1960s
up to today, more often
and more commonly take on jobs for which their education and profession do not play any
Summary
_____________________________________________________________799
significant role. It is not uncommon, for example, for Croatian barristers to wait in restaurants
along the European highways, for professors to work as construction workers or drive taxis,
for teachers to work as nannies (ever more often in very far-away destinations, such as China,
for example), for doctors to moonlight at private consulting rooms of their European col¬
leagues, for younger pensioner to pick strawberries or lavender during the season at German or
other fields. Any job is, actually, for taking. Many a work is done under wraps . The greatest
difference, however, is at the operational level. Thanks to the general knowledge, the know¬
ing of foreign languages, touristic experiences etc., the decision to leave is taken without any
greater or long-lasting consideration. Every opportunity is being seized as soon as possible.
That is related to the subjective, i.e. emotional level, where we notice the absence, or at least
the diminishing, of the trauma, anguish, fear, tears and nostalgia. Thanks to the communica¬
tion technology, most prominently the internet, today people can get all the information to
the smallest details, i.e. they are not moving to an unknown territory. The once sadness for
being separated from ones family is also gone. Thanks to the aforementioned technology,
people have the opportunity to communicate with their family and friends on everyday basis,
and relatively cheaply, mostly via Skype and various social networks. However, it is that very
state-of-art communication technology that s putting a stop to potential migration, which
seems like something of a paradox. Namely, people that, in a certain context, might have been
forced to become economical immigrants, are given the opportunity to work from home
via modern technologies: a potential migrant can communicate with his subordinates and his
superiors all over the world from his domicile village or town.
After an overview and an analysis of chosen, older and more recent theoretical approaches
to the identity and identification processes research, and using them to comprehend Croatian
diaspora communities, certainly, in the context of the given theories on migration mobility,
we can notice the compatibility of theory and empirical data. We thus obtained a confirma¬
tion that a significant part of the theoretical postulates given by apostrophised theorist are very
much true and actual in identification strategies and practices. Naturally, they all depend on a
series of circumstances, for example, on the time spent in the migration area, on the number
of people in a migration group, on space dispersion, on the economical status, on the politics
of the countries involved, etc. However, premordialists are in the right when, among differ¬
ent sorts and dimensions of identity, they stress the high positioning of particularly ethnical,
and they claim that ones own group (narrow and wider family circle, and family-friendly-
homeland-regional chains ) is the sanctuary that gives to individuals and collectives a social,
psychological, and even economic stability. That is confirmed by the almost equal importance
of the once boarding-houses, fire brigade, charity, sports and cultural organizations, as well as
the modern ethnical institutions and contemporary media, for example internet portals were
the community is practiced . The interactionists are also in the right, pointing out that the
true locus where identity is formed is the border, and in that context they move the focus of
such a view, i.e. they are shifting it from culture (exclusively or prevailingly) to the interaction
between individuals and groups, claiming that identification processes are in fact a form of
borderline transactions. Also, those theorists such as situationists or, for example, instrumen¬
talists, who point out the importance of the context and the hierarchy in power relations, or
even ethnosymboUsts, who give special attention to the feeling of continuity that is generated
by the intertwining and the interplay of ethnonyms, myths, history memories, elements of
200
J.
Grbić-Jakopović, Multipliciranje zavičaja i domovina
joint culture, link to the homeland and solidarity. However, a special point is made by the
theorists of various neo-directions who are proving just how and in which way do identities
depend on individual freedoms, but such freedoms that are (still) partially limited by, for
example, collectivisms. The same cannot be said, however, for those who, on the other hand,
claim that the origins are no longer important ( who we are and where we come from ). To
be specific, this analysis shows that this question is still very relevant and that by answering
these questions we gain an incredibly significant capital. We can manipulate it as a medium
that helps us present ourselves and we do what we do with it in a very conscious way. It was
shown, that is, that thorough identification strategies and practices such as cooperation, mu¬
tual solidarity, joint long-term planning etc., destabilize theories on de-ethnkalization and, at
the same time, create innovative progress through a desire for unity within one s own group,
and then, consequently, with other groups they interact with. Lastly, the least right are those
who proclaimed the traditional culture, i.e. folklore, to be a passatism, i.e. an inappropriate
medium for contemporary identification practices. Admittedly, not in all, but in most of the
Croatian diaspora communities all over the world, it is obvious that the interest in folklore
does not diminish. On the contrary. However, it is a folklore that is very much transformed,
retraditionalized, and most importantly: internationalized.
We can say, therefore: whether it is via tamburitza, or football, church, nostalgia, eth-
nolobby, the creation of new unity , or the constant maintenance with the enrichment of
contents of the old customs (as witnessed by the two appendices to this book), and, as a rule,
in every case via ethnical associations with their activities, we can see that (even) among the
members of Croatian diaspora communities identification strategies and practices are focused
on one s own community just as much as they are focused on transnational linking. On the
other hand, country
mul ticul
turalisms in the Western European countries have failed. Politi¬
cians are saying openly that the immigrants are a necessary evil for Europe: unadjusted to the
society, necessary for the economy , so at this time it is somewhat uncertain how that linking
will look like and what will be happening on social and other plans: integration or:
???
However, since people will keep on migrating, the ethnical picture of the world, as well
as identities, will keep changing. Once:
conquista
and colonization. Today: their consequences
and globalization. The British Office for National Statistics, for example, published data on
the ethnical structure of the United Kingdom. According to those data, for December
2012,
British Caucasians are no longer the majority in London. The majority is formed by the peo¬
ple of darker skin, most prominently by Indians and Pakistanis. Similar trends are notable in
other larger European cities as well, for example, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Brussels, Paris, etc.
In Rome, every third newborn is a child of immigrants, and according to the assessments of
the United States Census Bureau, in some thirty years, Caucasians will be a minority in the
United States of America.
Whatever they may be, identification processes, their continuity, re/creating, de/re/con-
struction, as well as their diversity, are unquestionable. But the Earth is, after all, still a beauti¬
ful place to live, which enables the multiplication of homelands and fatherlands.
Prevela: Jelena Vitezović
——v
Bayerische
¡
Staatsbibliothek
München
I
V
У
Sadržaj
5
SADRŽAJ
PREDGOVOR
...................................................................................................................9
UVOD
..............................................................................................................................11
KONCEPTUALNI PRISTUPI ISTRAŽIVANJU MIGRACIJSKIH PROCESA:
terminologija, tipologija, teorijski pristupi
..................................................................15
KONCEPTUALNI PRISTUPI ISTRAŽIVANJU IDENTITETA I
IDENTIFIKACIJSKIH PROCESA
...........................................................................33
Preispitivanja
о
sponama prošlih
s
modernim vremenima
..................................................35
Rekapitulacija: dijaboličnost identiteta
-
biti isti, ali uvijek na drugi način
.........................53
Od paleotohničkog raja do globalizacijskog k/raja?
...........................................................57
Reteriranje globalizacije: od viteza
Pavla do
naših dana: zasebne granice,
porijeklo, bilježi, povijest i upečatljivi narodni običaji
.................................................58
GLOBALNI MIGRACIJSKI VALOVI I SUDBINA HRVATSKE
...................................61
UZROCI I FAZE MIGRACIJA
.......................................................................................62
HRVATSKA DIJASPORA U
15.
1
16.
STOLJEĆU
.........................................................68
Moliški Hrvati u Italiji
...................................................................................................... 68
Ostale veće skupine Hrvata u Italiji
...................................................................................71
Zapadnougarski Hrvati
-
Gradišćanski Hrvati u Austriji, Mađarskoj,
Češkoj i Slovačkoj
.......................................................................................................72
Ostale hrvatske skupine u Mađarskoj
................................................................................77
Hrvati u Češkoj
/
Moravski Hrvati
....................................................................................86
Hrvati u Slovačkoj
.............................................................................................................87
б
______________________________
J.
Grbić-Jakopović, Multipliciranje zavičaja i domovina
Hrvati u Rumunjskoj
........................................................................................................89
Hrvati u Bugarskoj
.............................................................................................................92
PREKOMORSKO
/
TRANSKONTINENTALNO I EUROPSKO
ISELJENIŠTVO U
19.
i
20.
STOLJEĆU
..................................................................93
Transkontinentalno iseljeništvo
.........................................................................................93
Sjeverna i južna Amerika
...................................................................................................93
Australija i Novi Zeland
..................................................................................................104
Afrika: Egipat i Južnoafrička Republika
...........................................................................109
HRVATI U EUROPSKIM DRŽAVAMA
-
NOVIJA I NOVA DIJASPORA
.................112
Austrija
.............................................................................................................................112
Njemačka
.........................................................................................................................113
Francuska
........................................................................................................................115
Italija
...............................................................................................................................116
Švicarska
..........................................................................................................................117
Belgija i Luksemburg
.......................................................................................................118
Danska
............................................................................................................................118
Nizozemska
.....................................................................................................................119
Norveška
..........................................................................................................................119
švedska
............................................................................................................................ 120
Velikoj Britanija
...............................................................................................................121
HRVATI U BIVŠIM JUGOSLAVENSKIM REPUBLIKAMA
........................................121
Slovenija
..............«............................................................................................................122
Makedonija
............................................................................-..........................................122
Kosovo
.............................................................................................................................123
Crna Gora
........................................................................................................................124
Srbija: Hrvati u Vojvodini: podunavski
/
bački Bunjevci i Šokci
/
bački Hrvati
/,
banatski i srijemski Hrvati
.........................................................................................125
Napomena
о
Hrvatima u Bosni i Hercegovini
..................................................................129
Sadržaj
ZA/R KRAJ...???
..............................................................................................................130
1.
STUDIJA SLUČAJA
...................................................................................................133
Marijeta Rajković
Iveta,
Paula
Gadže: Hrvati u
Buenos
Airesu i Rosariju,
Latinosi u Zagrebu
.....................................................................................................133
Uvod
................................................................................................................................133
Hrvati u
Buenos
Airesu i Rosariju
....................................................................................135
Dolazak i/ili povratak u Hrvatsku
..................................................................................... 141
Zaključna razmatranja
......................................................................................................151
2.
STUDIJA SLUČAJA
...................................................................................................155
Milana Černelić, Biserka Jaramazović Čurković: Tradicijska obilježja
zaručnog darivanja kao simbol identiteta bunjevačkih Hrvata
......................-,.............155
Uvod
................................................................................................................................155
О
predsvadbenom darivanju prema starijim izvorima i istraživanjima
osamdesetih i devedesetih godina 20.stoljeća
..............................................................155
Rezultati istraživanja
о
predsvadbenom darivanju prema istraživanjima
u
2009.
godini
...........................................................................................................160
Zaključna razmatranja
......................................................................................................168
LITERATURA
.................................................................................................................169
ARHIVSKA GRAĐA I NEINVETIRANI RUKOPISI
..................................................181
BILJEŠKA
О
AUTORICI
...............................................................................................182
SAŽETAK
........................................................................................................................183
RÉSUMÉ
........................................................................................................................191
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Grbić Jakopović, Jadranka 20./21. Jh |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1060932547 |
| author_facet | Grbić Jakopović, Jadranka 20./21. Jh |
| author_role | aut |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042187737 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)897130217 (DE-599)BVBBV042187737 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV042187737 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:14:53Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789531754552 |
| language | Croatian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027626844 |
| oclc_num | 897130217 |
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| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 200 S. |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | FF Press [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Grbić Jakopović, Jadranka 20./21. Jh. Verfasser (DE-588)1060932547 aut Multipliciranje zavičaja i domovina hrvatska dijaspora: kronologija, destinacije i identitet Jadranka Grbić Jakopović Multiplication of homelands Zagreb FF Press [u.a.] 2014 200 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Multiplication of homelands Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 gnd rswk-swf Heimatgefühl (DE-588)4288297-7 gnd rswk-swf Ausland (DE-588)4068999-2 gnd rswk-swf Kroaten (DE-588)4033244-5 gnd rswk-swf Kroaten (DE-588)4033244-5 s Ausland (DE-588)4068999-2 s Heimatgefühl (DE-588)4288297-7 s Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027626844&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027626844&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Grbić Jakopović, Jadranka 20./21. Jh Multipliciranje zavičaja i domovina hrvatska dijaspora: kronologija, destinacije i identitet Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 gnd Heimatgefühl (DE-588)4288297-7 gnd Ausland (DE-588)4068999-2 gnd Kroaten (DE-588)4033244-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4026482-8 (DE-588)4288297-7 (DE-588)4068999-2 (DE-588)4033244-5 |
| title | Multipliciranje zavičaja i domovina hrvatska dijaspora: kronologija, destinacije i identitet |
| title_alt | Multiplication of homelands |
| title_auth | Multipliciranje zavičaja i domovina hrvatska dijaspora: kronologija, destinacije i identitet |
| title_exact_search | Multipliciranje zavičaja i domovina hrvatska dijaspora: kronologija, destinacije i identitet |
| title_full | Multipliciranje zavičaja i domovina hrvatska dijaspora: kronologija, destinacije i identitet Jadranka Grbić Jakopović |
| title_fullStr | Multipliciranje zavičaja i domovina hrvatska dijaspora: kronologija, destinacije i identitet Jadranka Grbić Jakopović |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multipliciranje zavičaja i domovina hrvatska dijaspora: kronologija, destinacije i identitet Jadranka Grbić Jakopović |
| title_short | Multipliciranje zavičaja i domovina |
| title_sort | multipliciranje zavicaja i domovina hrvatska dijaspora kronologija destinacije i identitet |
| title_sub | hrvatska dijaspora: kronologija, destinacije i identitet |
| topic | Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 gnd Heimatgefühl (DE-588)4288297-7 gnd Ausland (DE-588)4068999-2 gnd Kroaten (DE-588)4033244-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Identität Heimatgefühl Ausland Kroaten |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027626844&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027626844&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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