Biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes: soil ecosystem management in sustainable agriculture
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Wallingford [u.a.]
CABI
2014
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| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXIV, 510 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781780644158 |
Internformat
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| 300 | |a XXIV, 510 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Titel: Biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes
Autor: Stirling, Graham R
Jahr: 2014
Foreword
xv
Preface xix
Acknowledgements xxiii
SECTION I SETTING THE SCENE
1 Ecosystem Services and the Concept of 'Integrated Soil Biology Management' 3
Agriculture from an Ecological Perspective 3
Biotte Interactions within the Soil Food Web 4
Biological Control of Plant-parasitic Nematodes 5
Sustainable Agriculture 6
Soil Health 7
The Rise of Conservation Agriculture 7
Biological Control of Nematodes: Current Status and the Way Forward 7
Integrated Soil Biology Management 9
Transferring Ecological Knowledge into Practical Outcomes 10
SECTION II THE SOIL ENVIRONMENT, SOIL ECOLOGY,
SOIL HEALTH AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
2 The Soil Environment and the Soil-Root Interface 15
The Process of Soil Formation and the Composition of Soil 16
The soil mineral fraction 16
Soil organic matter 16
Impact of Organic Matter on Soil Properties 19
Organic matter and soil physical fertility 19
Organic matter and soil chemical fertility 21
Organic matter and soil biological fertility 22
The Soil Environment and Its Impact on Nematodes
and Other Soil Organisms 23
Physical structure 23
Soil water
Aeration
pH
Soil temperature
The Soil-Root Interface
Roots and rhizodeposits: the energy source that sustains
the soil biological community
Microbial inhabitants of the soil and rhizosphere
Microbial colonization of the rhizosphere
Communication within the rhizosphere
Plant-microbe-faunal interactions in the rhizosphere
Effects of rhizosphere inhabitants on plant growth
Manipulating the rhizosphere community
Implications for Biological Control
Impact of the soil environment
Mulütrophic interactions in a complex environment
The soil and rhizosphere as a source of antagonists
Establishment of biological control agents in soil and the rhizosphere
Manipulating the soil biological community
The role of organic matter
The Soil Food Web and the Soil Nematode Community
Major Groups of Organisms in Soil
Microbiota
Microfauna
Mesofauna
Macrofauna
Structure of the Soil Food Web
Impact of Land Management on Energy Channels within the Soil Food Web
Interactions within the Soil Food Web
Regulation of Populations by Resource Supply and Prédation
Impacts of the Soil Food Web on Ecosystem Processes:
Storage and Cycling of Nutrients
The Soil Nematode Community
Trophic groups within the soil nematode community
A functional guild classification for soil nematodes
Ecological roles of free-living nematodes
Microbial feeding
Microbial transport
Nutrient cycling
Regulation of populations
Plant-parasitic nematodes
Major groups of plant-feeding nematodes and their
economic impact
Population dynamics and damage thresholds
Implications for Biological Control
The role of the soil food web and the soil environment
Major crops and nematode pests: their relevance to biological control
Endoparasitic nematodes as a target for biological control agents
Sedentary endoparasites
Migratory endoparasites
Features that protect plant-parasitic nematodes
from parasitism and prédation
4 Global Food Security, Soil Health and Sustainable Agriculture 77
Global Food Security 77
Sustainable Farming Systems 78
Sustainable agricultural intensification 79
Reduced tillage 79
Continual cropping and maintenance of a permanent cover
of plant residues 79
Greater plant diversity 80
Improved crop yield potential 80
Optimized crop nutrition 80
Efficient water management 81
Site-specific management 81
Integrated pest management 81
Integrated crop and livestock production 81
Soil Health 81
Management impacts on soil health and the role
of conservation agriculture 82
Other management practices to improve soil health 83
Well-adapted, high-yielding varieties 83
Optimal nutrient management 84
Efficient water management 84
Integrated pest management 85
Variable-rate application and site-specific management 85
Integrated crop and livestock production 85
Ecologically sound management systems: the pathway to healthy soils 86
Soil-health benefits from conservation agriculture and precision farming:
Australian examples 86
Indicators of soil health 88
Ecological Knowledge, Biotic Interactions and Agricultural Management 90
Management effects on the soil biota and the limiting role
of the environment 91
Provision of ecosystem services by the soil biota and
the role of management 92
Integrated Soil Biology Management 93
Ecologically Based Management Systems and the Role of Farmers 95
Implications for Biological Control 96
SECTION III NATURAL ENEMIES OF NEMATODES
5 Nematophagous Fungi and Oomycetes 101
Taxonomy, Infection Mechanisms, General Biology and Ecology 102
Nematode-trapping fungi in the order Orbiliales 102
Trapping structures 102
Taxonomy 103
Occurrence 105
General biology and ecology 106
Fungal and oomycete parasites of vermiform nematodes 106
Stylopage 106
Catenaria 106
Nematoctonus, Hohenbuehelia and Pleurotus 108
Drechmeria 108
Harposporium 109
Hirsutella 111
Nematophagous oomycetes: Myzocytiopsis, Haptoglossa, Nematophthora
and Lagenidiaceae 113
Cyst and egg parasites 115
Pochonia 115
Purpureocillium 119
Brachyphoris, Vermispora and the ARF fungus 123
Other fungi 124
Fungal-Nematode Interactions in Soil 127
Saprophytic and parasitic modes of nutrition 127
Factors influencing the saprophytic and parasitic activity
of nematophagous fungi in soil 127
Density-dependent response as nematode populations increase 127
Competition from other soil organisms for nutrients 128
Competition for nitrogen in high-carbon, low-nitrogen environments 130
Nematophagous Fungi as Agents for Suppressing Nematode Populations 131
Occurrence in agricultural soils 131
Population density and predacious activity in soil 132
The regulatory capacity of nematophagous fungi 136
Endoparasitic fungi 137
Nematode-trapping fungi 138
Cyst and egg parasites 139
Host specificity within the nematophagous fungi 139
Interactions between nematophagous fungi and nematodes in the rhizosphere 140
Association of nematode-trapping and endoparasitic fungi with roots 141
Rhizosphere competence of fungi and oomycetes capable
of parasitizing nematode cysts and eggs 141
Nematophagous fungi and entomopathogenic nematodes 142
Citrus root weevil, entomopathogenic nematodes and nematophagous
fungi in citrus soil 143
Moth larvae, entomopathogenic nematodes and nematophagous fungi
in natural shrub-land soil 144
The impact of organic matter on predacious activity 146
Other factors influencing predacious activity 150
Maximizing the Predacious Activity of Nematophagous Fungi in Agricultural Soils 152
6 Nematodes, Mites and Collembola as Predators of Nematodes,
and the Role of Generalist Predators 157
Predatory Nematodes 157
Characteristics of the five major groups of predatory nematodes 158
The prey of predatory soil nematodes 159
Predatory nematodes as regulatory forces in the soil food web 163
Impacts of agricultural management on omnivorous nematodes
and generalist predators 164
Short- and long-term effects of soil fumigation 164
Negative effects of other agricultural management practices 165
Management to maintain a well-structured soil food web 167
Maintaining the suppressive services provided by predatory nematodes
and other generalist predators 170
Predatory nematodes and inundative biocontrol 171
Microarthropods as Predators of Nematodes 171
The main members of the soil mesofauna: mites, Collembola
and Symphyla 171
Evidence of nematophagy in various groups of microarthropods 172
Results from field observations, feeding studies and analyses
of gut contents 172
Detection of prédation using stable isotope ratios
and molecular techniques 174
Studies of 'fungivorous' and 'predatory' arthropods in microcosms 175
Mesostigmata as predators of nematodes in agroecosystems 177
Management to enhance microarthropod abundance and diversity
in agricultural soils 178
Miscellaneous Predators of Nematodes 181
Generalist Predators as Suppressive Agents 182
Concluding Remarks 185
Generalist predators as indicators of ecological complexity
and a capacity to suppress pests 185
Conservation (or autonomous) biological control 186
Practices associated with developing self-regulating agroecosystems 188
The disconnect between agricultural scientists, soil ecologists
and the farming community 188
7 Obligate Parasites of Nematodes: Viruses and Bacteria
in the Genus Pasteuria 193
Viral Infectious Agents of Nematodes 193
Bacteria in the Genus Pasteuria 194
Distribution, host range and diversity 194
Taxonomy, systematica and phylogeny 194
Pasteuria penetrans: A Parasite of Root-knot Nematodes
(Meloidogyne spp.) 196
Life cycle and development 196
Pathogenicity, pathogenesis and the impact of temperature 198
Host specificity 199
Estimating endospore numbers in soil 200
The interaction between P. penetrans and its nematode host in soil 201
Endospore production and release into soil 202
The impact of the physical and chemical environment on endospores,
and on the spore-attachment process 202
Impact of spore concentration on nematode infectivity and fecundity 204
Miscellaneous factors influencing the production
and survival of endospores in soil 208
The potential of P. penetrans as a biological control agent 209
Pasteuria as a Parasite of Cyst Nematodes (Heterodera and Globodera spp.) 210
Taxonomy, phylogeny and host specificity 210
Ecology and biological control potential 211
Candidatus Pasteuria usgae Parasitic on Sting Nematode
(Belonolaimus longicaudatus) 212
Taxonomy and host specificity 212
Ecology and biological control potential 213
Commercial products created by in vitro culture 216
Pasteuria as a Parasite of Other Plant-parasitic and Free-living Nematodes 216
Parasitism of root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) by Pasteuria thornei 216
Parasitism of citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) by Pasteuria 217
An isolate of Pasteuria parasitizing a reniform nematode
(Rotylenchulus reniformis) 218
Density-dependent parasitism of Xiphinetna diversicaudatum by Pasteuria 218
Associations between Pasteuria and other nematodes 219
Concluding Remarks 220
SECTION IV PLANT-MICROBIAL SYMBIONT-NEMATODE INTERACTIONS
8 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Endophytic Fungi, Bacterial Endophytes
and Plant Growth-promoting Rhizobacteria 225
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi 225
Benefits to plants from a symbiotic relationship
with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi 226
Enhanced nutrient uptake 226
Drought tolerance 227
Improved soil structure 227
Disease resistance 227
Interactions between plants, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
and plant-parasitic nematodes 228
Management to enhance arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi 231
Reduced tillage 231
Fallow management, cropping intensity, crop sequence
and cover cropping 231
Other crop and soil management practices 232
Improving soil and plant health, and managing nematodes
with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi 233
Endophytic Fungi 234
Grass endophytes 235
Fusarium endophytes 236
Nematode control with endophytic strains of Fusarium oxysporum 236
Approaches to utilizing Fusarium-mediated resistance
to plant-parasitic nematodes 238
Endophytic nematophagous fungi 239
Concluding remarks on fungal endophytes: moving
into uncharted waters 239
Bacterial Endophytes and Rhizosphere-inhabiting Bacteria 239
Mechanisms associated with growth promotion by rhizobacteria 240
Provision of nutrients 241
Production of plant growth regulators 241
Suppression of soilbome pathogens 241
The impact of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria
on plant-parasitic nematodes 241
Interactions between rhizosphere- and root-inhabiting bacteria
and plant-parasitic nematodes 244
Mechanisms by which root-associated bacteria influence
plant-parasitic nematodes 245
Production of bioactive compounds 245
Chitinolytic, proteolytic and lipolytic activity 246
Induction of systemic resistance 248
Manipulating populations of rhizobacteria for nematode management 249
Impact of crop rotation, organic amendments and other practices 249
Root-associated Symbionts: Only One Component
of the Rhizosphere Microbiome 250
SECTION V NATURAL SUPPRESSION
AND INONDATILE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
9 Suppression of Nematodes and Other Soilbome Pathogens
with Organic Amendments 255
Organic Matter-mediated Suppressiveness for Managing
Soilbome Diseases 256
Sources of organic matter for use as amendments,
and their beneficial effects 256
Impact of organic source and application rate on disease suppression 258
Effects on pathogen populations and disease 259
Variation in responses to organic inputs 259
Mechanisms of action 260
Indicators of broad-spectrum disease suppressiveness 260
Organic Matter-mediated Suppressiveness
to Plant-parasitic Nematodes 262
Soil fertility and plant nutrition effects of organic amendments 264
Nematicidal compounds from decomposing organic matter 265
Pre-formed chemicals in plant materials 265
Chemicals released during the decomposition process 266
The contribution of phytochemicals to the nematicidal effects
of organic amendments 267
Nematicidal properties of nitrogenous amendments 268
Enhancing biological control mechanisms with organic amendments 269
Impact of amendments on natural enemies, particularly
nematophagous fungi 269
The capacity of different types of organic matter to enhance
biological mechanisms of nematode suppression 271
Amendments with a high C:N ratio: are they the key
to more sustained suppressiveness? 273
Temporal effects of amending soil with organic matter 275
Incorporation of amendments versus mulching 275
The way forward: combining multiple mechanisms of action 277
10 Specific Suppression of Plant-parasitic Nematodes 280
The Role of Fungi and Oomycetes in the Decline of Heterodera avenae 280
Parasitism of Meloidogyne spp. on Peach by Brachyphoris oviparasitica 286
Suppression of Heterodera schachtii by Brachyphoris oviparasitica
and Other Fungi 287
Parasitism of Mesocriconema xenoplax and Heterodera spp.
by Hirsutella rhossiliensis 288
Decline of Heterodera glycines and the Possible Role of Egg-parasitic Fungi 290
Suppression of Root-knot Nematode by Pochonia chlamydosporia
and Other Organisms 292
Suppression of Heterodera glycines and Sudden Death Syndrome of Soybean 293
Suppression of Root-knot Nematodes by Pasteuria penetrans 294
Suppression of Heterodera glycines by Pasteuria nishizawae 297
Management Options to Enhance Specific Suppressiveness 298
The role of tolerance, resistance and crop rotation 298
The impact of tillage 300
Integrated management to improve the efficacy of Pasteuria 300
Making Better Use of Natural Control: The Way Forward 301
11 Integrated Soil Biology Management: The Pathway to Enhanced
Natural Suppression of Plant-parasitic Nematodes 304
Assessing Soils for Suppressiveness to Plant-parasitic Nematodes 305
Survey methods to identify nematode-suppressive soils 305
Bioassays for suppressiveness 306
Indicators of suppressiveness 306
Modifying Farming Systems to Enhance Suppressiveness 308
Organic Matter Management: The Key to General Suppressiveness 309
Management impacts on soil carbon, and flow-on
effects to the soil biota 309
Tillage and its impact on suppressiveness 312
Using organic amendments, cover crops and mulches
to enhance suppressiveness 313
Impact of Management on Specific Suppressiveness 314
Integrated Nematode Management or Integrated Soil
Biology Management? 315
Integrated Soil Biology Management in Various Farming Systems:
The Pathway to Enhanced Suppressiveness 317
Grains, oilseeds, pulses, fibre crops and pastures 318
The key role of conservation agriculture 318
Integration of pastures into crop-based farming systems 320
Impact of management on soil biological parameters 322
Vegetable crops 324
Organic amendments 325
Crop rotation, cover cropping and other practices 325
Integrated management 326
Perennial crops 328
Enhancement of general suppressiveness 330
Enhancement of specific suppressiveness 331
An example of progress: nematode-suppressive soils in sugarcane 332
Organic farming systems 335
Impediments to the Development and Adoption of Farming Systems
that Improve Soil Health and Enhance Suppressiveness 337
Sustainable Weed Management Systems for Minimum-till Agriculture:
A Priority for Research 338
The Way Forward: A Farming Systems Approach to Managing Nematodes 339
12 Biological Products for Nematode Management 342
Experimental Methods 343
General Soil Biostasis and the Fate of Introduced Organisms 344
Monitoring Introduced Biological Control Agents 348
Commercial Implementation of Biological Control 350
Inundative Biological Control of Nematodes: An Assessment
of Progress with a Diverse Range of Potentially Useful Organisms 351
Nematode-trapping fungi 351
Endoparasitic fungi 358
Cyst and egg parasites 360
Pochonia 360
Purpureocillium 362
Trichoderma 367
Other fungi 368
Pasteuria 370
Predatory and entomopathogenic nematodes, and microarthropods 375
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and endophytes 377
Rhizobacteria and bacterial endophytes 377
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi 379
Fusarium endophytes 381
Combinations of Biocontrol Agents 383
The Role of Organic Amendments in Enhancing
the Performance of Biological Products for Nematode Control 385
Immdative Biological Control as a Component of Integrated
Nematode Management 386
Summary and Conclusions 387
SECTION VI SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, PRACTICAL GUIDELINES
AND FUTURE RESEARCH
13 Biological Control as a Component of Integrated Nematode
Management: The Way Forward 393
Ecosystem Services Provided by the Soil Biological Community,
and the Key Role of Organic Matter 394
Farming Systems to Improve Soil Health and Sustainability 394
Will Suppressiveness be Enhanced by Modifying the Farming System? 395
The impact of plant residues, root exudates and other sources
of organic matter on natural enemies of nematodes 395
The role of continual cropping and increased cropping intensities 396
Reducing tillage results in multiple benefits that will improve
soil health and enhance suppressiveness 397
The Role of Immdative and Inoculative Biological Control 398
Moving from Theory to Practice: Issues Requiring Attention 398
Assessment of suppressive services in long-term trials 399
Relationships between soil carbon status, biological activity, biodiversity
and general suppressiveness 400
Management of specific suppressiveness 400
Understanding interactions between the nematode community,
natural enemies and organic matter 401
Food preferences of parasites and predators in
the soil environment 402
Improved monitoring and diagnostic services for nematode pests
and their natural enemies 403
Coping with biological complexity 403
Multidisciplinary research, innovation networks,
research/extension models and the role of farmers 404
The efficacy of inundative biological control in complex
and dynamic soil environments 405
Concluding Remarks 406
14 A Practical Guide to Improving Soil Health and Enhancing
Suppressiveness to Nematode Pests 408
Sustainable Agriculture and its Ecological Basis 408
Biological communities and ecosystem services 408
Soil biological communities 409
The soil food web 409
Soil physical and chemical fertility, and the role of organic matter 412
Soil fertility decline and the impact of management
Excessive tillage
Inadequate residue management
Excessive fertilizer and pesticide inputs
Soil compaction
Sustainable farming systems
A Guide to Improving Soil Health and Minimizing Losses
from Soilbome Diseases
Step 1. Assess soil health
Step 2. Assess impacts of the farming system on soil health
and consider options for improvement
Step 3. Modify soil and crop management practices
and assess the outcomes
Biological Control of Nematodes: One of Many Important
Ecosystem Services
Nematode-suppressive soils
Nematode Management within Sustainable Farming Systems
Examples of potentially sustainable farming systems
Large-scale production of grains, oilseeds, fibre crops
and pastures
Vegetable crops
Perennial trees and vines
Other crops
Indicators of improvement
Potential problems and possible solutions
Conclusions
Questions Related to Soil Health, Soil Organic Matter
and Nematode Management
Useful Information on Soil Health
References
Index of Soil Organisms by Genus and Species
General Index |
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| spelling | Stirling, Graham R. Verfasser aut Biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes soil ecosystem management in sustainable agriculture Graham R. Stirling 2. ed. Wallingford [u.a.] CABI 2014 XXIV, 510 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe Biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027606124&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Stirling, Graham R. Biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes soil ecosystem management in sustainable agriculture |
| title | Biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes soil ecosystem management in sustainable agriculture |
| title_auth | Biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes soil ecosystem management in sustainable agriculture |
| title_exact_search | Biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes soil ecosystem management in sustainable agriculture |
| title_full | Biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes soil ecosystem management in sustainable agriculture Graham R. Stirling |
| title_fullStr | Biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes soil ecosystem management in sustainable agriculture Graham R. Stirling |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes soil ecosystem management in sustainable agriculture Graham R. Stirling |
| title_short | Biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes |
| title_sort | biological control of plant parasitic nematodes soil ecosystem management in sustainable agriculture |
| title_sub | soil ecosystem management in sustainable agriculture |
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