Omul şi leul: studiu de antropologie culturală
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
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Bucureşti
Editura Academiei române
2013
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | 643 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9789732722862 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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CUPRINS
De ce Omul $i Leul?. 5
Introducere: Leul ca factor de cultura. 7
I. LEUL
IN CULTURA MATERIALÄ $1 SPIRITUAL!
A. GEOGRAFIE §1 ISTORIE:
„LEUL CULTURAL”, DIN MESOPOTAMIA PÄNÄ TN
PENINSULA IBERICÄ §1 IN NORDUL AFRICII
Putine texte, multa iconografie. 9
Ur, Assur, Babilonia. 10
Per§ii. 16
Egiptenii. 21
Hetitii . 28
Fenicienii, huripi, cananienii. 33
Grecii. 38
Secolele XVI-XV. 38
Secolele XIV-XIII: „Poarta Leilor”, „Zeita de pe Munte”. 39
Secolele intunecate XII-IX. 40
Perioada geométrica, cea arhaicá, cea clasica, elenismul. Secolele VIII-VI. 40
Leii pe placéele de aur. 40
Leul in locuri publice §i in sanctuare. 41
Leii de fántáná. 43
Statui grece§ti de leu cu domiciliu schimbat: Berlin, Venetia. 43
Leul la re§edin(a lui Zeus: Olympia. 44
Leul cu functie magico-ritualá. 45
Leul-demon §i leul-pázitor de morminte. 45
Ferocitatea leului $i vánarea lui. 46
Fiintele mixte ín Grecia §i in Orientul Apropiat. 47
Leii pe cerámica pictata. 48
Leul ín arhitecturá. 49
Leii in riturile funerare. 53
Heracles/Hercules. 56
Etruscii. 65
Scifii . 70
Daco-gefii. 72
Dacia romana. 72
Leii funerari. 72
Flercules in Dacia. 77
Urme leonine pe teritoriul actual al Romániei (dupa sec. al Ill-lea). 79
Peninsula Italica. 81
Galoromania. 84
Peninsula Ibérica. 88
633
B. APANAJ REGAL §1 DEMOCRATIZARE:
VÄNÄTOAREA DE LEI IN ORIENTUL APROPIAT
§1 IN IMPERIUL ROMAN
Mesopotamia, EgiptuI, Persia. 92
Grecia §i Imperiul Roman. 96
C. PARADOX LEONIN: ALUNGAT DIN NATURA,
LEUL CUCERE$TE ALTE SPATII
Leii minusculi: sigiliile §i gemele. 99
Leii in mäna omului: monedele cu lei. 102
Leii insotitori ai mortilor: sarcofagele . 105
Leii din pietricele: mozaicurile. 117
Leul in arena: picturi murale, diptice . 122
Leul in cärtile de explicare a viselor. 124
Doamna, unicomul §i leul pe cele §ase covoare din Musée de Cluny. 125
Istoricitatea leului in Evul Mediu. Leul de import, domnitorul ca leu . 126
Leul ca simbol al dreptului in Evul Mediu . 127
D. LEUL, ZEITELE §1 ZEIL
DIN ORIENTUL APROPIAT PÄNÄ ÍN
PENINSULA IBERICÄ $1 ÍN NORDUL APRICII
Cibele. 128
Dea Syria. 134
Artemis. 134
Hera. 135
Ortheia. 135
PotniaTheron. 135
Athena. 136
Zeii §i leii. 136
Mithra. 137
Leul, Antiochos $i zodiacul. 138
Sfinc§ii pe drumuri. 139
Cáteva concluzii. 140
II. CRE§TINISMUL §1 LEUL
Vechiul Testament. 142
Noul Testament. Inceputurile perioadei creatine . 145
íncre§tinarea leului : rolul jucat de Daniel . 146
Leul cucere^te catacombele cu Daniel §i Samson. 146
Samson §i Daniel in sculpturi, pe pixide, miniaturi, obiecte casnice etc. 147
David omoränd leul . 149
Leii §i fecioarele . 149
Alte legende hagiografice . 150
Teme biblice pe mozaicuri. 152
Leul $i Sfäntul Neofit . 153
Leul la mänästire: Sf. Ieronim §i Sf. Gerasimos . 153
Reverberatii orientale §i bizantine . 157
Leul pe tapiserii §i verminte liturgice . 160
634
III. LEUL ÎN ZOOLOGIA ANTICÄ §I MEDIEVALÄ
Aristotei. 162
Plinius cel Bäträn. 163
Aeüan. 164
Isidor din Sevilla. 166
Leul in Physiologus in bestiarele medievale. 167
Prelucräri greceçti çi latine dupä Physiologus . 169
Bestiare in limbi nationale. 171
IV. LEUL IN LITERATURA SCRISÄ
A. LEUL COMBÄTUT
Ghilgame§. 179
Homer. 182
Ovidiu. 186
Literaturile arabe §i epopeile europene medievale. 186
B. LEUL SALVAT
Leul cu spin in talpä: Androclus. 188
Dàinuirea legendei luí Androclus: Gesta Romanorum . 190
„Leul ín gura de §arpe” sau „Leul §i cavalerul”. 191
Petrus Damiani. 192
Alexander Neckam. 192
Gaufredi Vosiensis. 192
Gilles de Chin. 193
Heinrich der Löwe. 193
Wolfdietrich. 193
Saga lui Thidrek. 194
Apogeul motivului „Leul in gurä de §arpe”. 194
Franta: Chrétien de Troyes. 194
Germania: Hartmann von Aue. 195
Celtii: colectia de legende „Mabinogion”. 196
Ecouri europene ale operei lui Chrétien de Troyes §i Hartmann von Aue. Alte opere literare cu
continut similar . 196
Anglia. 196
Italia. 197
Spania. 197
Din nou Germania: Ulrich Füetrer. 198
Din nou Franta: „Le roman de la Dame à la Lycome et du biau Chevalier au Lyon”. 198
Slavii: Crónica cehä despre printul Bruncvik. 199
Romanul popular Alexandria. 201
Leoaica $i sentimentele ei materne. 201
Octavianus. 201
Lion de Bourges . 202
Historie von Herzog Herpin. 202
Leul in fabulä. 203
Literatura §i religie . 203
635
V. LEUL ÎN LITERATURA ORALÄ
Basmul. 205
Legenda populara europeanä. 206
Literatura populara africana. 207
Leul în colindele româneçti: un Hercules carpatin. 208
Colinda leului nareazä o tema specifica folclorului románese. 208
Colinda leului în cercetarea româneascà. 209
Tipologizarea textelor. 212
Tipul I. Lupta Junelui cu Leul. 213
LL Júnele vrea sa-çi masoare fortele cu ale Leului. 213
L2. Voinicul se pregâteçte de lupta cu Leul ín prezenta mamei sale. 218
L3. Lupta Junelui cu Leul la sugestia impäratului. 220
L4. Leul läudaros/prädätor/räufacätor. 222
1.5. Fata îçi cheamä logodnicul în ajutor împotriva Leului / cerbului / zmeului. 226
1.6. Pretul Leului légat. 226
Tipul IL Júnele, Leul çi muntele tara oi . 227
Tipul III. împaratul, Leul çi Júnele . 228
Tipul IV. Gonirea çi prinderea Leului. 231
Privire generalâ asupra tipurilor çi subtipurilor colindei Leului . 234
I. Sud-vestul Ardealului, Banatul §i zonele subcarpatice ale Olteniei çi Munteniei . 234
IL Bihorul . 237
III. Bucovina, Basarabia, Moldova, Ucraina. 238
IV. Sudul Moldovei, estul Munteniei, Dobrogea §i regiunea Odessa. 239
Variabilitate çi contaminare în colinda Leului. 241
Câteva motive comune mai multor tipuri çi subtipuri ale colindei Leului . 241
Motive comune altor tipuri de colinde, baladelor, basmelor çi legendelor. 241
Erori de memorie, lipsâ de talent sau auditie defectuoasâ? . 244
Motive neaçteptate çi statistica lor . 245
Valoarea esteticä çi morala a colindei Leului. 247
Analiza motivelor principale ale textelor. 249
a. Pregàtirea aventurii. 249
ß. întrebârile mamei. 250
y. Júnele çi întâlnirea eu Leul. 250
5. Leul. 251
e. Rivalitate între Om §i Leu?. 252
Ç. Trânta çi durata ei. 253
t|. Seena finalâ çi aducerea Leului viu în comunitate . 254
Colinda Leului - colinda de fecior . 255
Paralele ale colindei româneçti. 256
Hercules çi Júnele. 257
Romanía spaniolà Lanzarotey el ciervo de pie blanco. 257
Literatura arturicä a cavalerilor mesei rotunde: Lai de Tyolet. 259
Leul çi colinda . 262
Lei în regiunea carpato-danubiana?. 262
Leul mitic çi leul zoologiei în colindâ . 263
Criteriile dupa care poate fi déterminât locul de genezâ a colindei. 265
Raspândirea geográfica çi diversitatea tipológica. 265
Elemente genetice comune: ADN-ul tipurilor . 265
Geneza temei çi a colindei . 266
Leii funerari. 266
Arenele §i parcurile zoologice romane. 267
Secolul de aur al vânâtorii în Imperiul Roman: împàrapi Antonini. 268
Sarcofagele eu scene de vânatoare de lei. 270
Cultul lui Mithra çi al lui Hercules. Tineri romani în postura de Hercules. 270
636
Sistemul roman de valori: Virtus Romana. 271
Júnele in lumina notiunii de Virtus Romana. 272
Incheiere: Colinda Leului in ansamblul literaturii de inspirarte leonina. 273
Ilustratii
Lista ilustradilor. 275
Bibliografie. 277
CORPUS DE TEXTE. 307
Nota asupra corpusului de texte. 308
Tipul I. (nr. 1312). 309
Tipul 1.1. (nr. 1-130). 309
Tipul 1.2. (nr. 131-184). 383
Tipul 1.3. (nr. 185-228). 424
Tipul 1.4. (nr. 229-302). 454
Tipul 1.5. (nr. 303-310). 503
Tipul 1.6. (nr. 311-312). 507
Tipul II. (nr. 313-340). 507
Tipul III. (nr. 341-381). 521
Tipul IV. (nr. 382-427). 547
Glosar. 591
Indice (nume de persoane $i locuri). 597
Summary: Man and Lion. A Study of Cultural Anthropology. 625
Contents. 639
637
SUMMARY
MAN AND LION.
A STUDY OF CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
CJ he present volume consists of five sections: I. Lion in the material
and spiritual culture; II. The Lion in Christianity, III. The Lion in the ancient and
medieval zoology, IV. The Lion in the written literature', V. The Lion in the oral
literature.
This work examines the material and spiritual culture of ancient peoples -
Persians, Hittites, Phoenicians, Horites, Mitanni, between the third millenium B.C.
and the late Middle Ages, across a vast territory, from Messopotamia in the east and
the Iberian Peninsula in the west. An ample section is devoted to the study to Greek,
Scythian, Etruscan and Roman culture (Dacia, the Italian Peninsula, Gallo-Romania,
and the Iberian Peninsula). Archeological excavations carried out at many sites
throughout this territory have brought to light works of art, religious artifacts, and
household utensils in the shape of a lion, or featuring depictions of leonine motifs.
These finds suggest that, throughout ancient history, the lion occupied a prominent
place in all areas of public and private life.
Ancient Babylonian and Sumerian writings refer to several gods as “lion of
the skies” and bear witness to the special relatioship between lions and gods. This
relationship is also obvious in iconography: an ancient ivory hilt of Summerian
origin, dating from the early centuries of the third millenium B.C., is adorned with
several animal-themed scenes. One of these scenes depicts the shepherd god
Dumuzi standing between two lions, forming together a harmonious unity.
Another scene features a lion attacking a homed animal. Thus, since ancient times,
the lion has been depicted in two contrasting poses: sometimes as a tame creature,
while at other times as a ferocious one.
Oftentimes, the lion puts himself in the service of men or gods: “the bronze
lion of Urkish” guards the temple of Pirigal against evildoers; the leonine figures
displayed on the “libation cup” of Uruk serve the purpose of safeguarding the
purity of water and repelling disease-causing demons. The lion depicted on a harp
discovered in a royal tomb at Ur carries food and water to a deceased person in the
netherworld.
From Egypt to Greece, from Dacia to the Italian Peninsula, to Galoromania
and Iberia, a variety of architectural elements - pipe heads, styloid columns inside
temples, orthostates, capitels, fortress gates, etc. - feature leonine motifs. Many of
these representations have magical or religious purposes. Moreover, “The Lion
Gate” of Mycenae, and the gate of Hattusa, both dating from about the 14th century
B.C., are among the oldest architectural monuments known. Statues of lions guard
sacred and public places (temples or the access ways thereof, palaces, fountains,
625
public squares, harbors, etc.). Moreover, they are often encountered at funeral
places - standing around tombs, or adorning sarcophagi.
Funeral lion statues were a frequent occurrence throughout the Roman
Empire.
The so-called Tumba de los Stronii, discovered at Pompeii, is the only known
tomb with funeral lion statues that was preserved in an almost pristine state for two
millennia. Various explanations as to why the lion symbol was favored as a
guardian of funeral edifices, instead of Gorgona, are still being debated.
Leonine motifs also occur in household settings: they adorn pottery, other
household objects made of various materials, saddles and harnesses, pieces of
jewlery (rings, engraved gems, gold necklaces, scarabs, hair combs), pieces of
furniture, and surgical instruments.
Yet, other artifacts feature lion figures as means of transportation - lions
carrying gods standing on their backs or gods riding in chariots towed by lions
(examples include, among others, a relief in Malatya, the Stele of Amrit, the
underground chamber of a sanctuary in Yazilikaia, Cybele’s chariot); in some
depictions, even the Sun and the Moon stand on the back of an elongated, moving
lion.
The occurrence of lion-shaped figures in works of abstract art deserves a
special mention: lions with elongated, spiral-shaped necks, chimaira or chimers,
winged or homed lions, the lion-headed Imdugud bird, bird-legged lions, human-
headed lions, sphinxes.
In ancient times, live lions were offered as gifts to kings and emperrors.
Persians, Geto-Dacians and others even trained lions for battlefield duty or for
participation in festive functions.
Lion-headed goddesses are a mainstay of the Egyptian pantheon; in other
traditions, lions appear as members of the retinue of various goddesses: Cibele,
Dea Syria, Artemis, Hera, Ortheia, Athena. However, depictions of male gods
accompanied by lions are rather infrequent (Apollo, Dyonissos, Zeus). In the cult
of Mithra, the fourth of the seven youth initiation steps was called the lion’s step;
moreover, one of Mithra’s temples was called Leonteum, i.e. the dwelling of lions.
The reality of lion hunting in the Middle East and Roman Empire has been
attested to since the 4th millennium, by the Löwenjagd-Stele of Uruk, and the
Löwenjagd-Palette (Hunter’s Palette) of Egypt. These ancient artifacts suggest that
humans were often forced to put up fierce fights with lions, in order to defend their
life and property. A dedicated section of the present work examines this topic in
more detail. In South-East Asia and other regions, hunting lions with bow and
arrow was the exclusive prerogative of a king. The king’s subjects were only
allowed to use clubs and dogs to hunt lions.
Numerous ancient rulers have left behind reports detailing their hunting
achievements: Amenophis the 3rd and Tutankhamen boasted about their successful
killing of 102 lions, and “countless numbers of lions”, respectively; among other
lion hunting royals, Tiglatpilesar states that he killed 120 lions while standing, as
well as 800 lions while riding in his chariot; Assurbanipal would kill with his
spear 370 fierce lions, and catch an additional number of 15 strong lions, along
with 50 lion cubs.
626
In the Middle East, the walls of royal palaces are full of reliefs and paintings
depicting lions mortally wounded with arrows by skilled hunters. Successful lion
hunting - i.e. victory over the king of the animals - was regarded in ancient times
as a real booster for a king’s reputation. This theme has kept its prominent place in
literary writings throughout ancient history.
Various ancient artifacts bear witness to the enmity between man and lion.
While some depict lion hunting scenes, others show lions staging unprovoked
attacks on humans; the latter defend themselves with club, lance or sword.
Nearly all ancient peoples had a lion-defeating hero to boast of: the
Phoenicians had Melquart, the Greeks had Hercules, the Celts had Ogmios, etc.
Greek and other ancient documents paint a detailed picture of Hercules’ life —
his childhood and destiny, his marriage to Omphale, his acts, particularly his fight
with the lion of Nemea.
Parallel with a decrease in lion populations in the wild, the king of the
animals begins to lay claim onto newly created, artificial spaces that became
available as a result of the development of human society. Coins are at the top of
the list of most popular artificial spaces. On the front, they feature engravings of
lion heads, lions in motion, Hercules fighting with the lion of Nemea, or of other
hunting scenes, while portraits of gods or emperors are displayed on the reverse.
Beginning in the 10th century B.C., lion motifs appear engraved on sarcophagi.
The sarcophagus of Ahiram of Byblos is the oldest in a long series of such artifacts,
which reaches its peak in the years 220—250 B.C. in the Roman Empire. Roman
sarcophagi dating back to this time are adorned with reliefs featuring lion heads and
lion hunting scenes. Some reliefs depict gory fighting scenes between animals, a
feature that sparked debates on ethics and the philosophy of death. Moving forward,
in the Christian era, pagan symbols were replaced with biblical scenes - Daniel in the
lion’s den, Samson killing the lion, etc.
Seals and engraved gems provide yet another example of old artificial spaces
featuring leonine motifs: minuscule, ferocious lion figures, men fighting with lions,
the master/mistress of animals, chimeric creatures, etc.
Mosaics, an art form very popular in ancient times in the Middle East,
Greece, Roman Empire and Northern Africa, also feature lion figures. For instance,
one mosaic discovered at Pella, the birthplace of Alexander the Great, depicts a
lion hunting scene; some scholars identify the Macedonian emperor with one of the
hunter figures depicted here.
Other mosaics show ferocious lions in the context of hunting scenes —
Hercules’s Fight with the lion of Nemea; Orpheus playing the harp before a group
of animals of different species, including lions, listening to his music as if
mesmerized. There are also mosaics depicting scenes taken from the Old and New
Testament - Noah’s Arc, the lion of the Apocalypse, Jesus standing with one foot
on a snake’s head, and with the other on a lion’s head, the lion of the Gospel of
St. Mark.
With the advent of Roman arenas (from the 2nd century B.C. until 523 B.C.),
leonine motifs make their debut on mural paintings and diptychs. They display
fighting scenes between gladiators and wild beasts, playing out before the eyes of the
emperor/govemor and of an audience thirsty for gory entertainment. A well known
627
example is provided by the diptych of Areobindus, consul of Constantinople. It
features serial depictions of couples of venatores, each about to pierce a lion with a
spear. Various versions of this diptych are on display in major European museums.
The first section concludes with a series of shorter chapters dealing with
explanatory manuals of dreams with lions; the six carpets, currently in the custody
of the Musée de Cluny in Paris, featuring the motif of “the lady, the unicorn, and
the lion”; and the lion as a symbol of justice.
The second section, entitled “The lion in Christianity”, begins with an
examination of references to the lion, that abund in the Old Testament. Some Old
Testament stories tell of the lion’s behavior. There are also four stories that deal
with men and lions. The first of these recounts Samson’s killing of a lion at the
vineyards of Timna. In the second story, David expresses his confidence that he
will prevail against Goliath, comparing the upcomming confrontantion with the
killing of a lion. The third is the story of Daniel being thrown into the lion’s den.
Here, he is being taken under the protection of lions. Finally, the fourth story
recounts Daniel’s second encounter with the lion in the lion’s den. Here, again, he
enjoys the lions’ protection. Habakkuk, a messenger sent by God, provides Daniel
with food, while the lions tear his enemies into pieces. In addition, the Old
Testament contains epic kernels - for instance, a passage refering to Benaiah
killing a lion, and another passage about a man who refused to obey God.
Moreover, in the Old Testament, the lion serves as term for comparissons and
methaphors.
Only a limited number of lion references can be found in the New Testament.
In the Christian era, the story of Daniel in the lion’s den continues to be featured
prominently in works of art. Samson’s and Daniel’s stories take possession of the
new spaces created by the development of Christianitan culture: catacombs and
Christian churches.
Depictions of Samson and Daniel are featured on pyxides, miniatures,
household objects, while the theme of David killing the lion adorns silver trays and
church entrances.
Leonine motifs feature prominently in hagiographie legends, which tell of
virgins being thrown to lions to be devoured; instead of devouring the young
women, the beasts take charge of their protection.
The special relationship between man and lion is illustrated by the legends of
St. Thekla, St. Makarios, St. Mary the Egyptian, St. Geronimo, and St. Gerasimos.
According to these legends, after arriving at a monastery, the lion puts himself in
the service of men. He gradually sheds his animal traits, while adopting human
behavior and a human diet. Via Daniel’s story from the Old Testament, the lion is
adopted into the Christian tradition, and it becomes God’s messenger of sorts.
The third section focuses on lion zoology, from the ancient era to the Middle
Ages, as reflected in the works of Aristotle, Pliny the Elder, Claudius Aelianus, and
St. Isidore of Seville. Perhaps the most successful in this respect was the work of
Physiologus, along with its medieval renderings, reached a place of high
prominence in the Christian literature of the Middle Ages. The so-called bestiaries
provide a biblical interpretation of the lion and its behavior.
628
The fourth section is dedicated to the study of written literature related to the
lion. It begins with an investigation of the epos narrated on Gilgamesh’s 12 clay
tablets. It continues with a discussion of Homer’s epos, the works of other ancient
Greek and Latin writers, the works of Arab literature, and the European medieval
epos. In these writings, we encounter the lion in two main hypostases: either
vanquished, or rescued.
The former is illustrated by various epic works, from Gilgamesh to the
medieval epos. These writings portray the lion as a creature dangerous to humans
and beasts. Consequently, it must be exterminated.
The theme of the rescued lion can be traced back to ancient history. It first
occurs in Pliny the Elder’s writings. Over time, this theme goes through several
intermediate stages, and it eventually reaches its climax in the 3rd century A.D., in
the works of Aulus Gellius. However, we encounter this theme in later writings as
well, up to medieval times. This point is well illustrated by the legend of Androclus
and the lion, a secular rendering of Daniel’s story from the Old Testament. In the
Old Testament, man finds himself at the mercy of lions, while in the introductory
part of Androclus’ legend, the lion is in dire need of human assistance. Here, the
lion is plagued by unbearable pain caused by a thorn lodged in his paw. Moved
with pity, Androclus removes the thorn from the lion’s paw, freeing it from its
great suffering. The two spend three years together, but eventually separate.
Nonetheless, it is their destiny to meet again, this time as opponents in a circus
arena. The lion recognizes his benefactor and refuses to fight against him.
Moreover, the beast feels compelled to protect Androclus, an act that parallels that
of the lion from the Book of Daniel. Eventually, the two are reunited and live
together in friendship.
In the Middle Ages, the theme of the rescued lion undergoes further
refinement: the place of the thorn in the lion’s paw as the cause of its great
suffering is taken by a snake or dragon. Here, the lion finds himself in imminent
danger of being killed and fed to the snake’s/dragon’s offspring. This time around,
it is not a slave that comes to its rescue, but a knight. At this time in history, the
lion had already built for himself a solid reputation as defender of the Christian
faith. Consequently, the knight comes to his aid without hesitation, and cuts the
snake into pieces with his sword. In the literature of the Middle Ages, the lion
undergoes further humanization. It acquires human traits to such an extent as to
even surpass the humanity of its knight friend: from food provider, the lion mutates
into a devoted friend, ready at a moment’s notice to lay down his life for his
benefactor. The development of the theme of the rescued lion reaches new heights
in the writings of Chrétien de Troyes and Hartmann von Aue. Numerous other
European writers have further developed this theme.
The final section focuses on the lion’s occurrence in folk literature — fairy
tales, European and African legends, and above all Romanian Christmas carols.
In Romania, Bulgaria and the Ukraine, various carols with secular themes are
being sung during the Christmas season alongside religious carols. The “Lions’
carol”, encountered exclusively in the Romanian folklore, falls into the “secular”
category. It has been documented in more than 400 instances so far, and it has been
classified into the following four types:
629
Type I : The struggle of the young man with the lion;
Type 1.1: the young man attempts to measure his strength with that of the
lion; Type 1.2: the brave young man prepares for combat, in the presence of his
mother; Type 1.3: the young man fights with the lion at the behest of the emperor
(The Emperor and The Lion); Type 1.4: the boasting/predator/evil lion; Type 1.5: a
young woman calls her fiancee to her aid against a lion, a buck or a dragon; Type
1.6: The price of a lion in bonds;
Type II: The young man, the lion and the sheep-free mountain;
Type III: The emperor, the lion and the young man;
Type IV: The pursuit and the capture of the lion.
For type I, 317 versions have been identified so far. The majority of those
have been documented in villages located around the middle and lower area of the
Mures river, i.e. Hunedoara county, followed on a distant second and third place by
the Alba and Arad counties, respectively. Of all six subtypes, 1.1 is the most widely
spread. Briefly, the 1.1 narrative goes as follows: a young man goes hunting; he
runs into a lion sleeping under a blooming thistle; after considering his options, he
concludes that launching an arrow at the sleeping lion would amount to cheating;
eventually, the lion wakes up and angrily demands to know why the young man
dared to trespass into its territory; the young man replies that he came to challenge
it to a fight, in order to find out which one of the two is the stronger contender; the
lion offers a variety of weapons and combat styles for the young man to choose
from: riffle, sword, or wrestling; the young man picks the latter, since it is God-
given and it is the most fair of all choices; they wrestle for a whole, long summer
day, till dusk; at times, it looks like the lion is getting close to emerging victorious,
but the young man prevails in the end; he binds his opponent and returns home
with the prized trophy, making his way through luxurious vegetation; everyone
whom he encounters on his way back home congratulates him and his mother, for
she bathed and breast-fed such a strong young man, capable of defeating and
capturing a lion, without harming it. Except for the introductory part, the 1.1
narrative is very similar to those of the other subtypes: in subtype 1.2, the young
man prepares for combat in his mother’s presence; the mother pleads with her son
to reconsider his plans and refrain from putting his life in such terrible danger;
notwithstanding his mother’s pleas, the young man carries on with his plan. In
subtype 1.3, the emperor publicly announces that he will give his daughter in
marriage and give away a part of his empire to whomever may capture and bind a
lion, without harming it. In 1.4, while the young man is searching for it, the lion
sneaks into the young man’s village and ransacks his household and vineyard,
while boasting that he is not afraid of the young man. In 1.5, the young man’s
fiancee calls him to her aid, for her flower bed is being destroyed night after night
by a dragon, a lion or a buck. In 1.6, a young woman offers to give away clothing
items to whomever may present her with a bound, unharmed lion.
Type II (28 variants, Bihor County): a shepherd has no pasture for his sheep
to graze on; he hears of the existence of a mountain free of grazing sheep, but the
lion claims this mountain as its own and demands tithe in exchange for access; the
shepherd refuses to pay, and he kills the lion with his spear instead.
630
Type III (43 texts from Bucovina, the Republic of Moldova - Bessarabia and
Transnistria, villages in the Ukraine inhabited by Romanians): this narrative is very
similar to that of subtype 1.3, the only differece being that here the lion is killed,
and only its head is presented to the emperor as a trophee.
Type IV (46 texts from the southern part of Moldavia, the eastern part of
Valachia, Dobruja, and the Odessa region of Ukraine): here, the young man goes
hunting, riding a good horse, accompanied by a grey hound and a hawk. After a
while, he runs into a sleeping lion; the young man wakes up the wild beast;
terrified, the lion runs for his life; the young man, the grey hound and the hawk
pursue it relentlessly until the lion, totally exhausted, surrenders; at this point, the
king of the animals is bound, and it is taken alive back to the village. As he arrives
home with his priced trophee, the young man’s sister - in some versions his fiancee
- rejoices at his impressive hunting achievement; here, the sister/fiancee takes the
place occupied by the villagers in the type I narrative.
The unity of these texts stands out more clearly, especially when one
considers the four-type classification presented above. The large number of
versions recorded in the lower and middle area of the Mures river, their typological
variety, and their shared genetic elements, all are highly suggestive of the fact that
type I represents, in all likelihood, the common root from which all the other types
evolved. However, from a certain time point on, they probably developed
somewhat independently. A case in point: the main narrative elements are identical
in type I and type IV; however, the element of close-contact combat in type I is
replaced with the pursuit of the lion in type IV. This may be due to closer and more
enduring ties of this region with the Roman Empire, and/or to some oriental
influences.
Archeological studies provide additional data in support of the hypothesis
that the birth place of the lion’s carol may be located in the area of the lower and
middle Mures river. These studies show that there is an almost perfect overlap
between this area and the area in which the rite of funeral lions was practiced
during the Roman rule in Dacia, i.e. between 105-273 A.D. It follows therefore
that the legend of a young man who prevails in his fight with a lion must have been
bom during this relatively short period of time.
What are the factors that contributed to the creation of this legend, that
eventually morphed into a carol? Studies devoted to the “culture of the lion” in the
Roman Empire during the 2nd and 3rd centuries A.D. revealed that the lion played a
significant role in Rome, in several areas of public and private life.
First, the “games” in the Roman arenas were a highly popular pastime. They
featured fights between animals, between gladiators and animals, and most
importantly, between gladiators and lions, as illustrated by numerous diptychs from
that period, and by the legend of the encounter in the arena between the slave
Androclus and the lion.
Second, the reign of the Antonine emperors, between 96-192 A.D. represents
the “golden age” of imperial hunting. Lion hunting had a long tradition in the
Roman Empire, going back to the time of the Republic (Jugurtha, Pompeii) that
continued during the imperial period (Nero, Hadrian, Commodus). The custom of
the Antonine emperors to hunt lions is well attested to by historic documents,
631
numerous sculptures, literary writings, and various coins. As a depiction on a tondo
on Constatine’s arch in Rome shows, Hadrian hunted a lion in Egypt and in the
Lybian plains. Commodus fought in the arena and also hunted lions.
During the same period, the cults of Hercules and Mithra reached a high
point throughout the Roman Empire. Many Roman youths were aspiring to one day
match the sports achievements of Hercules, Alexander the Great, Hadrian and
Commodus. Therefore, it is not surprising that many sculptures from this period
represent Roman youths in a Herculean pose — naked, with a lion’s skin hanging
from their left arm, holding a club in the right hand. On a similar note, the fourth of
the seven youth intiation steps in Mithra’s cult was called the “lion’s step”.
As we have already shown, lion hunting was the favorite theme of reliefs
engraved on sarcophagi during this period. Moreover, beginning in the time of the
Roman Republic, the notion of Virtus Romana became an important part of the
Roman value system.
Virtus Romana was regarded as the quintessence of manhood and bravery. A
man’s worthiness was measured by acts of bravery — as a soldier on the battlefield,
or as hunter. The term virtus appears quite frequently in the works of Latin writers,
beginning in the times of the Republic (Plautus, Terentius, Cato, Sallustius). With
the passage of time, it occurrs even more frequently, especially during the imperial
time. In the works of Titus Livius, virtus occurrs 300 times.
A comparison of Virtus Romana with the behavior of the main character in
the Romanian carol of the lion (especially type I) shows that the young man
perfectly embodies an idea very dear to the Romans: he has the courage to pick up
a fight with a most dangerous opponent, ignoring his mother’s warnings; he
refrains from taking unfair advantage and bind the lion while it is asleep; he
discards the option of preserving his reputation by fleeing the battlefield before the
combat begins; he also rejects the lion’s offer to use a weapon, since most likely it
would give him an unfair advantage over his opponent. In a sublime act of the will,
the young man manages to gather all his physical and intellectual powers, chose the
right timing for his attack, and achieve victory. He returns triumphantly to his
village. By his acts of bravery, he bestows honor on his mother.
Clearly, the lion’s carol is a product of the period of Roman rule in Dacia.
The historic circumstances of the time provided a favorable environment for the
various narrative elements to coalesce. The philosophy of Roman bravery played a
key role in determining the impeccability of the young man’s behavior. The lion’s
carol is perhaps the most notable product of Latin mentality permeating the
Romanian folklore.
632
INDICE
(NUME DE PERSOANE $1 LOCURI)
Abdalonymos 107, 108
Abisinia 104
Abu Gorab 22
Acarnania 60, 162
Acheíoos 162
Achile 48, 179, 184, 185
Achim, E. 215, 277, 354, 366, 480
Acmar 219, 413
Adam 123, 176, 262
Adam, I. 340
Adam, N. 213, 214
Adamclisi 79
Adana 122
Admetos 83
Aelianus Claudius, Älian 64, 164, 166, 277,
600
Aeoiis 130
Africa 7, 64, 97, 112, 123, 128, 131, 148,
149, 163, 187, 188, 207, 208, 210,
268, 269, 599, 601
Afrodita 128
Afyonkarahisar 38
Agafitei, A. 568
Agafitei, G. I. 232, 277, 568
Agamemnon 183
Agora 52, 60
Agrigento 50, 51
Ahenobarbus 269
Ahiram 35,105, 599
Ahura Mazda, Ahuramazda 19
Aiud 73, 75, 76, 77
Ajaccio 84,109
Ajas 183, 184, 185
Akalan 38
Akanthos 103
Akropolis 52, 56, 136
Akurgal, E. 13, 15, 16, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33,
37, 38, 40, 41,48, 55, 94, 95, 277
Al Mina 48
AI Ubaid 117
Aladea Höyük 29
Alb, í. 213, 323
Alb, V. 213, 323
Alba, Alba Julia 6, 73, 74, 75, 76, 80, 140
Albacete 90, 91
Albánchez 91
Alberti 219, 419, 420
Albrecht din Brandenburg 154
Albulescu, N. 224, 501
Alcalá-Zamora, L. 89, 277
Alcedar 220, 243, 246, 528
Alcesta 83, 113
Alcmena 57, 201
Alcolea del Rio 89
Alcudia, La 89
Alexandre, M. 277
Alexandria 97, 112, 167, 269
Alexandropol 71
Alexandru cel Mare 37, 61, 63, 96, 97, 98,
103, 104, 107, 108, 118, 119, 124,
162, 163, 166, 167, 201, 235, 268,
270, 271
Alexandru, T. 224, 277, 309, 488
Alie, A. 222, 462
Alie, P. 353
Alighieri, D. 173
Alise-Sainte-Reine 84
Alkaios 64
Almagro/García y Bellido 89, 277
Alma§-Salifte 213, 309, 310, 311, 312
Alma§u de Mijloc 215, 238, 241,358
Alma§u Mare 215, 224, 243, 358, 491
Altenmüller, H. 92, 277
Althoff, G. 127, 277
Álvarez Martínez, J. M. 122, 123, 277
Alyzia 60
Alzey 86
Amándola 67
Amathus 36
Amberloup 86
Ambracia 166
Ambrogio, Sant' 160
Ambrosio/Caro 81, 82, 277
Amenemhat 23
Amenophis 22, 26, 93, 598
Amiens 115, 177
1 Confine numele de persoane §i de locuri mentionate in lucrare. Pe langa numele propriu-zise
am inclus aici §i derívatele lor. Cánd o carte e publicatá de mai muí ti autori, am reprodus prescurtárile
utilízate ín text, de ex.: Amzulescu/Ciobanu sau Baratte/Metzger.
597
Amiet, P. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 34, 35, 181,277
Ammon, Jupiter Ammon 26, 73, 74, 75, 201
Arnos 166
Amphipolis 50
Amrit 33, 598
Amsterdam 111
Amzulescu/Ciobanu 231, 277, 476, 554,
555, 556
Anahita 19, 101
Anaitis 165
Anapa 19
Anatolia 17, 37, 38
Anavatapta 43
Anavyssos 47
Anaximandru 42
Anaximene 42
Andaluzia 88, 89
Andernach 84
Adersen, C. 115, 277
Andlau 177
Andon, A. 229, 534
Andon, D. 229, 534
Andreae, B. 108, 109, 112, 113, 116, 117,
277
Androclus, Androcles 154, 161, 165, 175,
179, 188, 189, 190, 191, 197, 203,
204, 207, 248, 256, 268, 273, 274,
601, 603
Andronache, M. A. 576
Anenii Noi 229, 246, 247, 542, 543
Anghel, Gh. 80, 277
Anghel, I. 229, 537
Angiolillo, S. 122, 277
Angouleme 84, 85
Anjou 127
Ankara 31,38
Anotatta 43
Antakya 110
Antalya 62
Antar 208
Antinoos 97, 98, 269
Antiochia 106, 150, 151
Antiochos 139
Antiphos 183
Anton, Sf. 151, 152
Antonello da Messina 154
Antoneuca 228, 229, 243, 246, 525
Antoninus Pius 97, 270
Antonini 63, 97, 98, 101, 268, 269, 270,
271,272, 603
Anubis 101
Anzy-Ie-Duc 177
Apadana 16, 20, 72, 124
Apenini 65
Api 71
Apion 188, 189
Apold 76
Apollo 18, 39, 42, 49, 52, 60, 83, 86, 102,
103, 130, 134, 136, 148, 184, 598
Aposto!, I. 230, 277, 545
Apulia 131
Apulum 73, 76, 77, 132, 137, 140, 234, 267
Aquilea 82, 83
Arad 224, 266
Aranegui Gaseó, C. 89, 90, 91,278
Arcadia 53
Arcelin, P. 87, 88, 278
Archelais 150
Ardeal 189, 209, 224, 234, 235, 238, 246,
256, 265, 266, 267, 268, 272, 273, 502
Ardeu 213, 313
Ardeu, P. 220, 278, 428
Ardevan, R. 6
Aref 230, 546
Arge§ 217, 230, 378, 546
Argos 49, 185
Arhanghelskaia Sloboda 71
Ariciu, Gr. 563
Aristoteiches 101
Aristotel, Aristote 7, 162, 163, 165, 166,
169, 174, 185, 203, 263, 278
Arles 84, 109, 114, 115, 138, 177
Arlon 84, 86
Amo 65
Aron, I. 213, 317
Arslan-Ta§ 13
Arsnuphis 25
Artagenes 63
Artemida 184
Artemidor din Daldis 125
Artemis 17, 18, 42, 49, 53, 55, 83, 102, 103,
106, 128, 130, 134, 135, 136, 598
Arzago, A. 160, 278
Ascani, K. 278
Asea 53
Asia Micá 13, 14, 29, 30, 31, 38, 93, 94,
95, 96, 99, 97, 106, 112, 117, 128,
131, 138, 146, 269
Asiria 13, 14, 34, 38, 45, 92, 94, 139
Aslankaya 31
Assos 53, 102, 136
Assur 10, 94, 95, 253
Assurbanipal, Assourbanipal 15, 16, 94, 95,
253
Assurnasirpal 13, 94
Asturia 258
Atargatis 134
Atena 20, 33, 43, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54,
56, 57, 59, 60, 102, 106, 114, 136, 159
598
Atestino 83
Athanasius 124
Athena 45, 52, 59, 60, 61,102,130,136, 598
Athos 156
Atreus 184
Attica 40, 45, 46, 48, 51, 57, 58, 59, 112,
114, 129, 188
Attis 74, 82, 128, 129, 132, 133, 157
Augusta Emérita 137, 138
Augustus 104
Aulnoy 86
Aurel Vlaicu 222, 246, 454
Aurelian 77, 138, 267, 270
Autun 154
Avalion 85
Avenches 84
Avian 203
Avignon 87
Avram, D. 222, 454
Avram, V. 219, 418
Aynard, J.-M. 15, 278
Aymard, J. 63, 92, 96, 97, 98, 104, 122, 123,
163, 268, 269, 270, 271,272, 278
Azannes 84
Baal 100
Baba, M. 215, 221, 224, 278, 362, 449,
490, 590
Babilonia 10, 16, 34, 47, 198
Babrius 203
Bacchus 84, 87, 120, 121, 124
Baciu/Constantin/Du§an 214, 224, 278,
328, 348, 480, 493
Bactriane 96
Bad Kreuznach 120
Baena 89, 91
Bahram-Gour 160
Baia de Cri§ 337
Balaban, Gh. 232, 564
Balandier/Maquet 208, 264, 278
Balcani 72, 263
Balet, A. 216, 364
Balomiru de Camp 213, 313
Bal§a 221,313, 314, 339, 346
Baltasar 258
Baltimore 151
Balty/Dewez 121,278
Bamberg 127, 158
Banaga, A. 529
Banat 234, 265, 585
Bandelio, M. 197
Banti, L. 67, 69, 70, 278
Banu, S. 556
Bara 216, 369
Baratte/Metzger 112, 113, 278
Barberini 37, 65, 110, 124
Barberino, A. da 197
Barbiç, P. 227, 512
Barbu, E. 556
Barbu, F. 556
Barbu, S. 81
Barcelona 108, 109
Bardou, A. 213, 325
Bar-le-Duc 85
Barnes, G. 196, 278
Barnett, R. D. 34, 278
Bari 127
Barracco 26
Bartok, B. 214, 218, 221, 223, 224, 227,
278, 341, 342, 397, 434, 448, 471,
481,500, 508, 518
Baru, Baru Mare 213, 214, 222, 238, 241,
242, 243, 246, 314, 315, 345, 455
Basarab, Gh. 218, 399
Basarabasa 215, 353
Basarabia 230, 238, 246, 249, 253, 254,
255, 256, 265, 266, 590
Basel 55
Basile et Constantin 160
Basileios 148
Basilikos Cretanul 80
Basilikos, lacob 80
Bastei, Bastèt 24, 25
Baumann, W. 200, 278
Baux 85
Baux-de-Provence 87
Bavaria 200
Bavay 85
Bawit 148
Bayet, J. 60, 259, 279
Bayrakli 38
Bazeira 96
Bäcia 223, 487
Bädäräu, I. 229, 533
Bädescu, E. 379
Baeçu, N. M. 279
Bäläceanu 232, 240, 245, 560
Bälä§el, T. 232, 277, 560
Bärbat, I.A. 6
Bärbulescu, M. 75, 77, 78, 80, 279
Batrâni 213, 244, 316
Bätälan, C. 213, 312
Bäutari 224, 243, 246, 247, 501, 502
Bârléa, V. 228, 280, 525
Bärnä, V. 215, 351
Bârseanu, A. 215, 219, 280, 361,415, 421
599
Bîrlea, O. 213, 214, 215, 216, 218, 219,
223, 244, 280, 334, 359, 372, 373,
385, 418, 470
Bean, G. E. 42, 102, 279
Beauvais, P. de 172
Beck/Bémont 85, 279
Beirut 34
Beiuç 224, 227, 500, 517
Bel 143
Belea, C. 226, 506
Belint 221,452
Bellegarde 114
Bellerophon 110, 118
Bellini, G. 154
Beitrán Fortés, J. 90, 91,279
Beltrán Fortés/Baena del Alcázar 91,279
Ben Abed 121, 279
Benaia 144, 600
Bencea, M. Gh. 221,443
Bendis 55
Benevento 83
Benoit, F. 88, 279
Beotia 46, 135
Berchem/Ciouzot 153, 279
Berdan, L. 229, 539, 540
Berenike 164
Bergama 60
Berger, E. 55, 279
Bergner, H. 197, 279
Berlin 8, 13, 14, 15, 30, 37, 43, 51, 80, 94,
99, 128, 129, 135, 182, 202
Bernardo 258
Berte 187
Bes 19, 23, 26, 36, 100, 101, 110
Besamusca, B. 196, 258, 260, 279
Besançon 86, 124
Béziers 109
Bian, I. 219, 420
Bíanciotto, G. 167, 172, 173
Bichicean, S. 221,280, 444
Bichiceanu, Gr. 221,280, 444, 446
Bichon, J. 172, 280
Bihor 209, 216, 217, 219, 224, 227, 228,
234, 237, 238, 244, 254, 256, 264,
266, 376, 424, 500, 507, 520, 602
Binecuvântata, Sf. 150
Birchiç 221,224, 244, 442, 496
Birta, F. 224, 280, 489
Bistrita, Bistrita-Näsäud 80, 216, 217, 221,
’ 222, 234, 364, 451
Bitinia 153
Bitte», K. 29, 30, 280
Bizant, bizantin 17, 56, 124, 157, 158, 159,
160
Blaga, I. 213, 325
Blandiana, Blondiana 215, 224, 243, 359,
490
Blägäilä. 1,213, 319
Blidaru 72
Blidaru, R. 392
Bloh, U. v. 202, 280
Blümel, C. 43, 129, 280
Boardman, J. 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 27, 28,
46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53, 54, 55, 59,
60, 61, 63, 68, 96, 97, 101, 103,
107, 118, 121,134, 135, 139, 280
Boardman/Dörig/Fuchs/Hirmer 44, 102, 103,
107, 118, 129, 134, 280
Bobbio 157
Bocai rente 89
Boc§a 423
Boc§a, I. 213, 214, 215, 218, 219, 221,
222, 223, 224, 226, 280, 313, 314,
315, 317, 320, 323, 324, 326, 330,
331, 333, 337, 339, 343, 345, 346,
349,351,352,353,354, 356, 358,
359, 360, 361, 389, 392, 393, 400,
407, 414, 417, 426, 429, 435, 430,
449, 457, 462, 463, 464, 467, 468,
470, 472, 479, 483, 484, 486, 487,
491, 494, 504
Boc§e/Mihaiu 280
Boehringer, E. 281
Boemia 154, 200
Boeselager, D. v. 118, 119, 121,281
Bogan, Tr. 309
Bogariu, C. E. 213, 214, 215, 218, 222,
223, 226, 281, 313, 314, 315, 317,
320, 323, 324, 326, 330, 337, 343,
345, 346, 349, 351, 352, 353, 354,
356, 389, 392, 430, 462, 467, 487
Bogdan, N. 430
Boghazköy, Boghaz-Keui 29, 37
Bojän, M. 329
Bojän, P. 214, 329
Boleu, M. 217, 383
Bolia, P. 213, 316
Bologna 24, 67, 140, 159
Bolserna 67
Bolte/Polivka 206, 281
Bonn 84, 85, 86, 127
Bordeaux 86
Bordenache, G. 78, 281
Borell/Rittig 44, 281
Borghese 62, 109, 112, 113, 114
Borgo Panigale 140
Borodati, Gh. 230, 547
Borza, I. I. 223, 474
600
Böse, K. 151,281
Bosenbach 85
Bosque, El 91
Boston 53, 102, 112
Boçorod 213, 222, 234, 235, 238, 241,
243, 246, 316, 317, 456, 457, 458,
460
Bot, N. 213, 215, 216, 218, 219, 231, 281,
316, 325, 339, 350, 367, 408, 410,
552
Bota, La 91
Bota, D. 340
Bota, M. 214, 345
Boteni 217, 242, 379, 380
Botezatu, G. G. 228, 229, 232, 281, 525,
526, 543, 544, 582
Both, I. 6
Bota, A, 217, 281, 378
Boulogne, Boulogne-sur-Mer 85, 86
Bourges 123, 125, 202
Boussac 125, 199
Bovini, G. 115, 152, 281
Bowra, C. M. 281
Bozdog, î. 218, 394
Bozeç 183, 218, 222, 246, 460
Brad 220, 242,515
Bradu, I. 227, 241,281,509, 511
Branea, A. 215, 354
Braçov 80, 216, 217, 219, 221, 222, 234,
366, 450
Bratu, A. 216, 366
Braunschweig 127, 193, 207
Bräila 232, 560
Bräiloiu/Comi§el/Gälu§cä 219, 232, 281,
330, 423, 556, 570, 571
Bräne§ti 229, 243, 529
Brätescu, C. 232, 281, 578
Brätulescu, M. 208, 209, 211, 236, 247,
255, 256, 263, 281
Brânzoi, G. 217, 379
Bräznic 218, 241,384
Breazul, G. 224, 228, 233, 240, 281, 443,
502, 521,589, 590
Brednich, R. W. 6
Brehm 7, 281
Breitenbach 84
Brescia 114, 144, 147, 158
Bretagne, Bretania 98, 140
Bretea Romänä 222, 462
Brezeanu, I. 229, 232, 281, 389, 541, 564,
565, 567
Brezeanu/Nadoleanu 232, 282, 567
Brezoi 217, 241,242, 382
Briegleb, A. 213, 214, 215, 220, 223, 226,
282, 312, 327, 334, 349, 350, 426,
486
Brill, T. 213, 310
Brindisi 82
Brognoligo 197
Brommer, F. 56, 57, 58, 59, 61,282
Bro§teni 224, 244, 494
Brown, W. L 7, 65, 66, 67, 68, 140, 282
Bruchental, M. 216, 224, 227, 376, 500,
510, 513, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519
Brückner, W. 282
Brugg 84
Brumath 84, 87
Brumboiu, M. 219, 282, 421
Bruncvik 199, 200
Brusturi 216, 224, 369, 497
Bruttium 131
Bruzan, P. 213, 317
Bruxelles 24, 121, 152
Bubastis 25
Buciumi 220, 238, 243, 426
Bucovina 228, 230, 238, 243, 246, 249,
253, 254, 256, 266, 521, 603
Bucur, L, 218, 407
Bucuresci-Curechiu 213, 317
Bucure§ti 6, 80, 81, 309, 310, 323, 338,
410, 472, 557, 580
Buda, I. 218, 383, 392
Budapests 79
Budde, L. 122, 152, 282
Budge, E. A. W. 14, 16, 19, 282
Budureasa 227, 228, 508, 509, 510
Bug 545
Buga, M. 217, 282, 380
Buhociu, O. 208, 209, 210, 211,282
Bujor, E. 75, 282
Bulat, S. 229, 543
Bulc, F. 227, 517
Bulgaria 7, 20, 601
Bulz, D. 215, 353
Bumke, H. 59. 282
Buncea, Gh. 232, 584
Bunea, L. I. 232, 567
Bungiu, I. 216, 224, 370, 499
Bunila 218, 242, 385
Burada, T. T. 233, 253, 282, 588
Burjuc 213, 220, 221, 318, 429, 435
Burtoiu, D. 232, 581
Buturä, V. 251, 282
Büttner, G. 126, 282
Buzäu 230, 232, 233, 241, 242, 546, 559,
586
601
Buzdugan, G. 104, 105, 220, 282
Büyük Aslanta? 38
Byblos 35, 105, 599
Byzance 64, 124, 149, 157, 158, 159, 160,
282
Cabeza del Griego 89
Cabezas de San Juan, Las 90
Cabteeí 144
Cacomeanca 231, 240, 242, 548
Cádiz 88, 90, 91
Caere 66, 69, 70
Cagalou 87
Cagliari 122
Caillet, J.-P. 115, 282
Cair 229, 243, 246, 541
Cairo 23, 93
Calabria, Calabresi 65, 131
Calixtus 147
Callatis 79, 132
Cambridge 175, 252
Canivet, M.-T. 119, 282
Cannstatt 86
Capadochia 130
Cappa 91
Caracalla 63, 98, 270
Caragíani, í. D. 182
Caraman, P. 208, 220, 223, 231,232, 282,
427, 466, 558, 583
Caransebe§ 221, 453
Cara§-Severin 217, 219, 221, 222, 224,
234, 377, 422, 423, 453, 501
Carissa Aurelia 91
Caro, Rodrigo 90
Carol cel Mare 126, 187, 197, 202
Carp, P. 213, 309
Carpaccio, V. 154
Carpati 5, 7, 72, 73, 79, 208, 209, 210,
211,234, 236, 245, 259, 262, 460
Carrión 187, 197
Cartagina 100, 148
Cartojan, N. 176
Casa del Centauro 119
Casa del Fauno 119
Casian, P. M. 231,552
Casimcea 219, 423
Cassel, P. 63, 282
Cassin, E. 282
Cas tel San Mariano 68, 69
Castellani 65
Castulo 91
Catalán, D. 202, 258, 259, 282
Catania 164
Catrina, C. 214, 283, 329
Cavalcanti, G.173
Cavalier, O. 88, 283
Cazacu, Gh. 587
Càba§, I. 219, 421
Càlin/Bâducu 221, 283, 444
Càlinescu, G. 79
Càpâlna§ 221,224, 244, 246, 443, 498
Cáráb¡§, V. 232, 283, 585
Càrâsâu 227, 228, 243, 510, 511,512
Càràstàu 213, 319
Càrmâzineçti 213, 241,319
Càsâlean, A. 215, 356
Càstàian, I. 218, 399
Càstoian, I. 218, 399
Castâu 218, 386
Catánean, I. 221,452
Càuçeni 229, 243, 246, 543, 544
Câmpulung Muscel 80
Cârjiti 213, 320
Cârstocea, E. H. 214, 283, 344
Celiini, B. 67
Cerbà! 213, 242, 243, 320, 321, 322, 330
Cerbia 213, 323
Ceriçor 213, 323, 324, 336
Cernavodâ 79
Ceru Bâcâinti 213, 219, 234, 325, 417, 590
Cervantes 127, 181, 198
Cerveteri 65, 66, 68, 110
Cesi 83
Cetatea Albà 229, 243, 246, 541,542
Cezar163, 269
Chalon-sur-Saône 85
Champagne 150
Charlère, G. 71, 72, 283
Chàronea 50
Châtelet, Le 86
Chefren 26
Cherciu, I. 159, 283
Cheresig 227, 512
Chetrosu 229, 526
Chiderim 229, 243, 246, 531
Chihaia, P. 80, 283
Chin, G. de 193
Chinchilla de Monte Aragon 88
Chioar 265
Chios 49
Chipeçca 229, 241, 243, 246, 530
Chiricescu, I. 216, 317
Chirileni 229, 243, 534
Chisàlità, V. 6
Chiticar, S. 229, 531
Chitid 226, 241,244, 246, 503
Chorsabad 180
602
Chrétien de Troyes 158, 178, 191, 193, 194,
195, 196, 198, 199, 237, 247, 274,
283, 601
Chrisostomul, loan 167
Christern-Briesenick, B. 113, 114, 283
Christou, Chr. A. 134, 135, 283
Cib 224, 246, 491
Cibele, Kybele 17, 18, 31, 38, 46, 51, 72, 74,
78, 82, 85, 103, 104, 113, 114, 126,
128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134,
136, 157, 161, 190, 204, 274, 598
Cibotaru, E. 229, 526
Cicero 123, 268
Ciclade 45, 46, 47, 135
Cid 187, 197, 282
Cincora, M. 220, 431
Cioara 223, 224, 243, 245, 492
Cioara de Jos 224, 243, 245, 491,492
Cioara-Doice§ti 232, 240, 242, 561
Cioara-Oraçtie 223, 243, 245, 475
Cioara-Radu-Voda 232, 562
Ciobanovschi, V. 230, 545
Ciobanu 232, 240, 242, 243, 572
Ciobanu, Gh. 232, 476, 580
Ciongradi, C. 75, 76, 283
Cioroiu, Cioroiu Nou 74, 77
Ciplea, A. 214,331
Cireç, L. §i L, C[ire§] 6, 229, 283, 538, 539,
540
Cirimpei, V, 6, 209, 525, 527, 543, 544,
582
Cismaç, Gh. 227, 514
Ciubanca 216, 242, 364
Ciubotaru, I. H. 6
Ciuplea, N. 563
Ciura, A. 218, 283, 396
Cividale 148
Cizov, I. 228, 522
Claudius 151
Clausen 86
Clej, I. 223, 480
Clemens, Clemente, Sf. 122, 157
Clemente, C. 223, 226, 283, 475, 505
Clerc, G. de 173
Clocuçna 228, 522
Clopotiva 218, 222, 238, 241,246, 387, 461
Cloçca, R. 231,552
Cluj-Napoca 6, 73, 75, 80
Cluny 124, 125, 600
Cluny-Saône-et-Loire 147
Cociçiu, I. 213, 214, 215, 219, 220, 221,
223, 226, 283, 319, 320, 330, 336,
352, 419, 430, 441,476, 507
Coconi 232, 233, 240, 242, 583
Codreanu/§tefánescu 229, 284, 541
Colchester 140
Colchis 132
Colta, Coltea, P. 227, 510, 511
Coltea, D. 227, 510
Coman, M. 214, 343
Cornial, E. 213, 216, 217, 219, 221, 223,
284, 335, 336, 371, 377, 379, 381,
384, 385, 423, 453, 469, 470, 472,
570, 571
Comi§el/Dragnea/Oltean 216, 221, 284,
371,377, 453
Commodus 63f 86, 97, 98, 101, 104, 138,
269, 270, 271,272, 603, 604
Compiégne 87
Conce^ti 79
Condrea 229, 238, 241,538
Constantin cel Mare 97, 114, 152, 269
Constantin, N. Gh. 576
Constantinescu/Gusciac 232, 284, 578
Constantinescu, R. C. 6, 214, 218, 221,
222, 223, 284, 332, 340, 390, 433,
436, 460, 461,465
Constantinopol 63, 114, 123, 124, 148,
151, 158, 160, 167, 600
Constante 232, 240, 571,581
Contenau, G. 28, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37,
284
Contiu, V. 219, 284, 419
Copanca-Nistrul de Jos 230, 545
Copenhaga 24, 41,46, 109
Corchira 45
Córdoba 89, 91, 115
Corfú, Korfu 42, 45, 46, 51, 53
Corint(ic), Korinthos 45, 48, 55, 62, 68, 103
Corni§or 217, 243, 378
Coroianu, S. B. 227, 515
Corre 85
Corregió 83
Corsica 19, 84
Cortijo de Doña Aldonza 89
Cortijo de Recena 91
Cortijo del Fraile 91
Cortijo de la Roa 91
Cosámbe§ti 231,242, 549
Cosmas 148
Costa, V. 214, 336
Costáchescu, M. 229, 230, 284, 536
Costea, V. 227, 512
Co§evita 216, 377
Cotocea, O. 224, 497
Coucy 127
Covaci, N. 221,447
603
Covragiu 222, 241,246, 247, 462
Coza, E. 214, 337
Cozac, N. 326
Cranach cel Batran, Lucas 154
Craciun, A. 219, 423
Craciun, N. 215, 355
Craciun, P. 223, 476
Craciun, Tr. 221,435
Craciuna§, G. 209, 216, 284, 364
Craciunescu, A. 232, 585
Cragui§ 213, 243, 326
Crasnic, I. 486
Crasnic, V. 223, 486
Creta 45, 47, 49, 69, 77, 93, 107, 135, 136
Cretu/Hede§an 216, 221, 224, 284, 377,
452, 496
Cretu, I. 216, 244, 371
Crintoaie, Cl. 222, 458
Cristea, A. 215, 219, 359, 414, 417, 494
Cristea, D. 224, 500
Cri§an, A. 218, 389
Cri§an, Gh. 219,416
Cri§cior 213, 242, 326
Croesus 18
Cuceu, I. 6
Cuenca 89, 90, 91
Cumont, F. 138, 284
Curea, I. Gh. 556
Curea, !. I. 556
Curecheanu, I. 218, 383
Curechiu 213, 214, 317, 327
Currium, Kurion 35, 36
Curuci, L. I. 228, 525
Cutry 86
Cyrus 98
Cyzique 129
Dacia 61, 68, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78,
82, 84, 88, 90, 104, 128, 132, 137,
140, 209, 211, 234, 237, 245, 256,
259, 262, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271,
273, 597, 598, 603, 604
Dahschur21
Dalmatia 76, 132, 137
Dalton,' O. M. 114, 115, 122, 123, 147,
148, 149, 158, 160, 284
Damiani, P. 192
Dan 144, 160
Dan, R. 224, 488
Daniel 46, 114, 115, 143, 145, 146, 147,
148, 149, 150, 156, 157, 159, 160,
161, 178, 186, 190, 191, 198, 225,
273, 274, 599, 600, 601
Dankwarderode 193
Daremberg/Sagiio 284
Darius, Dariu Hystaspe 14, 19, 47, 96,
101, 143, 182, 209
Darmstadt 87
Datcu, I. 6, 284, 363, 508, 537, 545
Daul, T. 209, 219, 227, 244, 284, 424, 520
Dàbâca 222, 243, 246, 462, 463
Dâbuceanu, Gh. 217, 378
Dârca, Th. 229, 541
De la Râspântii, I. 216, 284, 375
Dea Syria 128, 134, 598
Deaconu, S. §i D. 223, 284, 468
Dealu Mare 214, 220, 327, 328, 426
Debidour, V.-H. 147, 176, 177, 285
Dedun 25
Dehelean, S. 213, 319
Dehelean, T. 213, 310
Deichmann, F. W. 158, 285
Deir el Bahari 22
Deir el Gebrawi 25
Dejani 221, 450, 451
Dejeu, Z. 458
Defani 227, 513
Deleanu, M. 6
Delfi, Delphi 18, 38, 42, 49, 50, 52, 59, 96,
118, 136
Delos 42, 50, 51
Delvaux, Ph. 278
Demetra 51
Demetrescu, I. 232, 561
Dendera 22, 28, 106
Densuç 79, 214, 218, 223, 225, 238, 241,
243, 245, 246, 329, 388, 464, 465,
486
Densu§ianu, N. 209, 210, 215, 216, 229,
232, 262, 357, 364, 537, 561, 562,
581
Despot Vodâ 104
Dessenne, A. 26, 47, 285
Deva 73, 75, 140, 313, 320, 493
Dewez, M. 278
Deyts, S. 85, 285
Diaconus, Paulus 63, 285
Dicke/Grubmüller 190, 285
Didyma 38, 51,54
Diebourg 86
Diehl, Ch. 124, 157, 160, 285
Dijon 84
Dimitsana 50,
Dînant 85
Diocletian 149
Diodor din Sicilia 88
Diomedes 183
Dionysios, Dionysos, Dionysus-Sabazius
43, 113, 118, 120, 121, 131, 136
604
D‘jakonov, I. M. 12, 181,285
Djebel-el-Arak 10, 12
Dobra 218, 220, 221, 223, 234, 244, 247,
389, 392, 407, 427, 439, 465, 466
Dobreni 229, 230, 536
Dobrogea 73, 78, 219, 233, 234, 238, 239,
240, 242, 249, 253, 254, 256, 265,
266, 585, 587, 588
Dobrotä, F. 218, 401
Dobrotä, I. 223, 482
Dobrotä, N. 401
Dogaru, A. 217, 379
2 Mai 79
Dolichenus 79
Dominique, Sf. 150
Donca, M. 331
Dorylaion 38, 54
Douarnenez 87
Dragomir, B. 348
Dragomir, D. 229, 538
Dragosin, R. 219, 417
Dragosloveni 229, 238, 241,537
Drägoi, N. N. 232, 583
Drägoi, S. V. 213, 214, 215, 218, 221, 223,
224, 227, 285, 319, 337, 343, 351,
384, 394, 443, 445, 449, 452, 477,
478, 490, 491,521
Dresken-Weiland, J. 114, 285
Driesch, A. v. d. 7, 285
Drobeta 74, 132
Drochia 229, 243, 246, 525, 526
Drugä, V. 216, 367, 368
Dscherablus-Karkamif 29, 30, 31, 34, 37,
74
Du Mesnil du Boisson 43, 285
Dublin 175
Dufournet, J. 285
Dumbrava 214, 241,329
Dumbrävita 218, 389
Dumitraçcu, N. I. 233, 240, 285, 586
Dumitrescu, F. 285
Dumitrescu, I. 285
Dumuzi 10, 12, 13, 37, 57, 69, 161, 190,
256, 597
Dunand, F. 27, 285
Durscharrukin 14
Düsseldorf 85, 160
Du§a, C. 232, 569
Du§an, M. 214, 215, 223, 224, 328, 348,
480, 493
Dut, C. 214, 337
Dutä, D. 229, 538
Duvanli-Ba§ova Moghila 72
Ea 9, 181
Echternach 86
Ecija 115
Eck, W. 268, 285
Edfou 28
Edinet 228, 243, 246, 525
Edroiu, N. 6
Efes 38, 42, 60, 123, 130, 159
Egger, R. 158, 285
Egina, Aigina 48, 49
Egipt 10, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,
33, 35, 36, 45, 75, 92, 93, 94, 97,
100, 101, 102, 106, 107, 112, 128,
132, 133, 139, 145, 146, 147, 148,
151, 154, 164, 166, 167, 201, 235,
256, 269,
Eichner, K. 115, 286
Eisenhut, W. 269, 271,272, 286
El-Djem 120
Elam 17, 37, 165
Elea 102, 136
Eleusis 41
Eliade, M. 9, 255, 264, 286
Eliez, A. 7, 72, 208, 263, 286
Elpis din Samos 164
Emilia Romagna 82, 83
Empedocle 166
Eneas 183, 185
Enkidu 179, 180, 181, 182, 248, 251,254,
273
Enlil 9, 181
Entwistle, W. 258, 286
Epidaur 49
Epiphanios, Epiphanius 167, 169
Eratosthene din Kyrene 189, 191
Eretria 40, 46, 118
Eritreea 117
Erra 181
Errard, Ch. 149, 286
Ertzdorff, X. v. 8, 202, 286
Es Fornäs de Torello 153
Eski§ehir 38
Esop, Aesopus 189, 203
Espera 91
Esperandieu, E. 84, 85, 86, 87, 286
Ethe 86
Etiopia 269
Etna 103
Etruria 37, 38, 65, 67, 70, 81, 90, 100,
107, 110, 140, 246
Eubea 52
Eudemos 165
Eufrat 10, 27, 28, 134, 182
605
Euphemus 76
Euphronios 58, 62, 286
Eurystheus 56, 57, 58
Eusebiu din Cesareea 149
Eyck, J. v. 154
Eyguiére 87
Ezechiel, lezechiel 143, 144, 145, 153
Fábian/Parasca 286, 510
Fabricius, U. 114, 151, 286
Faenza 82
Faidit, G. 192
Farioli Campanati, R. 282, 286, 289, 296,
297
Faur, A. 213, 316
Favereau, R. 286
Faverolles 85
Farca§, §t. 218, 405
Fárládeni-Kotovski 229, 243, 246, 544
Fene§ 215, 242, 359
Fenicia 14, 28, 33, 34, 35, 36, 65, 100,
101, 103, 105,139
Feregi 214, 330
Ferentillo 109
Ferician, C. 214, 218, 339, 408
Ferri, S. 140, 286
Filimon, A. 215, 350
Filip, V. V. 209,211,286
Filip ai ll-lea 96, 103, 201
Filip a( Ill-lea 104, 124, 270
Filipa§cu, AI. 209, 211,263, 286
Fink/Assamer 147, 286
Fize§ti 214, 241,242, 244, 331, 332
Flandra 127, 193
Fle^eriu, N. I. 224, 488
Fle§tea, M. 227, 513
Florea, B. 556
Florea C. 226, 504
Florea, G. 72
Florea, I. 213, 340
Florea, N. N. 577
Florenta 62, 67, 70, 102, 111, 123, 127,
138, 157, 173, 174, 177, 202, 207
Florescu, Gr. 73, 74, 78, 79, 286, 287
Florescu/Daicoviciu/Ro§u 73, 79, 287
Florescu/Miclea 78, 287
Fiorimonde 201
Fochi, A. 208, 209, 210, 211, 219, 236,
246, 247, 262, 263, 287
Fodor, I. 214, 327
Folea, N. 219, 415
Foligno 110
Folqués, A. R. 89, 287
Fona, Gh. 218, 404
Fonte Branda 83
Forbeck/Heres 54, 287
Forlimpopoli 82
Fornasier, J. 71,92, 94, 95, 96, 287
Fornädia 214, 243, 333
Fotino, S. 219, 420
Fourches-Vieilles 140
Fournival, R. de 173
Francesca Romana 122, 151
Franco, I. 26, 93, 287
Franke/Hirmer 103, 287
Frankfort, H. 99
Frankfurt 86
Franta 7, 101, 114, 125, 127, 173, 176,
' 177, 187, 192, 194, 198
Frappier, J. 287
Fräcea, 1.216, 287, 365
Fräncu/Candrea 215, 363, 287
Friedmann/Harrington 197, 287
Friesinger/Krinzinger 287
Frigia, Phrygia 38, 54, 117, 128
Frobenius, L. 208, 287
Füetrer, U. 198
Funariu/Bu§ila 216, 221,287, 368, 451
Furca, S. 223, 484
Furlani, G. 182, 287
Gabelmann, H. 42, 45, 287, 288
Gabor, Fr. 223, 478
Gaborit, J.-R. 159, 288
Gad 144
Gades/Cádiz 91
Gaggadis-Robin, V. 88, 140, 288
Galati 214, 219, 220, 229, 230, 234, 242,
’ 243, 334, 414, 428
Galavu, D. 232, 233, 288, 572, 573, 579,
587
Galia 85, 88, 103, 114, 128, 131, 140, 189,
269
Galmés de Fuentes, Á. 186, 187, 288
Gaioromania 63, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90,
140, 267, 597
Garcí-Gómez, M. 198, 288
García y Bellido, A. 89, 288
Gardian, D. 223, 486
Garelli, P. 288
Gargilesse 147
Garofoiu, I. I. 228, 229, 288, 522, 528
Garver/McKenzie 174, 175, 288
Gaster, M. 176
Gath, G. P. 206, 288
Gatac/Botezatu 228, 281, 288, 525, 543,
544, 582
Gauvain, Gawain 194, 261
606
Gälu§cä, A. G. 544
Gäfu§cä, T. 219, 229, 230, 232, 288, 423,
530, 535, 547, 570, 571
Gälu^cä/Nicola 288
Gärjob, I. 223, 469
Gärjob, M. 263, 469
Gärliciu 232, 242, 573, 574, 575
Gebelein, H. 139, 288
Gehrig/Niemeyer 34, 35, 36, 37, 139, 288
Gekke 34
Gelan, 1.221,439
Gellius, A. 188, 189, 288, 601
Geneva 182
Gennaccari, C. 115, 288
Gennrich, F. 198, 199
Genua 151
Geoagiu, Geoagiu Bai, Germisara 78, 223,
246, 460, 467, 468, 469
Georgescu, G. 385
Georgescu, L. 232, 584
Gerasimos, Sf, Gherasimos 153, 154, 155,
156, 175, 600
Gerge, Tr. 218, 226, 407, 507
Gerke, F. 114, 115, 143, 147, 149, 157,
288
Germania 7, 63, 128, 132, 133, 140, 195,
198, 211, 270
Gerndt, H. 207, 288
Gerona 115
Gherga, D. 221,452
Gherla 73, 132
Gherman, I. 220, 428
Gherman, M. 220, 428
Ghideutä, T. 232, 570
Ghigu, 1.219, 411
Ghilgame§ 10, 12, 13, 31, 42, 52, 57, 179,
180, 181, 182, 203, 235, 248, 251,
254, 257, 273, 288
Gilgamesch-Epos 288
Ghimgiu, I. 479
Ghioc, I. 232, 574, 575
Ghiura, P. 358
Giebel, M. 123, 268, 288
Giordani 147
Giove-Serpis 74
Giurgeni 231,242, 549, 550
Giza, Giseh 26, 93
Glatz 127
Glod 215, 360
Glodariu, I. 73, 74, 289
Glodghile§ti 220, 429
Godea, I. 227, 228, 289, 508
Godine§ti 214, 334
Goia, A. 6
Goina, E. 227, 516
Goina, M. 227, 510
Goina, S. 227, 509
Golescu, M. 80, 289
Gole§ 223, 241,243, 246, 470
Goliat 142, 600
Golopentia, A. 289, 545
Gomera, La 257
Gonzenbach, L. 206, 289
Gonzenbach, V. 120, 289
Gordion 31, 117
Gorea, F. 214, 329
Górg/Hólbl 289
Gortyn 135
Gottschalk, F. 206, 289
Govájdia 223, 485
Grabar, A. 115, 120, 144, 147, 158, 289
Graeve, V. v. 107, 108, 289
Graillot, H. 128, 129, 289
Grakow, B. N. 71,289
Gran-Aymerich, J. M. 65, 88, 289
GrafBe, J. G. Th. 190, 191,206, 289
Grádescu, V. 556
Grádate 214, 218, 223, 225, 335, 238,
241,243, 245, 404, 471,484
Grecia 7, 8, 20, 35, 37, 38, 40, 42, 45, 46,
47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 56, 57, 60, 69,
71,82,88,96, 100, 102, 103, 105,
107, 117, 119, 121, 122, 128, 130,
131, 135, 136, 139, 161, 162, 182,
183, 185, 209, 210, 220, 222, 225,
226, 239, 246, 248, 253, 257, 264,
314, 317, 331, 332, 335, 343, 357,
361, 362, 383, 386, 391, 394, 395,
398, 400, 401, 402, 409, 410, 411,
413, 415, 419, 420, 423, 424, 433,
431, 432, 436, 437, 452, 453, 456,
458, 460, 467, 468, 473, 477, 478,
479, 482, 488, 489, 490, 491, 504,
505, 506
Greive, Artur 6
Grigore cel Mare 88
Grigore Dekapolitis, Sf. 159
Gropeni 232, 242, 245, 563, 564, 565
Grosu, M. 232, 567
Groza, I. 219, 410
Groza, T. 409
Grumetan, A. 385
Gryn, H. 206
Gschwantier, K. 305
Guadalquivir 90, 91,267
Guardia, La 89
Gubel, E. 28, 289
Gubernatis, A. de 252, 289
607
Guggisberg, C. A. W. 7, 208, 263, 289
Guidi, G. G. 122, 139, 289
Guimier-Sorbets, A. M. 117, 289
Gurasada 223, 247, 472
Gurgu, St. 563
Guruianu, V. 176, 289
Habacuc, Habakuk 115, 143, 147, 148,
600
Hadianu 32
Hadrian 24, 63, 97, 98, 104, 128, 269,
270, 271,603, 604
Hadrianotherai 97
Haecpertus, E. 169
Haga 101
Hagi Curda 590
Haida, E. 223, 472
Haida, L. 223, 465, 466
Hainaut 132
Halikarnass 51
Halkin, F. 152, 289
Hambach 86
Hamiaux, M. 50, 96, 129, 289
Hama 33
Hamath 122
Hamburg 139
Hammamet 121
Hammurabi 9, 290
Hampe, R. 20, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 69,
134, 135, 183, 290
Hampe/Simon 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 69,135, 290
Hanfmann, G. M. A. 17, 290
Hanfmann/Ramage 18, 290
Hanno 163, 164
Hannover 35, 36
Hanta, I. 215, 357
Hantu, A. 224, 494
Harmakhis 26
Haroeris 26, 28
Harpocrate 27, 112
Hartmann von Aue 178, 191, 195, 196,
197, 198, 237, 274, 290, 601
Hartuche, N. 79, 290
Has(wa) 28
Hathor 23, 25
Hatscepsut 26
Hatt, J.-J. 63, 88, 290
Hattusili, Hattu§a 28, 29, 597
Härtägani 220, 243, 429, 430
Hä§ag, Ha§ ag 216, 242, 244, 246, 367
Hätegan, P. 226, 505
Häncu, A. 229, 232, 281,529, 582
Härtie§ti-Lucieni 217, 380
Härtop 229, 243, 244, 246, 535
Hebat 25, 28
Hecate 135
Hector 183, 184
Hede§an, O. 6, 216, 221, 224, 284, 290,
370, 377, 442, 443, 452, 496, 498,
499
Heddernheim 85, 86, 87, 138
Heidelberg 45, 86, 140, 202
Heijkant, M.-J. 175,197, 290
Heinrich, G. 207, 290
Heinrich Leul, Heinrich der Löwe 127, 193,
200, 207
Heinzenhausen 86
Helck/Otto 26, 290
Helconis, Sf. 150
Heliopolis 22, 166
Hemmer, H. 7, 290
Hemmingen 86
Hent, N. 214, 333
Hepat 30
Hephaistion 107, 108
Hephaistos 59, 61, 184
Hera 57, 128, 135, 136, 598
Heraclea 88
Heracles, Hercule 13, 18, 20, 36, 41, 44,
45, 47, 48, 49, 51, 55, 56, 57, 58,
59,60,61,62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69,
70, 71, 77, 78, 79, 80, 86, 97, 98,
101, 102, 103, 104, 108, 112, 113,
117, 118, 119, 121, 135, 139, 149,
157, 161, 180, 182, 201, 208, 210,
245, 257, 270, 271,272, 599, 604
Heraclide 80
Herbai, I. 220, 427
Hermes, Hermes-Mercury, Hermes-Kadmilos
45, 129, 130, 133, 136
Herodot 7, 18, 88, 166, 209, 210, 290
Herpin 202
Herseni, T. 221,290, 450
Herta, A. 218, 223, 392, 467
Hertea, J. 214, 219, 290, 309, 334, 336,
340, 359, 372, 379, 410, 420, 447,
476
Hesberg, H. v. 82, 290
Hesberg/Zanker 290
Hettange-Grande 85
Heupweiler 85
Hiarbas 269
Hickmann, A. L. 104, 290
Hierakonpolis 92
Himera 51
Hirsau 171
Histria 78, 131, 132,210
608
Hitzl, I. 106, 290
Hoalgä, §t. 214, 344
Hobean, E. 215, 350
Hobean, I. 220, 428
Hobita Gradiçte-Sarmizegetusa 218, 246,
390, 404, 484
Höchen 85
Hodoräuti 228, 230, 243, 523
Hölscher, F. 43, 48, 49, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56,
63, 96, 97, 99, 102, 106, 107, 108,
118, 119, 136, 290
Homer 37, 40, 47, 52, 54, 83, 109, 134,
144, 160, 162, 182, 183, 184, 185,
203, 235, 601
Homorod 223, 246, 473, 474
Horga, M. 216, 374
Horus 23, 26
Hossu-Longln, P. 213, 219, 413
Hotin 228, 230, 243, 521,522, 523, 524
Hottenbach 86
Hropotinschi, A. 529
Hüarte 119
Huhn, V. 98, 127, 290
Hülk, W. 202, 291
Humbaba 179, 181,248, 251
Hunedoara 78, 80, 213, 218, 219, 220,
222, 224, 226, 227, 234, 237, 246,
264, 265, 266, 309, 383, 424, 434,
454, 503, 507, 520, 602
Huno din Oldenburg 206
Husari, N. 213, 323
Husari, N. P. 213, 323
Hüsing, G. 187, 291
Hygeinos Kanpylios 159
Hyllos 102
Hypolitos 107
lacob 168, 169, 170
lacoviev, V. 229, 541
lalomita 231, 547, 549
lancu, S. 223, 446
la§i 6
Iberia 63, 90, 597
leremia 144
leronim, Sf., Hyeronimus 151,153, 154, 155,
175
lerusalim 36, 122, 202
Iga, 1.218, 408
Igna, Gh. I. 226, 505
Ignuta, D. 221,442
Ile-de-France 159
llfov 232, 582
lliescu. I. 291,590
lliescu/Biräu 224, 290, 500
llie§iu, I. 221,291,451
lli§ua 132
ilteu 221,241, 243, 443, 444
Imdugud 12, 181,598
Imola 82
Inanna 9, 12, 13, 37, 181
India 20, 63, 165, 166
loanichie, G. 429
Ion, I. 216, 368
lona§, A. 218, 387
lonatan 144
lonescu, C. A. 229, 291, 531,532, 533
lonescu, D. i. 232, 578
lonescu, V. C. 232, 560
lonia 45
lordania 120, 155
lordächescu, T. 291, 590
lov 144, 145
lova, D. 221,224, 443, 498
Ipate, M. 229, 543
Iraklion 47, 134
Isa, Gh. 209, 211, 262, 263, 291
IsacA/Vollman/Albu 74, 75, 291
Isaia 145
Isauria 130
Isidor de León 177
Isidor din Sevilla 166, 167, 171, 172, 174,
176, 291,600
Isis 101
Ispas, M. 219, 412
Ispas, S. 6, 291,470, 509, 555, 584
Ispirescu, P. 244, 291
Istanbul 19, 36, 38, 53, 106, 107
Istrati, C. 228, 291,524
Isträtoi, C. 226, 505
l§tar, l§tar din Arbela 9, 15, 30, 34, 37, 99,
179
Italia 51, 82, 83, 91, 97, 103, 117, 127,
131, 171, 174, 193, 197, 597
luba§, C. 218, 396
luda 144, 146, 160, 168, 169
lulius Achilleus 110
Iwein 195, 196, 290
Izmir 18, 56, 60
Indepärtata 25
Jäckel, D. 8, 125, 126, 127, 146, 151, 201,
291
Jacobelli, L 123, 291
Jacobs, B. 10, 139, 291
Jaén 89, 90, 91
Jakobsen, Th. 10, 291
Jalby, R. 252, 291
609
Jantzen, U. 51,291
Jarnik/Birseanu 215, 291, 361,415
Jegälia 232, 240, 242, 244, 576
Jierul, E. 535
Jiga, C. 282
Jimena 198
Johnson et al. 291
Jompan, D. 215, 218, 224, 291, 355, 394,
395, 501,502
Jongste, P. F. B. 56, 61,62, 291
Jonquiere 84
Jorio, P. 47, 291
Josan, S. 218, 384
Jourdain 155
Jubainville, D'A. 63, 291
Jugurtha 63, 269, 603
Jula, A. 219, 411
Julianus 187
Jülich 127
Juno Regina 29
Junona 86
Jupiter, Jupiter Heliopolitanus 29, 51, 75,
86, 87, 137, 139
Kadesch 25, 28
Kahane, M. 231,232, 555, 556, 577, 584
Kairo, Cairo 23, 24, 93
Kaiser-Minn, H. 115, 291
Kaiserslautern 86
Kalardascht 20
Kalchu 15,94
Kalah 94
Kalydon 49
Kamiros134
Kampert, O, 152, 292
Kapara 32
Kapossy, B. 43, 292
Karkami^, Kargami?, Kargami 29, 30, 31,
33, 34, 37, 74
Karlsruhe 87
Karnak 22, 23,25, 93
Karthago 119, 120, 121, 163
Karystos 52
Kaufmann, C. M. 158, 292
Kebriones 184
Kelermes 70
Kent/Overbeck/Stylow 104, 292
Kerameikos 33, 47, 54, 57
Kerberos 60
Kerkuk 37, 38
Kervandel-en-Piobannalec 86
Kestner 35, 36
Khorsabad 13
Kilikia 151, 152
Kimu, I. P. 321
Kissufiar 117
Kition 36
Klein, H. A. 158, 292
Kleiner, G. 42, 54, 60, 104, 292
Kleinwinternheim 84
Kleomenes 164
Kloss, G. 8, 178,292
Knauth/Nadjmabad 17, 19, 292
Koch, G. 62,105, 114,292
Koch/Sichtermann 62, 105, 109, 292
Kolär, J. 200, 292
Kolchu 15, 94
Kollwitz/Herdejürgen 114, 292
Köln 6, 16, 206
Kom Ombo 24
Kommagene 138
Königshofen 87
Konjic 137
Kora 129
Kos 166
Kosny, W. 292
Kourkoutidou-Nikolaidou et al. 155, 159,
292
Kracher, A. 172, 292
Krateros 63, 96, 97, 118
Krings, V. 34, 35, 36, 139, 292
Kühltepe 28
Kuhn/Schwarz 207, 207
Kun, N. A. 56, 57, 292
Kunze, E. 44, 45, 292
Kunze-Götte/Heiden/Burow 44, 45, 292
Künzl, E. 159, 293
Küppers, J. 203, 293
Kyrene 189
Lahier, F. 148, 149,150, 151,189, 293
Lakinia 51
Lambrino, M. 78, 293
Lambrino, S. 78, 293
Lamerey 86
Langensoultzbach 86
Lansarote 209, 257, 258, 259
Larissa 53
Larnaca 35
Lasconi Moisescu, S. 223, 464
Lassale, V. 177, 293
Lastore, Lastours, G. de 175, 192, 197
Latini, B. 173, 174
Latium 83, 131
Laumes 84
Laurentiu, Sf. 159
Layard, A. H. 14, 293
Laza, C. 227, 509
610
Lazàr, Çt. I. 222, 454
Lazâr, T. Gh. 232, 583
Lazar, V. 224, 556
Lazuri 224, 500
Lapugiu 327, 350
Lapu§ 265
Làpuçnic 220, 223 430, 466
Lâscoi, i. 218, 386
Lâscuç, E. 321
Lâscuç, Gh. 213, 322
Lâscu§, I. L. 321
Làscu§, N. 321
Lâzâreni 227, 514
Lechkun, M. 263, 293
Lecouteux, C. 6
Legrand, É. 169, 293
Lehliu 231,240, 242, 551
Lelese 214, 223, 324, 336, 474, 483
Lenningen 85
Leontopolis 24, 25, 166
Leontinoi 103
Leçnic 214, 337, 243, 244
Le§u, D. 232, 566
Letnita 72
Libia 75, 97, 166, 189, 269
Lichia, Lykia 47, 55, 106
Licinius 152
Lightfoot, J. L. 134, 293
Lille 149
Limanskoe 229, 230, 232, 233, 541,582
Limoges 158
Undos 102, 136
Ling, R. 293
Lipova 221,423, 444, 445, 446
Lit, I. 221,440
Livadia (de Câmp) 220, 221, 241, 243,
431, 432, 433
Liverpool 112
Logres 260, 261
Lolot, V. D. 577
Londra 19, 56, 61,65, 67, 154, 160
Longinus 63
Loryma 56
Lopez, J. S. 258, 293
Lübeck 127, 154
Lucca, Luccania 114, 124
Lucera 82
Luchian, C. 229, 536
Luchian, K. 525
Lucian din Samosata 134
Luciu 231,240, 552
Ludwig din Wartburg 207
Lugalbanda 179
Lühr, R. 196, 293
Lukovit 72
Luminita 232, 242, 569
Lunca Ampoitei 215, 360
Lunca Motilor 214, 337
Lung, F. 217, 381
Lungianu, M. 217, 293, 383
Lungu, C. 563
Lupa, Gh. 556
Lup^ani. Lup§anii, Lupçanu 231,240, 242,
243, 244, 554, 555, 556, 589
Lupu 219, 415
Lupu, M. 224, 490
Lupus, Sf. 158
Lurker, M. 26, 47, 293
Lüttich 187
Luxenbourg 140
Luxeuil 84, 85
Lydia 102, 130
Lyon 160,
Lysimachos, Lysîmaque 63, 98, 163
Lysipp 60, 96
Macander 42
Macarie, P. 224, 492
Macarovici, N. 263, 293
Macedonia 54, 63, 77, 88, 96,104, 107,
118, 119, 132, 148, 166, 209, 267,
271,273, 599
Mackensen, L. 206, 293
Macrobius 90
Mada 214, 238, 241,242, 338, 339
Madaba 120
Madrid 63, 88, 89
Maduça, Tr. 213, 309
Magnésie 50
Magret, G. 192
Magro, Giovanna dal 7, 293
Mahès, Mahes, Miysis 25
Maieru 221,451
Mainz 84, 86
Maioreçti 215, 241,245, 361
Maiuri, A. 61, 293
Makarios 151, 600
Maktaris 121
Malatya 29, 30, 31,598
Malaxecheverria, I. 176, 177, 293
Malibu 109
Malwitz/Hermann 45, 140, 293
Mandoulis 25
Manisa 27
Manitiu, I. 224, 293, 494
Mann, M. F. 169, 293
Manolescu et al. 216, 221,294, 371,447
Mansel, A. M. 41,294
611
Mansuelli, G. A. 82, 294
Mäonia 61
Mara, A. 213, 325
Maramurç 80, 237, 265
Marash 37
Marc Aureliu 97, 269, 270
Marcian Costina, M. 224, 502
Marcu, C. 215, 351
Marcu, N. 223, 487
Marcu, Sf. 43, 80, 122, 145, 152, 153, 158,
178
Marda§, P. 221,444
Marduk 9
Marea Mediteranä 139
Marea Neagrä 20, 72
Marea Tirenianä 65
Mari 11,98
Maria Egiptiaca 151
Maria, Sf. Fecioarä 62, 110, 122, 151, 153,
157, 168, 169, 170, 176, 177, 198
Marienescu, At. M. 209, 218, 219, 294,
389, 423, 454
Marin, Gh. V. 229, 539
Marin, M. 232, 572
Marin, V. 233, 587
Marinache, i. D. 576
Marinescu, I. 226, 294, 503
Marini Calvani, M. 83, 294
Mariont, D. 226, 503
Mariç, S. 372
Markale, J. 63, 196, 294
Maroc 104
Marsala 119
Marsilia 84, 85, 132
Marsyas 130
Marte 86, 139, 271
Martiane, Sf. 150
Martiniani-Reber, M. 24, 294
Martono§a 230, 243, 246, 547
Marx, A. 164, 189, 190, 294
Mastricht 86
Ma§ca§, M. 227, 516
Mateescu, C. N. 230, 294, 546
Matit 25
Matz, F. 39, 40, 294
Mauritania 128, 165
Mayer, A. 176, 294
Mäcin 232, 242, 570
Märculescu, S. 6, 198
Märcutä, I. 233, 587
Mândru, M. 227, 511
Mänzä, M. 563
Mârfa, I. 326
Märleanu 232, 240, 242, 256, 577, 578
Mîrza, T. 227, 228, 295, 511, 514
Medan, V. 227, 294, 519
Media§ 6, 132
Meduza 55
Megara 51
Méhyt, Mehit 25
Meissner, B. 9, 14, 15, 16, 19, 92, 94, 95,
294
Meleca, A. L. 544
Melek 207
Meies 18
Melnic, A. 228, 523
Melos 100
Melqart 13, 35, 36, 57, 112, 117, 256, 599
Melun 84
Memling, H. 154
Memphis 23, 25
Mena 22, 106
Menandro 61
Menas 151
Menekrates 42, 46
Menelaos 183, 184, 185
Menoitios 183
Menthon, B. 153, 294
Mentor 163
Mercur 86, 87, 130, 139
Mérida 91, 123, 138
Mérimée, P. 125
Merkelbach, R. 76, 137, 138, 139, 294
Mermezeu 218, 244, 392
Mermier, G. R. 172, 294
Mersch 140
Mert, E. 221,453
Mertens-Horm, M. 43, 51, 52, 294
Mesopotamia 5, 9, 20, 21, 23, 26, 30, 31,
38, 45, 46, 47, 80, 92, 93, 96, 101,
111,116, 117, 139, 140, 148, 263
Messana 103
Messancy 86
Messen© 96
Mesteacän, Mesteacänu 214, 217, 241,
244, 339, 383
Metapont 51
Mete§ 215, 360
Mete§, Ç. 294
Metz 84
Mexic 104
Meyers 147, 294
Mezökeresztes-Zöldhaiompuszta 71
Micäne§ti 214, 340
Micene, micenian, Mykene 29, 33, 39, 47,
48, 49, 55, 58, 107
Micha, A. 261, 294
Michaelion 119
612
Micia 73, 75
Micu, C. 221,443
Micu, I. 219, 419
Micu, Tr. 420
Miersig 227, 514
Mihai Bravu 232, 245, 566
Mihalcea, G. C. 229, 232, 294, 569, 574,
575
Mihalcea, N. V. 539
Mihalcea, §t. N. 229, 540
Mihalcea, T. 219, 414
Miháie§ti, Dobra 218, 245, 392
Miháilá, V. 223, 472
Míheia 144, 160
Mihoc, Tr. 215, 349
Mihulet, F. 213, 312
Mihut, í. 221,438
Mihut, M. 218, 393
Mihutásc, S. 218, 388
Milano 127, 149, 157, 160
Mildenberg, L. 294
Milet 42, 54, 102
Millet, G. 156, 294
Minea, O. M. 576
Mineapolis 51
Minerva 62, 86, 110
Minias 186
Mintia 73
Mircea Vodá 231,557
Misis-Mopsuhestia 152
Mithra 43, 74, 76, 77, 87, 137, 138, 161,
204, 267, 268, 270, 272, 598, 604
Mitu, N. T. 577
Mitulescu, M. 380, 381
Moab 144
Moantá, I. 213, 216, 310, 311, 295
Mocanu/Obrejan 549, 550, 559, 295
Modena 82, 83
Moesia 76, 104, 128, 132
Moga, V. 104, 295
Moga/Ciugudean 104, 295
Mohanu, C. 217, 295, 382
Moigrad 76, 78
Moise, Gh. 232, 571
Moise, I. 232, 571
Moise, Ilie 6
Moldova/Cetatea Alba 229, 230, 238, 239,
243, 246, 265, 541,603
Moldoveanu, E. 231, 295, 443, 557
Moiodet, Gh. 224, 491
Monreale 112
Montemayor 91
Montpellier 85
Montecassino 154, 170
Monteleone 83
Montetosto 65
Montia, E. 224, 500
Moortgat, A. 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19, 26,
30, 34, 37, 38, 47, 94, 99, 180, 181,
295
Moraru, A. 338
Moraru, I. 392
Moraru, S. G. 544
Moravia 209
Moretti, J.-Ch. 295
Morosini, F. 43
Morricone Martini, M. L. 118, 295
Mo§-Panciu 216, 369
Mo§, P. 213, 326
Mota, A. 214, 338
Motye 118
Mouriés 87
Moviieni 229, 238, 239, 241, 539, 540
Müllenhoff, K. 207, 295
Müller et al. 27, 28, 295
Müller, P. 40, 45, 46, 47, 135, 183, 295
Muncelu Mare 215, 355
Muncelu Mic 218, 219, 393, 412
München 21, 27, 136
Muntean, D. 222, 419, 455
Muntean, Gh. 221,438
Muntean, M. 218, 221,406
Muntean/Mitrofan 214, 218, 219, 222, 223,
226, 295, 335, 386, 401, 407, 411,
454, 469, 473, 478, 479, 505, 506
Munteanu, I. 226, 504
Munteanu, L. 220, 223, 427, 466
Munteanu, M. 221,441
Munteanu, V. 214, 330
Muntenia 233, 240, 242, 243, 249, 256,
265, 589, 590
Murnu, G. 182
Musteatá, A. 229, 525
Mu§at, D. 556
Mu§at, O. 556
Mut (zeita) 23, 25
Mysie 97, 269
Nabrissa 91
Nabucodonosor 9, 16, 95
Nacu, M. 229, 527
Nahón, Z. 203, 295
Naix-aux-Forges 140
Namibia 207, 208
Nan, R. 215, 352
Nanna 18
Napoca 6, 73, 75, 89
613
Napoli 114, 146, 147, 152, 153, 155, 158,
175, 199
Narbonne 85, 114, 138
Nauerth, C. 123, 296
Naukratis, Naucratis 27, 42, 78
Naum 144, 160
Naumann, Fr. 31,296
Nädä§tie 215, 238, 241,361
Neagu, D. 213, 318
Neagu, G. I. 231,296, 548
Neamt 229, 230, 536
Neamtu, A. 229, 230, 232, 579
Neckam, A. 192
Nectanebos 24
Neda, I. M. 319, 296, 409
Nedel, I. 223, 482
Nedelcu, N. C. 577
Nedelcu, N. F. 577
Negrea, V. 216, 368
Negrilä, Tr. 340
Nemeea 18, 44, 50, 51,56, 57, 58, 59, 60,
64, 70, 71, 77, 78, 80, 86, 87, 102,
103,108, 166,180,271
Nemrud Dagi 139
Nennig 120
Neofit, Sf. 153
Nephtys 101
Neptun 34, 87
Nergal 15, 94
Nero 63, 97, 269, 603
Nessus 162
Neuenheim 87, 138
Neumagen 84
Nevzna 67
New York 18, 36, 52, 61, 106, 149
Niceea 153
Nicola, I. R. 216, 226, 229, 230, 296, 366,
505, 530, 535, 547
Nicolae, J. 6
Nicolaou, K. 119, 296
Nicolae, Sf. 81
Nicolescu, C. 80, 296
Nicula, G. 221,439
Niederwürzbach 86
Nike 60
Nikias 166
Nikolaev 230, 243, 246, 545
Nikolaos Orphanos 155
Nimäie§ti 227, 243, 515
Nimes 85
Nimrud 14, 33, 36, 94, 95, 96
Ninib 14, 15, 94
Ninive 14, 15, 95, 96, 179
Ninsun 179
Ninurta 9, 15, 181
Nistor, A. 219, 410
Nistor D. 219, 410
Nistor, I. 214, 328, 409
Nistor, V. 216, 224, 296, 372, 374, 497, 498
Nistorescu, A. 485
Nistru 72, 209, 230, 534, 545
Ni§cov, V. 6
Nitschke, A. 152, 296
Nitä, I. 215, 347
Nocera 81, 147
Nojag 226, 504
Nojorid 227, 515
Nordheim 84
Noricum 74, 75, 132, 140
Nou Román 232, 233, 584
Noves 87, 88, 259
Novomirgorod 230, 243, 246, 546, 547
Nubia 25, 26
Nuc§oara 221,434
Nueva Carteya 89
Nussbaum 86
Oarcea/Popescu 216, 296, 364
Oa§ 265
Oberhuber, K. 296
Obert, F. 189, 207, 296
Obrocaru, N. 231,552
Obulco 91
Ocna Sibiului 79, 81
Ocnita 228, 524, 525
Octavianus 201,202
Odessa 7, 209, 230, 233, 238, 239, 603
Odiseu 182, 183, 185, 200
Odorean, C. 213, 314
Oelmann, F. 127, 296
Oesterley, H. 190, 296
Offner, G. 181,296
Ogmios 63, 599
Oguz 72
Ohaba 215, 218, 223, 225, 243, 349, 350,
481,486
Ohaba de sub Piaträ 218, 406
Ohaba Sibi§el 223, 481
Ohly, D. 40,41,48, 53, 296
Okken, L. 163, 189, 192, 193, 296
Olariu, Tr. 223, 465
Oläläu, AI. 359
Olimp 45, 153, 201,239, 248, 272, 274
Oloinic, I. 229, 530
Oloron-Sainte-Marie 177
Olt, Oltenia 74, 75, 210, 217, 263, 265
Oitina 232, 243, 578
Olympia 20, 44, 45, 48, 50, 56, 59, 78
614
Ombos 28
Omphale 55, 61, 101,599
One?an, P. 213, 320
Onofrei, I. 224, 495
Onomarchos 164
Onouris, Onuris 25
Oppenheim, M, F. v. 32, 33, 296
Oprea, Ch. 229, 527
Oprea, S. 229, 535
Oprea, V. 531
Oprean, P. 392
Oprean, V. 215, 352
Opreana, S. 223, 478
Oprinescu, Gh. 485
Oprinescu, P. 485
Opri?, §t. 215, 356
Opri?an, I. 244, 296, 560, 561
Opri?u, V. I. 213, 214, 296
Oran 127, 198
Orange, H. P. 84, 86, 112, 140, 296
Orä?tie, Orä?tioara, Orä?tioara de Sus 218,
220, 223, 226, 243, 245, 335, 394,
426, 478, 504, 505
Orbe 120
Ordean, Fratii 218, 398
Orhei 229, 241, 243, 246, 528, 529, 530,
531
Orientul Apropiat 8, 14, 15, 24, 25, 28, 31,
38, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 55, 59, 63,
65,67,68,69, 71, 74, 77, 79, 82,
87, 88, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 105,
111, 112, 113, 128, 133, 134, 135,
136, 147, 157, 158, 159, 161, 167,
186, 255, 264, 266, 268, 273
Orlando 197
Orlätean, M. 216, 367
Orsanic, L. 198, 297
Ortalli, J. 53, 297
Orthia, Ortheia 53, 128, 135, 136, 598
Orthmann, W. 37, 297
Osiris 101, 102, 106
Osnabrück 127
Ossigi 91
Osterburken 138
Ostia 82, 109, 131, 137, 138
Ostippo 91
Ostrov 216, 224, 247, 370, 371,499
Osuna 89
Otto der Große 127
Oumn-el-Amad 35
Ovadiah, A. 117, 297
Ovidiu 186, 297
Owain 196
Oxford 21,65, 76, 152, 170, 171
Padova 127
Paestum 51
Pakhet 25
Pakistan 96
Palermo 50, 119, 121
Palestina 21, 38, 103, 122, 130, 148, 151,
263
Pallas Athene 103, 108
Palmerin de Oliva 198
Palmira, Palmyra 134, 147
Palombara Sabina 112, 230, 232, 566
Pamfile, T. 232, 297, 566
Panaghiuri?te 72
Pandschab 20
Pangaion 165
Pankrates din Alexandria 97, 269
Pannonia 132
Paphos 119
Paradou 87
Paraguai 104
Paraschiv, V. 229, 544
Parda, C. C. 219, 416
Pardo?, §t. 219, 413
Pardus 151
Paris 6, 53, 59, 64, 109, 111, 114, 123,
125, 148, 159, 170, 180, 184, 600
Parlasca, K. 120, 297
Parma 83
Paros 56
Paro? 218, 405
Parthenon 52, 136
Pasargadae 17
Pasc, C. 223, 476
Pascal, G. 190
Pascu, C. 227, 510, 511
Pascu, N. 223, 473
Pa?ca, §t. 213, 297, 326
Patras 110, 114
Patroclos 48, 183, 184
Paul din Theba 151
Paul, Sf. Apostol Pavel 123, 146, 150,
151, 168, 169
Paulsen, P. 194, 297
Pavel, E. 6
Pavel, T. 221,445
Pavelescu, A. 6
Pavelescu, Gh. 482, 488 297
Paveloni, P. 485
Paveioni, V. 485
Päcurar, Gh. 213, 320
Pädurean, M. 214, 330
Pädurean, Z. 223, 487
Pänade 221,241, 449
Päucine?ti 214, 243, 341,342
615
Pelaios 83
Pélée 69
Peleus 185
Pella 118, 599
Peñaflor 91
Peninsula Ibericâ 5, 9, 68, 82, 88, 89, 122,
128, 140, 267
Pennes 84
Pépin cel Scurt 160, 187, 254
Perdikkas 63, 166
Peredeus 63
Pérez López, I. 91,297
Pergamon 60, 130, 136
Périgeux 86
Perisadovca 230, 243, 246, 545
Periçan, S. 229, 537
Pernice, E. 119, 297
Persepolis 16, 19, 20, 21, 72, 96
Perseu 55, 57
Persia 17, 19, 20, 63, 92, 96, 104, 127,
137, 163, 236, 246, 263, 597, 598
Perta, S. 213, 325
Perugia 66, 68, 69
Peçtenita 223, 238, 241, 243, 246, 388,
476
Pestera 214, 343
Petac, S. D. 222, 297, 458
Petcu, i. 556
Petcu, Z. 556
Petculescu, C 232, 580
Peters, E. 167, 297
Petolescu, C. C. 268, 297
Petreni 214, 223, 241,247, 343, 477
Petrescu, D. I. 231, 558
Petre§ti 221,435
Petricean, L. 221,436
Petri§ 216, 364
Petros 214, 238, 241,243, 244, 344, 345
Petzoldt, L. 206, 207, 297
Phaedrus 189, 203
Phidias 44
Philippe de Thaün 172, 176, 303
Physiologus 166, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172,
173, 174, 177, 178, 251,252, 297, 600
Piacenza 170
Piccirillo, M. 119, 120, 297
Pick, B. 104, 297
Pietroasa (lui Solomon) 72, 79
Pietschmann, R. 36, 297
Pignatta 115, 177
Pillinger et al. 297
Pindar 57
Pinero, P. R. 258, 298
Piñero/Atero 258, 298
Pinkwart, D. 60, 298
Piram §i Tisbe 121, 186
Pireu, Pireus 43, 48, 51, 129
Pirtea, N. 227, 298, 509
Pisa 110, 112
Pi§ chinti 218, 243, 395
Pitra, J.’b. 167, 298
Pliniu cel Bátrán 96, 109, 163, 164, 166,
169, 171, 174, 185, 188, 189, 198,
203, 207, 263, 298
Pliniu cel Tánár 269
Plopi 229, 243, 246, 532
Plovdiv 72
Plutarch, Plutarh 96, 98, 124, 163, 190, 298
Poantá, N. 213, 323, 324
Podeanu, M. 217, 380
Poggio Moiano 83
Poiana 214, 221,224, 345, 346, 435
Poiana Sibiului 244, 494
Poienari 216, 372
Poietari 227, 516
Poitiers 84, 114
Pojorta 216, 241,243, 244, 367, 368
Polyklet 63
Pompei 18, 61, 81, 82, 91, 119, 123, 598,
603
Pompeius (cel Mare) 122, 163, 269
Ponente 83
Ponor 223, 241,246, 478
Pop, D. 227, 298, 512
Pop, M. 208, 298
Pop-Reteganul, I. 215, 298, 362, 363
Popa, A. 220, 430
Popa, Al. 75, 298
Popa, Ar. 220, 429, 430
Popa, Gh. A. 229, 539, 556
Popa, I. 6, 224, 298, 495
Popa loan 226, 298, 506
Popa, I. I. 216, 371
Popa, I. V. 556
Popa, L. 224, 494
Popa, M. M. 231, 554
Popa, N. 220, 430
Popa, N. Gh. 577
Popa, V. 556
Popan, P. 227, 514
Popa/Sírbu 6, 298, 495
Popescu, Gh. 587
Popillius Placidus, A. 83
Popovici, B. 219, 409
Popovici, I. 227, 517
Popovici, V. I. 231,549
Popovici V. V. 227, 298, 514
Popoviciu, I. 219, 409
616
Porcuna 89, 90
Poroüssum 76, 78
Porta dei Principi 83
Porta Trigémina 60
Porta, P. 159, 298
Porte Neuve 84, 86
Porto del Leone 43
Portus 131
Porumb, M. 298
Poseidon 52, 64
Potsdam 109
Posidonius din Apameia 88
Potaissa 73, 75, 77, 132
Potlog, Z. 529
Potnia Theron 44, 100, 128, 134, 135,
136, 240
Pottier, E. 13, 15, 47, 95, 139, 180, 298
Povergina 216, 377
Praeneste 37, 65
Praga 199
Prata d'Ansidonia 83
Precup, V. 215, 361
Preda, N. 556
Prés, J. de 187
Prevecior217, 378
P riamos 183
Pricaz 223, 246, 478
Priene 42, 49, 51, 54, 130
Primus §¡ Feiicianus 152
Principatele Románe 105
Prisca, Sf. 137, 138, 150
Prodan, M. 453
Proitos 110
Proçtea Mare 74
Protase, D. 74, 75, 77, 298
Provenza 87, 91,211
Prussy 71
Prut, C. 81,298
Pseudo Matei 146
Ptahhotep 92
Ptolemaios Soter 63
Ptolemeu Keraunos 88
Puglia 60
Puhâceni-Bulboaca 229, 243, 246, 247,
543, 590
Punta di Tralaveto 84
Pu§ca§u, Gh. 229, 535
Pu§cà, I. 229, 542
Puy, Puy-de-Dôme 85, 113, 160
Pydna 54
Quijote, Don 198
Rabinovici, M. 213, 223, 485
Raddatz, K. 89, 298
Radna 221,447
Radu, A. D. 576
Radu, C. 231,552
Radu, C. Gr. 232, 578
Radu, I. T. 577
Radu Vodá 232, 242, 562, 567
Radu Zugravu 80, 81
Raetia 132
Ramses 23, 24, 27, 93
Rapoltel, Rapoltu Mare 214, 243, 346
Rasova 232, 240, 242, 243, 579, 587
Rauger, A. M, 176, 299
Ravenna 63, 114, 115, 140, 152, 153, 159,
177
Räbägani 227, 516
Räcätäu 72
Rábnita 229, 521,532, 533
Rau de Mori 218, 220, 221, 223, 225, 234,
242, 245, 246, 396, 397, 436, 481
Récollets 86
Regensburg 140
Reggiani, A. M. 122, 299
Regling, K. 102, 299
Regnum Bospori 132
Regolini-Galassi 65, 68
Reims 84, 86, 106, 108, 170
Reillo 89
Reinsch, R. 172, 299
Remetea 216, 376
Renard, M. 88, 140, 299
Renghet 223, 246, 479
Reni 232, 242, 540, 541, 581, 582
Re§ca 74
Rezina 229, 243, 246, 527
Rhegion 103
Rhodos 41,48, 118, 134
Ribeauville 84
Ribicioara 223, 246, 480
Ribita 215, 347
Richard Inimä de Leu 127
Richter, J. W. O. 206, 299
Rieger, A. 139, 198, 299
Rieger, A.-K. 82, 299
Rieger, D. 299
Riemschneider, M. 28, 29, 30, 31,299
Rimba§, R. 220, 425
Rin 91
Rinaldo 197
Rizzardi, C. 159, 299
Rodenwaldt, G. 108, 112, 270, 299
Rodero Pérez, S. 91,299
Rodrigo Caro 90
617
Rogge, S. 114, 299
Rogozen 72
Roland 187, 197, 252, 262, 283
Roma 50, 51, 60, 62, 65, 69, 90, 97, 108,
109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 122,
128, 131, 134, 137, 138, 147, 150,
151, 153, 157, 158, 165, 188, 190,
268, 271
Romanegti 221,452
Romos 218, 223, 234, 241, 243, 246, 398,
399, 400, 401,402, 482
Romula 74, 75, 132
Romulus 189, 202, 203, 271
Roncherolles-en-Bray 86
Rospigiiosi-Palfavicini 108
Rossler-Kohler, U. 26, 299
Ro§ia Noua 216, 221,241,372, 447
Rogeani 218, 402
Rogu, I. 232, 582
Rotaru, N. 511
Rottenburg 84, 85
Rufus, M. C. 268
Ruiz Osuna, A. B. 91,299
Rujan/Alexandrescu 217, 299, 380, 381,
589
Rujoi, P. 420
Runcanu/Gheorghe/Baicoianu/Obrejan
231,299, 559
Runcanu/Gheorghe/lancu/Obrejan 231, 299,
559
Runcu Mare 223, 247, 483
Rusanegti 74
Russu, N. 215, 357
Rusu, I. 221,446
Ruti 25
Ruxandoiu, P. 299
Sabina, Sf. 83, 158
Sabino 83
Sachelarie, A. 310
Sachmet, Sekhmet 23, 25
Sagiitaria 148
Saint-Chamas 84
Saint-Pierre-de-Maille 84
Saint-Pierre-le-Moutier 177
Saint-lrene 84
Sakgegozu, Saktschegozu 33, 95
Sakkara, Saqqara 22, 24, 92
Sakje-Geuzi 37
Sala, M. 212, 299
Sala, V. 227, 299, 520
Salamina 169
Salaria 95
Salis, A. v. 60, 299
Saliustius Crispus, C. 269, 271,604
Salomonson, J. W. 119, 121, 299, 300
Salonen, A. 9, 14, 94, 99, 100, 300
Salonic, Thessaloniki 110, 118, 143, 153
Sälzle, K. 95, 300
Salzmann, D. 117,118, 300
Sam'al 13, 30
Samoa 188
Samosata 134
Samos 17, 48, 164, 166
Samotrace 50
Samson 63, 80, 81,86, 114, 138, 142,
146, 147, 152, 160, 161, 177, 178,
208, 210, 211, 238, 243, 256, 273,
599, 600
Samsun 38
San Gemini 137
San Mariano 68, 69
Sand, G. 125
Sandu, T. 587
Sankt Pölten 140
Santa Cruz 115
Santa Maria Antiqua 157
Santa Maria sopra Minerva 62, 110
Santa Maria in Trastevere 122
Santa Prisca 138
Santaella 91
Santiago de Compostela 177
Santistebano del Puerto 89
Sardes, Sardis 17, 18
Sargon, Sargonizi 13, 16, 33, 37, 47, 180,
206
Sarmatia 132
Sarmizegetusa 73, 75, 77, 78, 79, 132,
140, 218, 223, 234, 237, 241, 242,
243, 246, 267, 390, 404, 484
Sarpedon 183, 185
Sarrebourg 87
Sarsina 83
Sassa 83
Saul 142, 144
Sav, R. 215, 349
Saverne 86
Säcämag 223, 243, 484
Sälaj 78, 265
Säiagu de Sus/de Jos 218, 221, 238, 241,
243, 244, 405, 406, 437, 438
Sälägan, M. 77, 300
Säligtea 219, 224, 415, 493
Sändulescu, M. 223, 485
Säräcsäu 224, 494
Sätmar 265
Sävärgin 221,241,243, 448, 449
Säncei221,449
618
Sänmärtin 227, 517
Säntuhalm 226, 243, 245, 505
Särb, C. 429
Särb, T. 429
Särbi 215, 349, 357
Särbu, A. 220, 222. 300, 429, 456
Särbu, I. 6, 221,433
Särcova 530
Sbiera, I. G. 244, 300
Sbordone, F. 174, 300
Schachermeyr, F. 99, 135, 300
Schadewaldt, W. 185, 300
Scharff/Moortgat 26, 37, 300
Schauschka 25, 28
Schede, M. 42, 49, 50, 300
Schemmel, B. 189, 300
Schenda, R. 207, 300
Schindler, A. 146, 300
Schleif et al. 43, 300
Schliemann, H. 39, 57, 58, 300
Schlunk/Hauschild 115, 153, 157, 300
Schmidt, S. 207, 208, 300
Schmidt, T. 208, 222, 300, 364, 453, 460
Schmökel, H. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
34, 180, 300, 301
Schnapp-Gourbeillon, A. 183, 301
Schneider, H. 193, 194, 301
Schollmeyer, P. 29, 301
Schröder, Chr. 167, 172, 301
Schröder, S. F. 63, 64, 98, 271,301
Schu, Schou 26, 63, 98, 167, 172, 271
Schultze, V. 147, 301
Schumacher, W. N. 111,301
Schurr, E. 148, 150, 151,301
Schuursma, A. 226, 312, 334, 349, 486,
507,301
Schwarzmaier, A. 62, 301
Schweizer, U. 21,93, 301
Scrinari, V. S. M. 82, 301
Scytia 132
Sebastiano del Montecassino 154
Secä§an, N.224, 494
Sedan 85
Sedeinga 27
Seel, O. 167, 301
Seemann/Strömbäck/Jonson 257, 301
Seiler, P. 193, 301
Seimenii Mari 232, 240, 256, 580
Selinunt 51
Sendschirli, Zendjirli 31,35, 37
Seneca 123, 189, 301
Sens 149, 157, 177
Sentinum 88, 137
Sepino 83
Sereca 218, 407
Servanes 87
Sevilla 89, 90, 91, 115, 166, 167, 171,
172, 174, 176, 600
Sf ax 120
Sf. Apostol Pavel 123, 146, 150, 168, 169
Sf. Apostol Petru 146
Sf. Apostol Torna 152
Sf. Clemente, Clemens 122, 157
Sf. Gheorghe 101, 118, 124, 160
Sf. loan Teologul 145, 146
Sgarcea, I. 223, 476
Shaw, G. B. 190
Shesemtet 25
Sibiu 6, 73, 79, 81, 140, 216, 217, 219,
224, 226, 232, 234, 244, 365, 420,
494, 506, 530, 583
Sicilia 49, 51,88, 103, 104, 117, 118, 122,
131
Side 41
Sidon 106, 107, 108, 130, 137
Siduri 181
Sieber, Fr. 206, 301
Siegfried 187
Sighi§oara 80
Silva§u de Jos 221, 244, 438
Silvä§an, Tr. 502
Simedre, E. 220, 301,407
Simion, F. 556
Simion, R. I. 576
Simion, R. V. 577
Simion, Victor 79, 80, 81,301
Simion, Victoria 217, 380
Simionescu, N. 232, 562
Simon, E. 38, 39, 42, 69, 135, 301
Sinte§ti 453
Siracuza 163
Sirah, I. 143
Siria 31, 32, 37, 47, 65, 96, 99, 112, 117,
118,119, 121,134,148,150,162,
163, 200, 270
Sirona 86
STrbu/Florea 72, 301
Skikda 113
Skythen 71,301
Slätineanu, B. 81
Slobozia 229, 542
Smätänä, I. 229, 532
Snighiri, V. 529
Socaciu, A. 224, 492
Sohodol 223, 243, 247, 474, 485
Smirna, Smyrna 38, 129, 148
Soflerea, Gh. 221,451
Soleb 23
619
Solocha 71
Solomon 36, 72, 127, 144, 145, 167, 169
Solon 38, 165
Sorbo 70
Sorinca, Tr. 214, 334
Soroca 229, 243, 244, 246, 533, 534, 535
Sotomayor, M. 115, 301
Spania, Hispania 7, 89, 90, 91 , 97, 103,
117, 127, 128, 131, 132, 133, 138,
148, 173, 176, 187, 197, 198, 202,
205, 209, 235, 239, 257, 258, 259,
260, 262, 269
Sparta 42, 45, 53, 135
Spätac 219, 416
Spies, O. 207, 301
St. Petersburg 19, 69, 79
St. Valentino di Marsciano 69
Stan, S. 556
Stan, Vulcu 214, 343, 477
Stanciu, S. 359
Stani§, V. 309
Stäncioni, D. 217, 378
Stäncoane, Gh. 223, 483
Stänculescu, D. 214, 346
Stänescu, A. 267, 302
Stänilä, Gh. 219, 415
Stänilä, M. 214,219, 416
Stänilä, S. 214, 335
Stänce§ti, Siance§ti-Ohaba 215, 218, 223,
225, 226, 243, 244, 349, 350, 407,
486, 507
Stare, A. 223, 478
Stein, H. 6
Steinbach 84
Step-Soci-Orhei 229, 243, 246, 531
Sthenelos 57
Sthenoboia 110
Stockstadt 87
Stoenescu, N.231,555,556
Stoian, I. 221,449
Stoian, M. 587
Stoica, G. Gh. 556
Stoica, G. I. 556
Stoica, M. 479
Stoica, S. 479
Stoica, V. 216, 364
Strabon 88
Strassbourg 86, 87, 177
Stretea 221,439
Stroe, l.§i S. 217, 381
Stroe§ti 228, 243, 524
Stroia, Gh. 219, 409
Strommenger/Hirmer 17, 302
Stronnius Meinius, M. 81,91
Stroszeck, J. 105, 110, 111, 112, 116, 117,
302
Stuttgart 59, 140
Stützer, H. A. 83, 152, 302
Stutzinger et al. 104, 123, 124, 149, 159,
302
Subpiaträ 227, 518,
Suciu, B. 221,440
Sudan 7, 208
Suliteanu, G. 231, 232, 302, 555, 563,
566,577
Sulla 81, 122
Sumer 9, 10, 12, 18, 20, 39, 57, 69, 179,
181, 597
Susa 17
Susanne 150
Suvac, I. 229, 529
Suzange 85
Syrakosai 103
§ama§ 180
§äineanu, L. 206, 302
§erb, J. 216, 302, 343, 376, 381, 382, 387
§erb/Cesereanu 216, 302, 376
§estaci, §estaci-Soroca, §estaci-Rezina 229,
243, 246, 527, 535
§ibot 224, 493, 494
§imleul Silvaniei 79
§ipo§, P. 214, 339
§opoteanu, F. 229, 542
§oro§tin 219, 224, 244, 420, 495
§tef, V. 214, 346
§tefan, C. 218, 302, 399
§tefan cel Mare 80
§tefan, L. I. 454
§tefänescu, D. 231,302, 558
§tefänescu G. 541
§tefänescu, I. 537, 551
§tefänescu, S. 229, 537
§tefänucä, P. V. 230, 302, 545
§tei 223, 486
§tiucä et al. 218, 302, 402
§uiagä, C. 220, 430
Tacit 88, 269
Tagisken 71
Talo§, t. 142, 205, 207, 209, 211, 262, 302
Tammuz 181
Tanganica 208
Tanis 26
Tarent, Taranto 51, 54, 59, 60, 134
Targitaos 71
Tarquinia 66, 70
Tarragona 89, 106
620
Tarsus 121
Tatiane, Sf.150
Täban, G. 218, 400
Tämäfasa 226, 506
Táñase, A. 232, 584
Táñase, Gh. 232, 570
Tárátel 218, 243, 408
Tártária 219, 416
Tä§ad 227, 518
Tätaru 232, 242, 567
Táutu, C. 232, 584
Tampa 223, 247, 487
Tärgovi§te 81
Tärgu Jiu 81
Tchaka 208
Tefnut, Tefnout 25
Teiu 215, 350
Telepinu 28
Teil Ain Dara 33, 37
Teil el Amarna 99
Teil Halaf 29, 30, 32, 33, 37, 47
Teil Tainat 33
Tenea, A.420
Teodorescu, G. Dem. 244, 302
Teodosia, Sf. 150
Tercheftl 229, 238, 241, 537
Terrón 240
Te§up 30
Thaies 42
Thalia 130
Theben, Teba 69, 93, 134, 135, 151, 166
Thekla, Tecla, Tecle, Sf. 148, 150, 151,600
Theley 86
Theobaldus 170, 303
Theodorescu, R. 79, 80, 81, 303
Thera 48
Thessalia 150
Thetis 69
Thidrek 194
Thiele, G. 189, 303
Thil 87
Thionville 85
Thompson, S. 205, 303
Thür, H. 60, 303
Thutmosis 26, 93
Tibiscum 78
Tibru 65
Ticula, AI. 223, 470
Ticula, Ar. 470
Tiglatpilesar 13, 14, 94, 598
Tigru 10, 27, 182
Tilica 216, 242, 244, 246, 365, 366
Timi§ 216, 217, 221,222, 234
Timna 114, 142, 600
Timotei 146
Tipasa 111
Tiresías 57
Tisa 216, 373, 374
Titus Livius 88, 272, 604
Tivisa 89
Tivoli 83
Toader, I. 213, 315
Toader, V. 214, 332
Todica, G. 209, 210, 223, 262, 303, 474
Todisco, L 60, 61,82, 303
Todor, P. 224, 488
Tohanu Vechi 219, 421
Toma, A. 214, 334
Toma Logofàtul 80
Toma V. 213, 313
Tomulevschi, M. A. 228, 525
Tomuç, D. 359
Tomu§, I. 359
Tomutâ, I. 216, 367
Tonca, P. 227, 519
Tonea 231, 558
TopWta 221, 223, 329, 440, 462, 463, 470
Topolog 232, 240, 242, 571
Toprakkale 14, 37
Torres 91, 215
Toscanella 67
Toça, l. 303, 431
Totîa 351
Totou, Tithoès 26
Toulouse 86, 114
Tours 85
Tracia 7, 72, 128, 138, 162, 165, 209
Traian 73, 76, 78, 97, 122, 234, 237, 267,
268, 269
Transilvania 73, 74, 76, 78, 79, 81, 104,
209, 211, 248, 249, 250, 252, 253,
254, 256, 263, 364
Transnistria 230, 265, 603
Trastevere 51, 122
Trâmpoiele 215, 361
Trento 83
Treu, U. 167, 168, 303
Trêve, Trier 84, 85, 86, 120, 147, 158
Trïf, Gh. 224, 500
Trifan, I. 216, 374
Triklinos 121
Trion 87
Triphis 25
Triponut, P. 227, 514
Troas 52, 53
Troa§ 216, 374
Tronzo, W. 147, 303
621
Tuchelt, K. 51,303
Tudor, D. 75, 303
Tudor/Diaconescu/Popfiian 77, 303
Tudor, R. I. 577
Tudorache, N. 233, 587
Tudose, §t. Gh. 229, 540
Tuicea 219, 232, 423, 569
Tulei, C. 303, 542
Tunis(ia) 120, 121, 123, 158, 303
Turda 73
Turda§ 224, 488, 590
Tutankamon 23, 27, 93, 598
Tydeus 183
Tyolet 209, 257, 259, 260, 261,262
Tyros 34, 149
Tara Hategului 221, 440
Tara Motilor 215, 243, 363
Tandarei 231,245, 558
Taranu, C. 6
Tarile de Jos 159, 196
Tarmure, Tarmurele 216, 246, 374, 500
Tarlea, N. 224, 492, 493
farlea, V. 223, 475
Tebea 224, 488
Teposu Marinescu, L. 76, 77, 78, 303
Tibane§ti 232, 240, 242, 245, 568
Topardiu, E. 229, 528
Ubeda 91
Udrea, Al. Gh. 231,558
Udrea, P. 220, 426
Uggeri 197
Ug!i§-Delapecica, P. 216, 303, 369
Ugli§iu, P. 303, 369
Ugone 197
Wise 183
Uljap 71
Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa 73, 76, 78,
234, 237, 267
Uipius Chel/do 76
Umbria 83, 131, 137
Ungaria 71,209
Ungureanu, Gh. I. 217, 382
Unterkircher, F. 170, 171,303
Ur 10, 12,49, 597
Uric 221, 243, 441
Uratescu, A. 218, 395
Urkisch 11,597
Urs, N. 227, 518
Ursu, N. 303
Urthekau 25
Uruk 9, 10, 11, 21, 92, 117, 179, 180, 251,
254, 597, 598
Usener, K. 124, 125, 304
Utnapiçtim 180, 181
Utrera 91
Uzitta 121
Vaca 215, 351
Vacariu, §t. 228, 523
Vadu Cri§ului 227,518,519
Vaidei 218, 219, 402, 409, 410, 411
Vaison 86
Vajrapani 63
Val Vidone 67
Valea Lupului 215, 352
Valea Mare 219,244, 417
Valea Micá 219, 418
Valea Poienii-Vorta 352
Valea Streiului 224, 244
Valmarin, L. 176
Vancu, G. 221, 446, 447
Vaquerizo, D. 115, 304
Vasilache, V. 568
Vasiloni, M. 224, 501
Vasiloni, V. 224, 501
Vatican 24, 62, 68, 70, 109, 110, 112, 115,
129, 148
Vata de Jos-Basarabasa 215, 353
Vádimaru, R. 232, 570
Vâlean, V. 215, 354
Váleni 217, 385
Vàliçoara 215, 242, 243, 354
Vàràçeni 227, 519
Vârmaga 226, 246, 506
Vár§an, C. 556
Vàtàçianu, V. 80, 304
Vâlcea 80,217, 234, 381
Vâlcelean, R. 222, 462
Vâmova 228, 525
Vârçan, C. 556
Vârçan, V. 556
Vârtic, Al. 221,451
VeJcu, N. G. 221, 304, 453
Velculescu, C. 176, 304
Veneto 83, 140
Venetia 43, 129, 131, 149, 154
Venosa 82
Virgilius 47, 271
Vermaseren, M. J. 129, 131, 133, 304
Verona 127, 206
Verus, Lucius 97, 269, 270
Vetulonia 65
Vetel 73, 76, 77, 215, 218, 219, 355, 393,
412
Veza 416
Vezuviu 81
622
Via Latina 147
Viciu, A. (§i Ave) 218, 219, 220, 221, 224,
304, 386, 387, 397, 398, 420, 424,
440, 494
Victoria and Albert Museum 160
Vidu, A. 502
Viena 28, 109, 114
Vienne 85, 87, 114
Vierneisei-Schlorb, B. 49, 304
Vigna Massimo 147
Villa Giulia 38, 51,65, 69
Villamartin-Bornos 91
Villarrodrigo 89
Vinci, da L. 154
Vintan, I. 326
Vi§an, Gh. 231, 548
Vitionescu, L. 221,436
Vladislav, P. 220, 431
Vladislav, S. 220, 432
Vlasa, A. 229, 530
Vlasa, V. 229
Vladeni 231, 559
Vlade^ti 217, 242, 381
Voda, G. 219, 421
Voicu, S. 556
Voigtlander, W. 51, 304
Voinescu, T. 81,304
Volbach, W. F. 123, 124, 144, 147, 148,
152, 158, 304
Volbach/Hirmer 59, 149, 153, 157, 304
Voragine, lacobus de 151, 152, 154, 304
Vorta Coaja 215, 243, 355
Vorta-Vi§ca 215, 356
Vosiensis, G.192, 197
Voss, J. H. 182
VoB, R. 198,305
Vouni 136
Vrata 72
Vuia, R. 213, 214, 215, 218, 219, 221,
222, 223, 305, 316, 322, 329, 336,
348, 355, 388, 402, 404, 405, 406,
412, 436, 437, 438, 440, 466, 474,
484
Vulcan 219, 241,243,413
Vulci 65, 66, 67, 70, 140
Vulcu, N. 213, 313
Vulcu, S. 214, 223, 343, 477
Vulcu, T. 213, 313
Vulgarius, E. 127
Vulpesco, Vulpescu, M. 231, 305, 554,
589
Vurpar 79, 81
Waetzoldt, S. 122, 305
Wagner, J. 139, 305
Walser, G. 17, 305
Walter, Ph. 139, 190, 192, 305
Washington 147
Weyden, R. v. d. 154
Werner, E. 271
Werner, N. 154, 155, 305
Westermark, E. 169, 305
Wiesbaden 84, 87
Wiesenau 84
Wiesehöfer, J. 16, 305
Wilhelm Leul 127
Willemsen, F. 50, 51, 106, 107, 305
Wilpert, J. 114, 157, 305
Wiipert/Schumacher 152, 153, 158, 305
Wiplinger/Wlach 42, 60, 305
Wiesenheim am Sand 86
Wit, C. de 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 106, 305
Witzschel, A. 207, 305
Woledge, B. 192, 193, 305
Wolf, J. W. 206, 305
Wolfdietrich 193
Wolfenbüttel 202
Wolfstein 85
Worth 86
Woysch-Meautis, D. 136, 305
Wreszinski, W. 37, 92, 93, 97, 305
Würzburg 127
Xanten 84, 127, 132
Xanthos 55,56, 106, 240
Xerxes 19, 96, 166, 210
Yazilikaya 29, 598
Yehawmilk 35
Ydes 147
Yvain, Ywain 193, 194, 195, 196, 197,
198, 199, 200, 204, 247, 248, 256,
273, 274
Zagardilla 91
Zaharie, V. 219, 419, 420
Zam 215, 227, 234, 356, 357, 521
Zamorap 157
Zankle 103
Zarand, ,Zarand 216, 232, 233, 240, 242,
244, 375, 585
Zarmas, P. 257, 305
Zaunert, P. 206, 306
Zazenhausen 87
Zazoff, P. 70, 100, 101, 102, 306
Zägaia 78
Zbirnea, I. 230, 545
623
Zenica 158
Zenker, R. 154, 155, 164, 189, 192, 193,
306
Zeus 20, 44, 47, 50, 51, 56, 57, 58, 78,
104, 136, 184, 139, 185, 201,598
Zevi, F. 18, 306
Zimmern, H. 9, 10, 306
Zimrilin 11,98
Zincirli 33
Zlatna 73, 219, 414
Ziwije 41
Zolotoi 71
Zosimas 151
Zozuleni 229, 243, 246, 533
Zugni Tauro, Anna Paola 7
Zwernemann, J. 169, 306
624 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Taloș, Ion 1934- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)120735628 |
| author_facet | Taloș, Ion 1934- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Taloș, Ion 1934- |
| author_variant | i t it |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042172921 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)931621640 (DE-599)GBV790316544 |
| era | Geschichte 1890-2012 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1890-2012 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4002214-6 Anthologie gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Anthologie |
| id | DE-604.BV042172921 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-11-05T19:00:15Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789732722862 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027612328 |
| oclc_num | 931621640 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 643 Seiten Illustrationen |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Editura Academiei române |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Taloș, Ion 1934- Verfasser (DE-588)120735628 aut Omul şi leul studiu de antropologie culturală Ion Taloş Man and lion: a study of cultural anthropology Bucureşti Editura Academiei române 2013 643 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zusammenfassung auf Englisch unter dem Titel: Man and lion: a study of cultural anthropology Geschichte 1890-2012 gnd rswk-swf Menschenbild (DE-588)4074722-0 gnd rswk-swf Oral history (DE-588)4115456-3 gnd rswk-swf Literatur (DE-588)4035964-5 gnd rswk-swf Kulturanthropologie (DE-588)4133903-4 gnd rswk-swf Lyrik (DE-588)4036774-5 gnd rswk-swf Rumänisch (DE-588)4115807-6 gnd rswk-swf Christentum (DE-588)4010074-1 gnd rswk-swf Zoologie (DE-588)4067960-3 gnd rswk-swf Fabel (DE-588)4016112-2 gnd rswk-swf Legende (DE-588)4035028-9 gnd rswk-swf Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd rswk-swf Löwe Motiv (DE-588)4114436-3 gnd rswk-swf Volksliteratur (DE-588)4135284-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4002214-6 Anthologie gnd-content Kulturanthropologie (DE-588)4133903-4 s Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 s Löwe Motiv (DE-588)4114436-3 s Christentum (DE-588)4010074-1 s Zoologie (DE-588)4067960-3 s Literatur (DE-588)4035964-5 s Oral history (DE-588)4115456-3 s DE-604 Rumänisch (DE-588)4115807-6 s Volksliteratur (DE-588)4135284-1 s Lyrik (DE-588)4036774-5 s Legende (DE-588)4035028-9 s Fabel (DE-588)4016112-2 s Menschenbild (DE-588)4074722-0 s Geschichte 1890-2012 z Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027612328&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027612328&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027612328&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Taloș, Ion 1934- Omul şi leul studiu de antropologie culturală Menschenbild (DE-588)4074722-0 gnd Oral history (DE-588)4115456-3 gnd Literatur (DE-588)4035964-5 gnd Kulturanthropologie (DE-588)4133903-4 gnd Lyrik (DE-588)4036774-5 gnd Rumänisch (DE-588)4115807-6 gnd Christentum (DE-588)4010074-1 gnd Zoologie (DE-588)4067960-3 gnd Fabel (DE-588)4016112-2 gnd Legende (DE-588)4035028-9 gnd Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd Löwe Motiv (DE-588)4114436-3 gnd Volksliteratur (DE-588)4135284-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4074722-0 (DE-588)4115456-3 (DE-588)4035964-5 (DE-588)4133903-4 (DE-588)4036774-5 (DE-588)4115807-6 (DE-588)4010074-1 (DE-588)4067960-3 (DE-588)4016112-2 (DE-588)4035028-9 (DE-588)4020588-5 (DE-588)4114436-3 (DE-588)4135284-1 (DE-588)4002214-6 |
| title | Omul şi leul studiu de antropologie culturală |
| title_alt | Man and lion: a study of cultural anthropology |
| title_auth | Omul şi leul studiu de antropologie culturală |
| title_exact_search | Omul şi leul studiu de antropologie culturală |
| title_full | Omul şi leul studiu de antropologie culturală Ion Taloş |
| title_fullStr | Omul şi leul studiu de antropologie culturală Ion Taloş |
| title_full_unstemmed | Omul şi leul studiu de antropologie culturală Ion Taloş |
| title_short | Omul şi leul |
| title_sort | omul si leul studiu de antropologie culturala |
| title_sub | studiu de antropologie culturală |
| topic | Menschenbild (DE-588)4074722-0 gnd Oral history (DE-588)4115456-3 gnd Literatur (DE-588)4035964-5 gnd Kulturanthropologie (DE-588)4133903-4 gnd Lyrik (DE-588)4036774-5 gnd Rumänisch (DE-588)4115807-6 gnd Christentum (DE-588)4010074-1 gnd Zoologie (DE-588)4067960-3 gnd Fabel (DE-588)4016112-2 gnd Legende (DE-588)4035028-9 gnd Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd Löwe Motiv (DE-588)4114436-3 gnd Volksliteratur (DE-588)4135284-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Menschenbild Oral history Literatur Kulturanthropologie Lyrik Rumänisch Christentum Zoologie Fabel Legende Gesellschaft Löwe Motiv Volksliteratur Anthologie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027612328&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027612328&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027612328&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT talosion omulsileulstudiudeantropologieculturala AT talosion manandlionastudyofculturalanthropology |