Białorusini na Podlasiu w wyborach parlamentarnych i samorządowych w latach 1989 - 2011:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Białystok
Libra Wydawnictwo i Drukarnia
2014
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The participation of the Belarusan minority in Podlachia region in parliamentary and local government elections from 1989 to 2011 Bibliogr. s. 108-114 |
| Beschreibung: | 119, [1] s. il. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788364811005 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Antoni Mironowicz
Białorusini na Podlasiu
w wyborach parlamentarnych i samorządowych
w latach 1989-2011
Białystok 2014
Spis treści
Wstęp 6
V-
Białorusini na Podlasiu do 1989 roku 8
Białorusini w wyborach parlamentarnych w latach 1989-2011 29
Mniejszość białoruska w wyborach samorządowych
w latach 1990-2010 59
Uwagi końcowe 91
Aneksy 104
Bibliografia 108
Summary 115
Summary
The Participation of the Belarusan National Minority in
Podlachia region in parliamentary and local government
elections from
1989
to
20
Ί
1
Poland has always been a multinational country. However, the percentage of
non-Poles has varied radically over time. Between the sixteenth and eighteenth
centuries, Poles were estimated at only
50%
of the country s total population. In the
Poland created after the First World War, the number of non-Polish citizens equalled
approximately one-third of the population. In contrast, only four percent of those
living on the territory of contemporary Poland belong to a national minority. This
substantial reduction in the percentage of non-Poles resulted from the modification
in Poland s borders after the
1945
Yalta agreement, which shifted numerous Bela-
rusans and Ukrainians to the USSR and removed ethnic Germans from Poland.
The present Polish population is one of the most ethnically homogeneous
societies in Europe. Nonetheless, there remain around
1,500,000
people who belong
to national minorities. It would seem that with such a small number of non-Poles,
Poland would have no national minority problem. However, problems continue to
fester because there is no clear government policy when dealing with these peoples.
Most Poles identify Roman Catholics as the only true Polish citizens. However,
Warsaw has signed and ratified many international human rights conventions, most
of which prohibit ethnic, national, and religious discrimination. These conventions
are reinforced by the European Convention of Security and Co-operation Accords
signed on
29
June
1990
by Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine. The most ex¬
tensive of these conventions is the treaty signed with Germany. The least clear
regarding minority rights is the treaty signed by Poland and Belarus as it views the
more powerful partner as the more dominant.
To deal with any issues related to the national minorities, the post-Communist
Polish authorities appointed two councils. The Committee for Ethnic and National
Minorities was appointed by the
Sejm,
Poland s parliament, in August
1989
while
the Committee for National Minorities was appointed by the Polish government on
-115-
7 September 1990.
Unfortunately, the activity of the first Committee was insignifi¬
cant and the latter never functioned. There remains the Office for National Minori¬
ties, in the Ministry of Culture, but its activities have been limited to the distribution
of very modest resources for cultural events. The subject of minorities emerged
again in the
Sejm
when new laws regarding the national educational system, the
electoral regulations, and radio and TV broadcasting were passed. As a result of
these new laws, national minorities were granted the right to learn their languages
and history in school and to receive access to radio and television.
However, the new, democratic authorities did nothing to change the existing
laws which were unfavourable to minorities. For example, the decree of
30
July
1945
foresaw the official use of the Polish language without exception. Thus, alt¬
hough the district of Punsk is
90%
Lithuanian, this fact is not taken into considera¬
tion by the Polish government: all Lithuanians are forced to use Polish in all their
dealings with government at all levels and their names are Polonised. Other minori¬
ties are treated similarly, with the aim of quick assimilation. In general, there is no
protection by law for minority languages. Also, the culture of the national minorities
are not funded proportionately. For example, in
1992
the Ministry of Culture allocat¬
ed only
0.2%
of its funding to minority needs. For the minorities, that funding level
meant curtailing publishing activity, closing offices, and suspending artistic groups.
Cultural activity still exists, thanks only to activists who work hard to provide mate¬
rial support as well as to limited financial aid from local authorities.
The national government does not fund any minority cultural activities nor
support operational funding for cultural institutions, such as museums, libraries,
and cultural centres. Within the Polish government, no minister is responsible for
minority cultures. Superficially, the cultural institutions of the minorities are given
equal treatment with Polish organisations. However, Polish institutions have nu¬
merous possibilities for adequate support and even private sponsorship. In contrast,
the minorities must rely on the local authorities. These authorities often show hos¬
tility toward the minorities. For example, in
Bielsk Podlaski,
the municipal govern¬
ment refused support to the Belarusan choir, even though the Belarusans represent
60%
of the city s population.
Opinions promoted by some Poles linking Polish culture and the Roman Cath¬
olic Church cause anxiety among non-Roman Catholic Christians (Belorusans,
Ukrainians, Lemkos, Czechs). There are no members of the minorities in the higher
ranks of the civil service. There is therefore considerable discrepancy between the
equality promoted by the
1997
Polish Constitution and the minorities situation.
-116-
After
the Second World War, Poland s Belarusan population, estimated at
200,000,
lived mostly in the
Białystok
region. Polish nationalists forced some Bela-
rusans to leave Poland and move to the Belarusan Soviet Socialist Republic. Only in
1956
were Belarusans permitted to establish a cultural organisation, the Belarusan
Cultural Society, the only legally recognised Belarusan social organisation
-
and
it was financed and supervised by the Polish Ministry of Internal Affairs. The Society
published calendars and books of poetry as well as organised folk music festivals
and literacy competitions for young people and children. It also established the
Belarusan Museum in
Białowieża
which was abolished in
1976
as unnecessary .
Today, Belorusans may be found in
Białystok
and part of
Suwałki
province.
Apart from these regions, small Belarusan groups
-
consisting mainly of intellectu¬
als
-
reside in most major Polish cities, such as Warsaw,
Gdańsk
and Lublin.
The Belarusan Federation, established in
1990,
links seven organisations and
works without any financial support from the Polish government. Three Belarusan
periodicals are currently available in Poland: the weekly
Niva ,
the monthly
Czasopis , and the monthly
Przegląd Prawosławny
-
Orthodoxia . A students
paper
-
Sustreczy
-
also appears, though irregularly. Belarusans can tune into
their own daily programme broadcast by the public Polish Radio station in
Białystok.
Despite the lack of fair treatment, the Belarusan minority in Poland has been
active in promoting its culture. The Belarusan Museum in
Hajnówka
is now under
construction, but solely at the expense of the Belarusan community. The communi¬
ty s Festival of Orthodox Church Music in
Hajnówka
has achieved international
recognition. The literary group
Białowieża ,
serving Belarusan writers, has signifi¬
cant achievements to its credit. The Belarusan youth movement can boast of nu¬
merous successes. The movement is composed of two organisations: the Bela¬
rusan Student Union and the Union of Belarusan Youth. Two other organisations of
a social and creative nature exist: the Belarusan Literary Association
Białowieża
and the Association of Belarusan Journalists.
There are educational opportunities provided to the Belarusan community.
The Belarusan language is taught in
43
primary schools in
Białystok
province to
3,030
pupils. Additional teaching of Belarusan is pursued in two secondary schools.
However, the number of pupils studying Belarusan is falling, although the number of
schools remains steady. At the post-secondary level, a Department of Belarusan
Philology has long existed at Warsaw University and at its
Białystok
branch.
(Now, it is independent university).
-117-
Most Belarusans in Poland are followers of the Polish Autocephalous Ortho¬
dox Church, only a small number being Roman Catholics. However, this blossoming
is endangered by the diminishing number of young Belarusans learning their native
language. Polonisation is common as young people fear discrimination in their
future careers. These fears began after anti-Belarusan statements were made by
Polish nationalists in the trade union Solidarnosc s
Białystok
office. Moreover,
Orthodox churches have been burned and difficulties emerged in regaining control
of Orthodox Church properties. Sometimes local
Białystok
newspapers blame Bela¬
rusans for the introduction of communism to Poland or nonsensically treat them as
Russians who remained after the partition of Poland as a fifth, Bolshevik column.
The individuals spreading these views do not regard the Belarusans as indigenous
to Poland and consider them foreigners. This treatment of the Belarusan minority in
Poland has impacted Polish-Belarusan relations. In
1991,
Foreign Minister
Władysław
Skubiszewski s trip to Mensk ended in failure when Belarus would not
sign a treaty of friendship with Poland due to Poland s treatment of its Belarusan
minority. Nevertheless, Belarus is in deep economic crisis and in no position to
demand rights for Belarusans living in Poland; such demands could harm economic
relations with Poland.
Northeast Poland, where most Belarusans live, is one of the least economical¬
ly developed regions. Modern agriculture is hampered because of the poor, sandy
soil. There is also a shortage of health services and of educational institutions. This
regional underdevelopment results from intentional limitations of investments in
the region
-
recently, but also in the past. For example, there are ten times fewer
telephones in the Belarusan
-
inhabited, eastern region of
Białystok
province than
in the Polish
-
inhabited, western half. This proportion holds true for the number of
doctors per capital as well as for the kilometres of paved roads.
Belarusans in Poland have no separatist tendencies. However, they desire to
be treated as equals, to be able to develop their own culture and to participate ac¬
tively in governing the region where they live. Belarusans hoped that Poland s
2004
integration into the European Union would ensure that European-wide standards
would be adopted in the field of minority rights, safeguarding their national identity.
However, there has been no change.
During
1989-2011,
the Belarusian community in the Podlachia region organised
the Belarusan Electoral Committee, created by a party
-
Belarusan Democratic Union
in
1989,
which was established by Belarusan minority. The Belarusan Democratic
Union was created as the only political party of a national minority in Poland. Some
party members were successful in elections to provincial and municipal councils.
-118-
The aim of the party was to strengthen the identity of the Belarusan nation in
the Republic of Poland, develop the region, and develop an open society. Most of
the appearances of the Belarusan Electoral Committee on the political stage in each
individual election have been accompanied by the establishment of a regional or
local
ВЕС.
These formations exist only during the election to satisfy electoral regu¬
lations.
The Belarussian Democratic Union is one of the organisations that makes up
the Union of Belarusans in the Republic of Poland. It (BDU) groups together all the
Belarusan organisations in Poland, with the exception of the post-Communist Bela¬
rusan Social-Cultural Association. Its activity encompass all matters of importance
to Belarusans, such as defending the constitutional and other rights of the Bela¬
rusan minority. One of the forms of Belarusan minority activity has been participa¬
tion in parliamentary and local government elections. The BDU s first public appear¬
ance occurred in
1989,
when Belarusan candidates ran on the platform Be your¬
selves , aiming to encourage the minority population to accept and be proud of its
Belarusan identity. At the time, it appeared that the
14,352
votes received would
serve as the foundation for the construction of a Belarusan minority political
movement in newly democratic Poland.
After the General Election of June
1989,
the subject of national minorities was
raised by the post-Communist Polish authorities. It was a new idea since the com¬
munist Polish government from Edward
Gierek
onwards maintained that Polish
society was completely homogeneous and that the problem of national minorities
did not exist in People s Poland.
The local elections of
1990
also pointed to continued success in the future.
However, following this election, the vast majority of the councillors elected on the
Belarusan platform were content to return to the post-communist political party.
Thus the Belarusian activists were unable to build on their success and create
a widespread movement with solid foundations. By the
1991
election, there existed
three separate movements, with different ideological views, each competing for the
same minority electorate {Belarusian Electoral Committee, Belarusian Social-Cultural
Association and Association of the Slavic Minorities of the Republic of Poland
-
Ortho¬
dox).
Although the activity of the committees appointed by the
Sejm
between
1991
to
1993
did not bring any substantial results and despite that the local elections of
1990
were carried out without any attention to the national minorities, national
minority candidates managed to win a number of positions that were proportionate
to their percentage of the population. For example, in
Gródek,
out of
24
seats, the
-119-
Belarusan
candidates
won
22.
In the
Sejm
elected in
1991, 7
deputies represented
the German minorities and
1
represented the Belorusans. In the most recent par¬
liamentary election of
1993,
the minorities obtained
4
seats.
For the independence movement in neighbouring Belarus that developed as
the Soviet Union faltered, Poland s Belarusan minority was regarded as a potential
ally. In the
1991
election in Poland, the newly established Orthodox Brotherhood
even succeeded in electing one member of parliament. The Belarusan minority had
its greatest electoral successes in the
1998
and
2002
local elections and in the
2001
parliamentary election when three members of the Belarusan minority
received seats in the
Sejm.
Since
1989,
when the Communist regime in Warsaw fell, the Belarusan minori¬
ty in Poland has had to develop its community with little support from the central or
local authorities. Nonetheless, the Belarusan community has developed an infra¬
structure of social organisations and participated in political life with some success.
^
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
λ
München
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Mironowicz, Antoni 1959- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1056089202 |
| author_facet | Mironowicz, Antoni 1959- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Mironowicz, Antoni 1959- |
| author_variant | a m am |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042152130 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)901370052 (DE-599)BVBBV042152130 |
| era | Geschichte 1989-2011 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1989-2011 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Podlachien (DE-588)4046396-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Podlachien |
| id | DE-604.BV042152130 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:13:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788364811005 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027591942 |
| oclc_num | 901370052 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 119, [1] s. il. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Libra Wydawnictwo i Drukarnia |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Mironowicz, Antoni 1959- Verfasser (DE-588)1056089202 aut Białorusini na Podlasiu w wyborach parlamentarnych i samorządowych w latach 1989 - 2011 Antoni Mironowicz Białystok Libra Wydawnictwo i Drukarnia 2014 119, [1] s. il. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The participation of the Belarusan minority in Podlachia region in parliamentary and local government elections from 1989 to 2011 Bibliogr. s. 108-114 Geschichte 1989-2011 gnd rswk-swf Białorusini / Polska / historia jhpk Białorusini / Polska / polityka i rządy / 1990- jhpk Mniejszości / działalność polityczna / Polska / 1990- jhpk Nationale Minderheit (DE-588)4039409-8 gnd rswk-swf Politische Beteiligung (DE-588)4076215-4 gnd rswk-swf Wahlverhalten (DE-588)4079009-5 gnd rswk-swf Belarussen (DE-588)4119038-5 gnd rswk-swf Podlachien (DE-588)4046396-5 gnd rswk-swf Podlachien (DE-588)4046396-5 g Nationale Minderheit (DE-588)4039409-8 s Belarussen (DE-588)4119038-5 s Politische Beteiligung (DE-588)4076215-4 s Wahlverhalten (DE-588)4079009-5 s Geschichte 1989-2011 z DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027591942&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027591942&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Mironowicz, Antoni 1959- Białorusini na Podlasiu w wyborach parlamentarnych i samorządowych w latach 1989 - 2011 Białorusini / Polska / historia jhpk Białorusini / Polska / polityka i rządy / 1990- jhpk Mniejszości / działalność polityczna / Polska / 1990- jhpk Nationale Minderheit (DE-588)4039409-8 gnd Politische Beteiligung (DE-588)4076215-4 gnd Wahlverhalten (DE-588)4079009-5 gnd Belarussen (DE-588)4119038-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4039409-8 (DE-588)4076215-4 (DE-588)4079009-5 (DE-588)4119038-5 (DE-588)4046396-5 |
| title | Białorusini na Podlasiu w wyborach parlamentarnych i samorządowych w latach 1989 - 2011 |
| title_auth | Białorusini na Podlasiu w wyborach parlamentarnych i samorządowych w latach 1989 - 2011 |
| title_exact_search | Białorusini na Podlasiu w wyborach parlamentarnych i samorządowych w latach 1989 - 2011 |
| title_full | Białorusini na Podlasiu w wyborach parlamentarnych i samorządowych w latach 1989 - 2011 Antoni Mironowicz |
| title_fullStr | Białorusini na Podlasiu w wyborach parlamentarnych i samorządowych w latach 1989 - 2011 Antoni Mironowicz |
| title_full_unstemmed | Białorusini na Podlasiu w wyborach parlamentarnych i samorządowych w latach 1989 - 2011 Antoni Mironowicz |
| title_short | Białorusini na Podlasiu w wyborach parlamentarnych i samorządowych w latach 1989 - 2011 |
| title_sort | bialorusini na podlasiu w wyborach parlamentarnych i samorzadowych w latach 1989 2011 |
| topic | Białorusini / Polska / historia jhpk Białorusini / Polska / polityka i rządy / 1990- jhpk Mniejszości / działalność polityczna / Polska / 1990- jhpk Nationale Minderheit (DE-588)4039409-8 gnd Politische Beteiligung (DE-588)4076215-4 gnd Wahlverhalten (DE-588)4079009-5 gnd Belarussen (DE-588)4119038-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Białorusini / Polska / historia Białorusini / Polska / polityka i rządy / 1990- Mniejszości / działalność polityczna / Polska / 1990- Nationale Minderheit Politische Beteiligung Wahlverhalten Belarussen Podlachien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027591942&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027591942&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mironowiczantoni białorusininapodlasiuwwyborachparlamentarnychisamorzadowychwlatach19892011 |