Globalna informacionna infrastruktura: rolja i misija na bibliotekite v promenjaštija se svjat
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Bulgarian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sofija
Univ. Izdat. "Sv. Kliment Ochridski"
2014
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. izd. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Universitetska biblioteka
509 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Einf. in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 478 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789540737195 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
УВОД
................................................................. 9
INTRODUCTION.......................................................
25
Част първа. ИНФОРМАЦИОННА ПОЛИТИКА И ПОДХОДИ
ЗА РАЗВИТИЕ НА БИБЛИОТЕКИТЕ
.................................. 41
Съвременни тенденции и политики в развитието на информационния
сектор и на библиотеките.Сравнителен анализ (Европа, САЩ и др.)
........... 43
Модел на развитие на библиотечно-информационния сектор в САЩ
........... 69
Основни препоръки за развитие на библиотечното законодателство
и на библиотеките в Европейския съюз
.................................... 99
Библиотеките в Европа. Състояние и тенденции в развитието
................ 109
Модел на развитие на библиотечно-информационния сектор
във Великобритания
................................................... 117
Модел на развитие на библиотечно-информационния сектор в Германия
........ 143
Модел на развитие на библиотечно-информационния сектор във Франция
...... 159
Модел на развитие на библиотечното дело в Русия
......................... 171
Модел на развитието на библиотечно-информационния сектор в България.
Състояние, фактори на влияние, информационна политика,
програми и проекти
...................................................... 187
Промени в комуникациите
-
„Открит достъп до информацията (първа част)
.... 229
Свободен достъп до научната галактика, или „берлинска стена
към знанието
-
по кой път ще вървим? (втора част)
........................ 248
Част втора. ДОКУМЕНТИ НА МЕЖДУНАРОДНИ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ,
СТАТИИ И МАТЕРИАЛИ ЗА РАЗВИТИЕ НА БИБЛИОТЕЧНО-
ИНФОРМАЦИОННИЯ СЕКТОР И ГЛОБАЛНАТА
ИНФОРМАЦИОННА ИНФРАСТРУКТУРА
.................................. 281
I.
Документи на международни и национални организации и асоциации
....... 283
1.
ЮНЕСКО
Паметта на света в дигиталната епоха: дигитализация и съхранение.
Ванкувърска декларация на ЮНЕСКО и университета
на Британска Колумбия
............................................. 283
2.
ИФЛА
Становище на ИФЛА относно библиотеките и развитието
................... 289
На гребена на вълните или настигнати от прилива: да се ориентираме
в променящата се информационна среда. Изводи от доклада на ИФЛА
за основните насоки на развитие
........................................ 292
Синика Сипила
-
президент на ИФЛА за мандата авг.
2013 -
авг.
2015......... 311
Библиотеките: приобщаване и равенство. Интервю със Синика Сипила
....... 323
ИФЛА и библиотечното заемане на електронни книги
....................... 327
Заемане на електронни книги
-
проблеми и въпроси
........................ 331
Московска декларация за медийна и информационна грамотност
............. 346
Насоки на ИФЛА за библиотечни услуги за младежи
........................ 350
Становище на ИФЛА относно „отворения достъп до информация
-
изясняване на позицията и стратегията
................................... 367
Манифест на ИФЛА/ЮНЕСКО за дигиталните библиотеки
................... 371
3.
ЕБЛИДА
Библиотеките
-
културни центрове за информация и вдъхновение.
Становище на ЕБЛИДА
................................................ 375
Виенска декларация на
EBLIDA
и
NAPLE
..................................... 378
4.
НАЦИОНАЛНИ АСОЦИАЦИИ
Още за финландския библиотечен успех. Разговор със Синика Сипила
........ 380
Американската библиотечна асоциация
—
гласът на американските
библиотеки. Интервю
с г-жа Роберта Стивънс
............................. 382
II.
Статии
............................................................ 386
Седем значими тенденции, пред които се изправят обществените библиотеки.
Нанси Болт
.......................................................... 386
Електронните книги в библиотеките: Глобалният въпрос на оцеляването?
Ваня Грашкина
....................................................... 399
Електронни книги в САЩ:
2010 - 2013.
Джеймс Лару
......................................................... 406
Библиотечни навици и очаквания на младите американци.
Катрин Зикур,
Лий Рейни,
Кристен Пърсел
............................... 414
Стандарт за
библиотечно-информационно обслужване
за
обществените
библиотеки, съществува
ли нужда от него?
Александър Димчев и Ваня
Грашкина
.................................... 417
Библиотеката... Пътешествие във времето...
Александър Димчев
.................................................... 432
III.
Други материали
.................................................... 469
Насърчаване на четенето в ранна детска възраст: Идеи и проекти
за възпитаване на навици за четене при децата
............................ 469
Умберто Еко. Мило мое момче, учи наизуст!
............................. 475
GLOBAL INFORMATION
INFRASTRUCTURE.
THE
ROLE AND MISSION
OF LIBRARIES IN
THE EVER CHANGING WORLD
INTRODUCTION
If Europe had had to be created again, I would not have started with
economy but with culture..., because it belongs to mankind...
Jean Monnet,
Postmodern dilemmas of culture
Today the world is information. The world is global. Two phenomena mutually
complementary and interpenetrating that accompany and keep us in their orbit. Because
knowledge and information are emanation of culture and its layers, which leave trace,
work for development and build bridges to the future.
Information is changing the world! Information and information and ICT (informa¬
tion and communication technologies) change adjustments, ways of thinking and life
of people in society. They are new secret pieces in the foundation of the knowledge
universe . They are in the foundation of the global information infrastructure
(GII)
where we are looking today. We are getting more and more connected and dependent
on GIL Telecommunications, information systems and computers are worldwide,
transmitting texts, pictures, voice and data across international boundaries. The systems
based on technologies and information are supporting the economy infrastructure.
GII
is in the foundation in the current integration of economy, culture and society, this is
happening all around the world. It allows free transferring of knowledge, information,
ideas, data, that are used in the name of freedom and expanding of the democratic
processes for citizens of the World.
Never before in the history of human civilization have the information and its
channels for creation, proclamation and delivery been on such a high pedestal.
Since the creation of the world knowledge and information have been playing
important role for the progress or regress of the ordinary person, society and those
who have had the responsibility and mission to trace certain processes and ideas.
It is interesting to make a parallel between knowledge of people, who have lived
in different historical regions. The researchers have discovered the following facts.
The average French peasant at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the
20th century had accumulated his thesaurus and used information in his life that now
is equal to the contents of one issue of
Le
Monde newspaper. It was enough for him
to do well his duties, to be proud and worthy representative of his great country.
Nowadays, in the modern world
ofinformation
and knowledge, we are surrounded
by technologies, which help us to take handfuls of the available information and data.
We have incredible possibilities to aspire models and products of human mind and
intellectual activity. Unfortunately, there are indicators, even in rich countries, that to
25
know is not a privilege and value for part of people in these countries. That leads to
serious and unpleasant consequences for critic masses of population. A survey in the
USA has once again shown the low level
ofinformation
awareness of Americans^
1)
In analyses related to the country of the strongest economy in Europe, Germany, one
is most impressed by the fact that
14%
of people are below the line of illiteracy. For
Bulgaria this number is about
15%.
Our children are seriously lagging behind in the
PISA surveys, in ranking they occupy positions, which nobody will envy.
(2)
In global aspect data show that
57
million children have never attended school.
They cannot read and write, have low health literacy and are destined to deal with
unskilled labour. This is one of the biggest challenges facing the world today as
the latest annual report on the UNESCO program „Education for All has alerted.
However, access to education is not the biggest problem. The key issue is the quality
of learning process: a third of children at the early stages of training fail to acquire the
minimum knowledge. According to
Irina
Bokova,
Director-General of UNESCO,
„an educational system is as good as the teachers and units participating in it are .
An interesting phenomenon in this area, according to psychologist and pedago¬
gues, is the process defined as sliding
ofinformation .
It is a result of the change in
individuals adjustments. They don t strive to remember facts or acquire knowledge,
when they can get informed with only one click on their mobile devices. It is as
classics used to claim: Oh, times.
.
.Oh, morals or Nothing new under the sun.
.. ,
Human nature is constant and hard to change
-
the technologies are changing . In
this aspect the proclamation of the great thinker of our time,
Umberto
Eco,
to his
grandson is full of symbolism: to read and remember in the era of Internet.
(3)
Regardless of the negativism and fears that are normal for revolutionary
transformation, we have to remember, that the countries, which work with a vision
of the future, make huge investments in structure-defining programs
ofinformation
and knowledge infrastructures. They are aware of their dominant significance for
the national security and developing economy based on knowledge as well as of
imposing and domination of their culture and achievements worldwide. Emblematic
examples can be given in this aspect:
-
Creating and launching the idea of global information super network
-
Internet;
-
Support and financial help for social networks and intelligence through
networks;
-
Political activities and trends of the European union for creating new Internet
and scientific infrastructures, as well as economy based on innovations and
knowledge (Horizon
2020
program amounting to
85
billion EUR)
-
Terms for open access and second use of data, information and research
results (the so-called goldmine ) funded by public funds, etc.;
-
Innovation and sharp change ICTs and the technology sector.
Political and social scientists are claiming harder and harder in public that the
new arrangement of the world society and its morals has begun. The processes
26
are successful for those who realize the importance of leading responsible policy
and investments in information resources and infrastructures, the adoption and
development of technologies. Also, all this has to be related with the human factor
improvement.
We should not forget the fact, that regardless of the humane and democratic
principles in international documents, the world is still separated in two groups:
countries, which are rich
ofinformation
sources and technologies and others, which
are not. Unfortunately, it is not getting better. Surveys show that highly-developed
countries own
85%
ofinformation
and ICTs. The concept of informational impe¬
rialism has appeared. The Facebook Company is trying to get over the technology
isolation and separation. During the forum Mobile World Congress in the
beginning of
2014
in Barcelona, in his report We want to create a dial tone for the
Internet
(4),
Mark
Zuckerberg
announced an idea for a new project. He commented
the plans of his company and its future in ICTs: Most of people in the world don t
have Internet access. After the achievement of Facebook to connect over a milliard
people, we looked back and began to think how we could change the world. The
project will be supported by a few worldwide partners.
(4) Zuckerberg
is looking
for more partners next years. The project is described as global cooperation of the
world technology leaders, non-profit organizations, local communities and experts,
who will work together to deliver Internet access to
2/3
of the planet population.
According to
Zuckerberg,
part ofinternet.org strategy, is to reduce common costs
as well as data sourcing, while increasing the efficiency of advertisements.
It is important to remind the words of
Norbert
Wiener, father of cybernetic
science, said seven decades ago: One who rules information will rule the world!
Let s take a look at the symbolism in the words of Prof. Noam Chomsky, American
linguist, philosopher and political activist: The freedom to information access is
the fifth freedom .
Nowadays the world is information and knowledge! This is the motto of
success. Also, why not being a way of arising dangers for the citizens of the world?
A British professor, Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the global network, has
warned that nowadays Internet can be censured and set under monitoring, which is
a threat against Democracy.
(5)
This comment was made during the presentation of
the global network index for
2013.
„Internet and all social networks are encouraging
people to be organized, to act and take out wrong deeds all around the world. This is
a threat to some governments and leads to more spying and censure, which on the
other hand is a threat against the future of democracy. Lee s words were said
23
years after the beginning of Internet in
1990.
According to him, it is necessary to
undertake serious measures to be able to guarantee protection of our fundamental
right of personal life and free speech on Internet . The reaction of Eric Schmidt,
Executive Manager of Google, was similar. He evinced his fears of problems in the
net. Schmidt claimed that censure can be eliminated for ten years.
(5)
According
to the words of Valerie Shafer, expert in the field of Telecommunications and
27
Informatics history, and more specifically in data networks and Internet with the
Institute of sciences and communication (ISCC), France: The question about
Internet neutrality, a concept that appeared in
2002
in the USA, is getting more and
more popular these days. It sounds pretty much technical, but actually it is closely
related to valuable dimensions of Internet and its ecosystem. Beginning with some
affairs, illustrating the challenges in front of Internet neutrality (Comcast affair in
2007,
Orange/Cogent or Freeadgate in
2013,
etc.), we will point how they have
put basic questions in the agenda, which are connected with the use, economic and
political future of Internet, giving evidences for controversial visions, values and
concepts of participants. The European Union insists on USA s less role in ruling
Internet, commissioner of digital technologies thinks that Europe must contribute
more for reliable development of global Internet ruling .
(6)
Europe has to play a
significant role in defining the future vision of Network. The European Commission
does not insist on bigger state control on Internet as China and Russia. But it insists
on clarity and less American influence on institutions, which rule the mechanisms
of the global net, e.g. defining addresses of websites. Neelie
Kroes,
Vice President
of the European Commission has suggested doing this on the foundation of basic
freedoms and rights of people . The position of
Viviane
Reding, Vice Chairman of
the European Commission and European Commissioner for Justice, Fundamental
Rights and Citizenship, is similar
(7).
She is for signing an agreement with
the USA to guarantee protection of personal data of European citizens stored on
Internet. According to the European MPs, the fight with terrorism cannot be used
an excuse for the massive secret spying of citizens, which in majority is illegal
and should be forbidden. The biggest Internet companies such as Google ,
Microsoft , Yahoo , Facebook and Linkedln have announced information
about the amount of their users, data of whom have been submitted to the USA
government.
(8)
Ex-employee of the USA Intelligence Service, Edward Snowden,
via video connection from Russia, appealed tech society to help stopping massive
spying. This happened during the conference on online and multimedia industry
and culture in Austin, Texas in
2014. (9)
I saw that the Constitution was massively
violated , said Snowden, who was welcome by the participants in the forum, and
added that thanks to his reveals the security of communications had become better,
which people and society benefited of. The ex-employee appealed the technology
society to improve the security of Internet users against government spying or
data stealing. The policy must be changed but also there must be a technological
reaction against what happens . Some technological companies have put a distance
between themselves and the Central Intelligence Agency of the USA and increased
their requirements of security and coding. In this context, since
2014
the creation
of European Internet has been discussed. The initiators are Chancellor of Germany
Angela
Merkel
and French President
François Hollande. A
possible step in this
direction, according to
Merkel,
is the creation of European Internet, apart from the
American mega servers.
(10)
28
The perspective of assessing and directing the global key trends, according to
the experts who worked out the reports for the world forum of IFLA (International
Federation of Librarian Associations and Institutions) in Singapore, is similar. They
outlined
5
trends, which will change information environment, society and living
horizons.
(11, 12)
-
The new technologies will expand and simultaneously limit the circle of
people who will have access to information;
-
The online education will democratize access to and will change the face of
educational system in the world;
-
The limits of space and security of personal data will be defined again;
-
The hyperlinked societies will listen to a new voices and groups and will
create opportunities and conditions for their activity;
-
The global information economy will be transformed by new technologies.
It is well known, that in the last few years the sources of information are
developing extremely fast. Knowledge is increasing fast. Data from
2013,
quoted at
the IFLA s congress, showed us the following picture.
(10)
In
2010
for a first time the
amount of delivered information worldwide exceeded one zettabyte, it is expected
to double every two years. The amount of new digital contents in
2011
was a few
million times bigger than all the books written in history. In the last decade the traffic
on internet has increase by
13 000%,
in the period
2008-2011
the digital information
was more than in the whole history of humanity until then. At the end of
2013
in
the American state Utah a new center for the data of National Intelligence Agency
(NSA) was founded that can save over
12
ekzabytes
(12 000
petabytes) information.
In comparison, to save all the books that have ever written in all languages you need
about
400
terabytes. This is less than one percent of the saving capacity of the new
NSA center
(0.0033%),
one petabyte has
1000
terabytes. For the last few years we
have moved from a lack of information economy to economy ruled by information.
According to Eric Schmidt from Google, for every two days humanity produces
more information than it produced from the beginning of civilization until
2003. (4)
This is about five ekztabytes data per day. The forecast of British Library says that in
2020 75%
of all titles will be published only in electronic version or in books and in
digital version.
(13)
At the same time the ambitions of professionals are to conserve
the digital content in long term plan to guarantee that the intellectual inheritance can
be used by future generations of researchers.
There is a drastic change in professions related to information and information
and communication technologies. There tendency is of going out from out shell,
which was typical for professional societies until recently. We live in the so-
called Internet society, which according to Manuel Castells is in ascent.
(14)
It
is important to unite our endeavors and to be active participants in an intellectual
arena where actors are wise and informed; where technologies transform roles,
structures and organizational mechanisms. New ideas have arisen that part some
information professions will disappear. This is a result of technology development.
29
According to the website Network world people in many professional areas will
be replaced by robots and computers.
(15)
This can happen during the next decade.
The website advice is: If you want security for the next
10
years, you should
become a wedding planner . According to analysts this is one of the professions
that will not get a mechanical substitute . There are ten professions that are in the
greatest danger where people will fast give up under the pressure of technology
competition. The reason is that in these fields automatic systems have already been
set in operation or are in the process of creation. Librarian is in this list. The reason
for this change is that in
2012
an automatic system for searching books, providing
them to the customer and bringing them back when he/she has finished was first
applied in State University of South Carolina. The system is called BookBot, it
uses lasers helping students to find and use books. It can store over
2 000 000
books in appropriate environment and deliver a book in
5
minutes after it has
been chosen from the catalogue. This innovation questions the role of librarian.
The expectations mentioned earlier have logic, but only time will show if they are
reliable. Despite the innovation in this university, librarians have functions, which
at that stage cannot be done by robots or computers. Another survey in the USA
has not given reasons to ignore the profession of librarian. Opposite, it is very
respecting: in favour of librarians. The survey on the most perspective professions
in
2008,
published by US news and World Report , marked that librarian is among
the
31
best professions. „You can forget about the paper rat, now this profession is
between the most hi-tech professions, which are related to working with books and
digital information. Librarian helps customers to find information, to decide which
kind of digital resources to use, organizes information access, forms discussion
groups...
(15).
Despite the different points of view and predictions about the
profession and librarians, I will keep my credo. Every institution and profession
fits the interests and needs of society. If this institution wants to work, it has to
fight for its survival and good times. Our times are times of separation... and they
are extremely dynamic! The problem concerns not individuals but it is to realize,
rethink, unite professional communities and form creative policies. This means
motivation, perception of what is happening, sense for new, quality services and
devotion to publics. That should be supported by good education, innovative way
of thinking, values and high competences.
Ifall
these things are atavism, then I will
really be forced to share my opinion that the world is unpredictable!
As important agencies of conservation, creation and delivery of documentation
resources (traditional and electronic) and knowledge, libraries are deep in the world
of information and the mobility of flowing processes part of which moving at a
very high speed. They are entangled in the Global information infrastructure. In the
21st century Internet and modern Information Communication Technologies offer
a lot of and different opportunities for libraries in order to their traditional mission
and full functioning in the context of the global world. Under the conditions of
modern challenges, tasks of libraries in this global village is to combine the aims
30
of Enlightenment with modern needs and requirements in order to continue their
mission in new media : places with unlimited information access, in traditional
and digital version. The transformation from Gutenberg s to Internet galaxy, from
physical to virtual presence is a chance for real democratization and universalization
of information access. This requires interpretation, not predefinition of the library
mission in the new digital environment. The changes in the digital era have added
a new task for libraries
-
digitizing. The transition from printed to digital era is
closely connected to quality of new library activity: not only passively collecting
and saving information but active digitalization, saving and providing. The main
purpose is to provide mobile access to information, while taking notice of changes
in customers adjustments. This requires addition to the idea of libraries as a
physical depository with its new function
-
digitizing. This thesis is supported by
James Belington, Director of Library of Congress in the USA. He wrote in the
introduction to Strategic Plan for Libraries
2011-2016:
Most of the main strategies
are a direct answer to the challenges (and opportunities) of fast-developing digital
technologies and Internet.
(17)
Our activity related to digitalization is addition
to our traditional work with the analog selection. The policies and work in the
librarian sector of the European Union is similar and there are special texts related
to that in this edition. With a view to the mission under new conditions, libraries
are places for: popularization of cultural inheritance, stimulation of cultural work,
offering of new online services, democratization of culture access and development
ofinformation
society and economy of knowledge. These tasks were marked out in
the conclusions of Board of European Union from 20th of November
2008
about the
European digital library
EUROPEANA
and in other documents.
(18, 19)
Nowadays more than at any other time libraries have to conform to inside and
outside factors of influence on them. The problem is related to their place, role and
mission in the Global information sector. The fight is about their future projections
and trust of society.
Libraries have to answer objectively to the popping questions about their tasks
and future changes, no matter how threatening they are. Library organizations
are in very serious competition for influence with other subjects on the market
of information (there are more than
200
kinds of organizations and channels of
information). They do not have to dispute only about the new functions. It is
necessary to save these of them, which were laid at their establishment and give them
guarantees to correctly serve people and our civilization. Part of these functions is
related to archive, education, social information, information about producer and
customer, protection of different groups of users. Libraries are essential part of
important infrastructure, which supports education, working places and increasing
of society. They offer comfortable access to information in all kinds such as
manuscripts, prints, audio-visual and digital materials. They can support formal
education, informal education and lifelong learning, cultural memory protection,
traditional local knowledge and national cultural and scientific inheritance. In times,
31
when the national information politics are aimed at developing telecommunications
and providing high-speed nets, libraries are natural partners for providing public
access to ICT and shared information resources.
I will ask two questions to skeptics who claim that the institution of library has
exhausted its potential:
-
Who will continue looking up, saving correctly and honorable the memory
and cultural memorials from different eras of humanity, especially dynamic
documents in the context of the Global information Infrastructure?
-
Who will transform the documents and take care of this process, while there
is constantly changing software, technologies, communication channels,
etc.: one of the eternal questions.
These questions are related to survival and development of people and their
achievements. Our world has always looked for a certain order. In this respect
libraries have never mislead us.
To back up what I have said about libraries, I have based my point of view on
faith, expert opinion and belief of eminent colleagues in our profession
(20, 21).
The first opinion belongs to Prof. Michael Gorman, a great friend of Bulgaria.
He fights for humanistic morals and values, which libraries were based upon
their establishment, and protection of these ideas. I rely on the remarkable logic
of
Vartan
Gregorian, Head of Public Library of New York for long years, and
now President of Carnegie Corporation in New York. He claims: The building
of our culture is based on libraries and knowledge that they save and spread.
Memory and wisdom of humanity, achievements and hopes for better world,
which is relying on intellect are compressed in libraries. Gregorian compares
libraries with protectors of
DNA
of our civilization... According to him
people, responsible for the present and future of cultural layers, must not forget
that Libraries must insist on our danger-free existing. Our survival cannot be
questioned. Quality of our survival and quality of services we use is what is
important to society. If you can be convinced in this, nobody will put libraries on
the top of the list for cuts, but at the bottom. It is similar to the opinion about
the faith in the role and importance of libraries shared by Neil Gaiman, English
comics and scientific fantasy writer.
(22)
In his public speech called Why the
future depends on libraries, reading and dreams , he has said that: Libraries give
freedom. Freedom to read, freedom of ideas, freedom to communicate. They give
education (a process that does not stop at the moment when we leave school or
university), they give entertainment, they create safety places and give access to
information. I am worried that now, at the 21st century, people do not understand
what libraries are and what the point of library is. If we accept library as shelves
full of books, it may look old-fashioned and antic in the world where books exist
mainly but not only in digital version. That means that we have not got the point!
I think that the reason is connected with the nature of information. Information
has value, but the right information has enormous value. Libraries are places
32
where people go to look for information. Books are only the top of information
iceberg: books are there and you can get them legally and free. Children borrow
books from library much more than ever, all kinds: digital, audio, traditional.
But libraries are also places where people who do not have computers or Internet
connection can be online without any payment. This is very important when the
ways of finding a job, application for a work place or support are mostly online.
Librarians can help people to get orientation in this world.
In its latest documents IFLA has insisted both to the UN and political
authorities of individual states on including libraries in development strategies.
(11,
12)
As librarians have a natural role to provide access to informational contents and
connections to people and organizations, which is the basis of sustainable development,
politicians should foster library stabilization and use the skills of librarians and other
information workers to solve problems with society development on the level of
communities. That is why IFLA appeals political leaders and practitioners in the field
of development to use these powerful resources and guarantee that after
2015
each
concept of development:
—
should acknowledge the role of access to information as a significant
element of progress;
—
should acknowledge the role of libraries and librarians as mediators towards
this progress;
—
should encourage countries members of the UN to support information
structures, which lie in the foundation of development and provide
networks, information and human resources such as libraries and other
public institutions.
(12)
The idea to compile a collection of lectures and fundamental materials
published by prestigious international organizations in the library-and-information
field was prompted by my keen professional interest in the topics included and
discussed in these documents.
The objective of this collection is to outline and throw some light upon a couple
of particular thematic fields, namely:
—
Trends in formulation and implementation of the information policy, both
historically and at present, in some developed countries in different parts of
the world such as the USA, Great Britain, Germany, France, Russia, etc.
—
Global projects, the challenges faced by these projects and their evolution.
—
Concepts of developing common policies in the information sector and
infrastructure to benefit science and knowledge in the European Union.
—
New societal communication models to disseminate information and
knowledge.
—
Role of government agencies in implementation of policies for library sector
development.
33
-
The mission, functions and tasks of libraries within the paradigm towards a
global information society and network infrastructure.
-
The state-of-the-art of the libraries in Bulgaria, the policies for their
development, etc.
The collection consists of two parts. The first one concentrates on the above-
mentioned thematic fields while the second one is like an anthology. It comprises of
selected IFLA documents on key issues of development faced by libraries and society.
It also includes important materials of UNESCO, EBLIDA (the European Bureau
of Library Information and Documentation Associations) and other international
organizations along with articles published by individual authors. Some of these have
already been published by BLIA and I extend my cordial thanks to this association
for presenting them at our disposal. The objective of these publications is to introduce
the position of the international institutions, to offer solutions to important issues, to
render support to both libraries and their users and suggest particular ways of action in
the dynamically changing world of today which is often referred to as a global world
or a world of knowledge. They also aim at presenting individual positions, models
and viewpoints about some good practices in the development of the library-and-
information infrastructure, along with ideas intended for libraries and the information
sector as a whole.
Within the framework of this collection, I personally assert that the mission and
functions of libraries are definitely determined by the social rules and regulations as
well as by the expectations to them.
(19,20)
The roles, which they have, have been
evaluated in different time periods. They have lost their advanced nature with some
circumstances, but they can be rediscovered in other time or get a new meaning
and be further developed. Times change and the idea of library, its role and place
are reappraised at different times. For the last two decades new technologies have
had more serious influence on libraries than other different factors in the previous
centuries. They have lead to deep changes in communication channels in variety of
public sectors. We are on a crossroad in regard to the place and influence of libraries
in the process of complicated metamorphosis of: knowledge and information
streams; changes of information carriers; adjustment of users; ideas of saving
and access to knowledge resources in this global world. We are hovering in the
information universe , which, as result of dynamic changes in the beginning of the
century, has faced the decision to rediscover and make its way from uncertainty to
establishment of sustainability and adaptation models.
(23, 24)
In this fast moving
world we are obliged to think over the significance of libraries. What is important
today is the idea of being valuable to people, its role and evolution. What do we
expect from the library to be on the background of its achievements, accumulated
experience and traditions? Thinking about transformations and expectations to
libraries, while searching for a structure, which we can stand on, I admit reasonable
to follow the logics of two popular figures, representatives of deferent professional
34
fields.
(20, 21)
In their intellectual searches they have tried to suggest the credo
oft changes happening around us. First, I would quote Thomas Stearns Eliot, a
poet, dramatist and critic who was awarded Nobel Prize: Present and past are
probably present in future. Similarly Peter
Drucker,
one of the prominent experts
in the field of management, has said The future can be presumed. It has already
happened, because it is a fruit of events and influences that have already happened
and which set scenarios for following manifestations and models. Holding up
to Eliot and
Drucker
s
thoughts, I will try to put together the puzzle of modern
functions and place of libraries in society where we can see elements of the past,
what is happening now and what we expect to happen.
As quoted,
Umberto Eco s
message to his grandson My dear boy, study by
heart! wakes up interest and anxiety.
(3)
I think that this is part of the ideas of this
text: as an appeal and proclamation to intoxication of people who use technologies
uncontrolled, without noticing the consequences for homo sapiens . A notified
suggestion without knowing where our world is going. From the distance of time,
similar to fears, written in the oldest manuscript
(Prisse
papyrus), saved until today,
dated
3000
years B.C., where there was a message: Unfortunately today world is
not what it used to be. Everyone wants to write books.
..
Nobody reads.
..
Children
do not listen to their parents... Where does the world go... Such torments are
characteristic for other ages, too. Similar thoughts are admonishing and characteristic
for certain people after the invention of Gutenberg s printing press.
Policiano
says
anxiously: Now human stupidity will be multiplied very fast, it will pour on us in
huge amounts, which is a threat for the good human values...
(20, 21)
This way,
in the dawn of book printing, a scientist, abbot Johannes Trithemius put a lot of
energy to write diatribes against the danger of printing press and point out the
advantages of hand writing. The irony was that he used the exactly same press to
multiply his critic texts, because he had realized that thus his message would reach
more people faster. According to Yoan Avramov from the Institute of Research on
Society and Knowledge with the Bulgarian Association of Sciences this case was
a micro-universe of what had happened mostly back in that era: the invention of
Gutenberg did not eat the manuscripts, opposite: it managed to spread them widely
and became one of the forcing powers of the European modern civilization .
(25,26)
To support the opinion presented above I would quote Albert Einstein and his
words about the meaning of books, their active use, the role of reading.
(22)
Once he
was asked how to make children more intelligent. His answer was both simple and
wise: If you want your children to be intelligent, read fairytales. He had realized
how important reading and imagination were. I hope that we can give our children
the world where they will read, we will read to them; they will fantasize and will
understand. Neil Gaiman has given interesting examples of the role of knowledge
and striving for it.
(22)
A few years ago there were rumors that we lived in a post-
literate world where the ability to extract the meaning of what had been written
was redundant, but these days are gone now: words are more important than ever.
35
We rule the world with words, and while the world slides in the net, we have to
follow it, to understand what we are reading. People, who are not able to understand
each other, cannot exchange ideas, communicate and translation software cannot
help . Gaiman continues: In
2007
I visited China for the Congress of Fiction and
Fantasy, the first one in the history of China approved by the party. During this
congress I asked one of the managers why fiction in China had not been approved
for so long. What had changed? He said: It is so simple . Chinese people are great
in making things, as long as somebody else gives them a plan. But they do not make
any improvements; they do not make anything new. They do not have imagination.
So they sent a delegation to the USA, in Apple, Microsoft, Google and spoke to
people, who had invented the future. And they understood that all these people had
read fiction when they had been children.
Today, in the era of Internet, all experts who analyze Internet claim that only
about
8—10 %
of information accumulated and spread in it is helpful. The rest is
spam or information with random character. Probably there are some reasons about
the things said in the text above. I think that they have the role of corrective and
reference point to move forward. The opinion of Phyllis Spies, Vice President of
OCLC, is interesting.
(24)
In
1967
Marshall McLuhan wrote a book called The
Medium is the Message , which means that every new technology creates a new
type of media. Today s impact of technology on us is different than that one during
the Industrial Revolution. It is more democratic, more personal, more intangible,
it is deeper. What do I think? When we talk about the global economic revolution,
it is about people who work with their intellect, not with their hands. World where
telecommunication technologies are competitive worldwide, related not only to
sport shoes and laptops, but for universities and libraries. World where innovations
are more important than production. World where investors invest in new ideas
but not in new machines. World where fast changes are constant. World that is so
different, whose appearance can be described only as revolution.
..
It is obvious that
the new information era is growing around us
-
of global economy whose general
sources of wealth are knowledge and communications, more than natural resources
and labour force... Communications revolution has tilted the balance of power
from institutions to individuals.
This collection has been designed for the public at large, laying emphasis on the
people that love knowledge, libraries and information, the people who are excited
when they come into contact with them and burn with curiosity about the facts
and knowledge they come across in this sacred preoccupation. It is also meant for
everybody who believes that these creations of human intellect and human efforts
constitute the driving force of our civilization and loyally serve the development
of humankind.
The collection is based on the lectures delivered within the university course in
Comparative Library-and-Information Policy intended for students in the Master s
36
programme
of
Library-and-Information Science
taught at the Faculty of Philosophy
with the Sofia University St.
Kliment Ohridski.
It can be used to satisfy the training
needs of undergraduate students in the programme of Library-and-Information
Science as well as in other programmes dealing with similar topics.
The present collection is also designed for library-and-information staff,
experts, managers and public authorities who are involved in the development and
implementation of policies in the information sector.
I have been invited to present some of the concepts included in this collection
to experts from the United States, Germany, Italy, Kazakhstan, the Netherlands,
Poland, Serbia, Russia, Venezuela, China, the United Kingdom and other countries.
Prof.
Dr
Alexander Dimchev
author of the lecture course and compiler of the collection
Translated by
Dr
Anna Dzhaleva-Chonkova
NOTES
1.
A survey in the USA has shown that a quarter of Americans do not know that our
planet orbits round the Sun. It is not the first time that the unexpected unawareness
of Americans appears like this , stated Daily Telegraph. Latest surveys have shown
that Americans do not know much more than astronomic facts. Newsweek Magazine
asked
1000
Americans to make the test that the Government gives to people applying
for American citizenship.
29%
of them could not name Vice President of the USA: Joe
Biden. Almost three quarters could not point the enemy of the USA during the Cold
War.
6%
of them could not say when the Independence Day is. A telephone survey made
by McCormick Museum, dedicated to the First amendment of Constitution, has shown
that these
1000
Americans can identify all members of the American animation The
Simpson very well but cannot say what their rights according to the First amendment
are, e.g. free speech, free print, free to address petitions to the Government, religion
freedom. The survey of National Geographic Magazine among
500
American citizens
aged
18-24,
has shown that
6%
of them cannot find USA on the world map. Only
one out of tree can find the United Kingdom on the map. Two thirds say that USA
has population between
750
million and
2
billion people; actually it is
298
million
people. Three quarters pointed English to be the most popular language on the Earth,
but it is the third one after Chinese and Spanish. The same survey made
3
years after
the war in Iraq began in
2003, 37%
of young Americans could not find Iraq on the
Middle East map. Only one out of four could find Israel and Iran on the map.
37%
could find Saudi Arabia, but only
23%
found all these four countries. The survey of
Washington Post made
2
years after the War in Iraq had started, showed that
70%
of all
Americans continued to believe that Saddam Hussein was personally involved in the
terroristic attacks from
1
1th September
2001.
Eight out often said that Iraq had weapon
of mass destruction. The survey of
2009
made by the European Communication
37
Bulletin
showed that Americans answered the questions related to international politics
worse than the participants from European countries: Finland, United Kingdom and
Denmark. Only
58%
of Americans could say who the
talibans
were compared to
75%
correct answers of participants from the United Kingdom. In
2003
a report dedicated
to the American education, concluded that Americans ignorance of the World was so
huge that it could represent a threat for the security of USA.
The results of an international test PISA (Program for international student assessment)
-
the data is from Bulgaria. The program assesses students at the age of
15,
and its main
purpose is to define knowledge and skills they have got at the end of their compulsory
school education, which will allow them successfully to compete on the labour market
and bring them career promotion and personal satisfaction. The key element in PISA is
the understanding that the competences, which young people acquire at school, influence
on their ability to continue their education and integrate into society. Bulgaria is on the
47th position out of
65
participants with average results of
439
points in Mathematics.
The average result of the countries from
OECD
(Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development) is
494
points. The highest result belongs to students from Shanghai,
China
- 613
points, Chinese Taipei
(560
points), the 8th place is the highest position
occupied by
a non-
Asian country,
Lichtenstein
(535
points), followed by Switzerland
(531
points). To compare: Bulgaria is on the 51st position in reading with the average
amount of points
436.
The average result for the students from
OECD
is
496
points.
The first
6
positions belong to: Shanghai, China
(570);
Hong Kong, China
(545);
Singapore
(542
points); Japan
(538),
Korea
(536
points) and Finland
(524
points). In
sciences Bulgaria is on the 45th position with average result of
446
points. The average
result for the countries from
OECD
is
501
points. The first
6
positions: Shanghai, China
(580);
Hong Kong, China
(555
points); Singapore
(551
points); Japan
(547);
Finland
(545
points); Estonia
(541).
According to the average results in PISA, Bulgaria in same
group with Serbia
(449
points), Turkey
(448
points), Rumania
(445
points), Cyprus
(440
points), United Arab Emirates
(434
points) and Kazakhstan
(432
points).
...
But this is not why I want to talk to you but about the sickness struck your generation
and the previous one that is already at universities. I am talking about the loss of
memory. The truth is that if you want to know who Carl the Great is or where Kuala
Lumpur is, you can push a button and learn that on Internet. Do it when you need to
but when you learn it, try to remember it, so you will not have to look it up again when
you need this knowledge after some time, at school for instance. The conviction that
the computer can answer your questions at any time and kills your desire to remember
the information is bad. I can illustrate this with the following claim: when a person
realizes that he can reach some street by bus or by subway, which is faster and more
comfortable, he decides that he doesn t need to walk on foot anymore. But if you stop
walking, you will become disabled and you will need a wheelchair. Oh, I know that
you do sports and you are able to control your body but let s pay some attention to your
brain. Memory is like leg muscles. If you stop training it will become stunned and you
(let s say it straight) will become an idiot. Except this, all of us are risking to get sick
from Alzheimer when we get old and one of the ways to avoid this is with constant
brain and memory exercises. Here is the recipe. Every morning learn a short poem, as
we had to do in our childhood. You can compete for good memory with friends.
..
38
I can ask endlessly and my questions could become a great topic of research. Why is to
remember all this. A day will come when you will grow old but you will feel that you
have lived a thousand lives, as if you had been at the battlefield near Waterloo, you had
witnessed Julie Cesar s murder, you had been at the place where
Berthold Schwarz
had
been trying to make gold, he had mixed two substances and invented the gunpowder.
..
and had blown off air (that is what he deserved!). And other friends, who have not tried
to enrich their memory, will have only one life, monotonous and devoid of emotions.
So, enrich your memory and for tomorrow, learn by heart
La vispa
Teresa (a child
poem of
Luigi
Sailer, poet from
Milano) .
Умберто Еко. Мило мое момче, учи наизуст!
// 24
Часа,
http://www.24chasa.bg/
01.02.2014
4. Mark Zuckerberg:
We want to create a dial tone for the Internet. In: Mobile World
Congress Keynote in Barcelona, Spain, onFeb.
24,2014.
//<http://mashable.com/2014/
02/24/mark-zuckerberg-mobile-world-congress-2/25.02.201
4>
5.
Бащата
на интернет:
Бъдещето на мрежата е застрашено. Британецът призова за
смели мерки, за да се гарантира правото на личен живот и свободата на словото.
АБВ,
23.11.2013. // <
,http://www.abv.bg/> 24.01.2014>
[Същото и В:
^ttp^/www.vesti.bg/tehnologii/kompyutri-i-djadji/prof.-lij-bydeshteto-
na-mrezhata-e-zastrasheno-5999
142/25.01.20
14>]
6.
ЕС иска САЩ да имат по-малка роля в управлението
на интернет.
ABV.Bg.
//
^ttp^/www.vesti.bg/sviat/evropa/es-iska-po-malka-rolia-na-sasht-v-upravlenieto-na-
internet-6005260/1
2.01.20
14>
7.
Вивиан Рединг публично благодари на Едуард Сноудън за разкритията му. Свят.
Европа,
//
<http://www.vesti.bg/sviat/08.01.2014>
8.
Големите
интернет
компании
с
нова информация
за онлайн
следенето.
//
Свят
.
Америка.
//
<http://www.
vesti.bg/sviat/04.02.2014>
9.
Сноудън: Вашингтон още не знае какво получиха журналистите. Бившият
служител на американското разузнаване призова технологичната общност да
помогне за предотвратяване на масовото шпиониране.
<http://www.vesti.bg/sviaťsnoudyn-sasht-oshte-ne-znaiat-kakvo-poluchiha-zhurnalist
ite-6007
180/11.03.201
4>
10.
Германия ще прави европейски
интернет.
<http://profit.bg/news/Germaniya-shte-
pravi-evropejski-internet/nid-
11921
9.htm/26.02.20141>
11.
На гребена на
вълните
или
настигнати
от прилива: Да
се ориентираме
в
променящата
се информационна среда. Изводи от Доклада на ИФЛА за
основните насоки
на развитие.
Докладът е представен
на
Световния библиотечен
и информационен конгрес в Сингапур през август
2013
г. В: ББИА онлайн,
2013,
бр.
6,
с.
4-13.
12.
Становище на ИФЛА относно библиотеките и развитието. Прието от
Управителния съвет на ИФЛА, Сингапур,
16
август
2013
г.
//
<http://www.
lib.bg/
риЬіізіі/Издания-на-ИФЛА/Манифести^б-Становище-на-ИФЛА.//
23.02.20
14>
13.
British Library <http://www.bl.uk/10.06.2013>
39
14.
Кастелс,
M.
Възходът на мрежовото общество.
T.
Ì.C.
:
ЛИК,
2004. 496
с.
15. 10
професии, които роботите ще ни отнемат, всички новини от
18
февруари
2014.
//
<http://www.
// 24
4aca.bg.
/18.02.2014>
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
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| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789540737195 |
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| physical | 478 S. |
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| spelling | Dimčev, Aleksandăr 1952- Verfasser (DE-588)1020423935 aut Globalna informacionna infrastruktura rolja i misija na bibliotekite v promenjaštija se svjat Aleksandăr Dimčev 1. izd. Sofija Univ. Izdat. "Sv. Kliment Ochridski" 2014 478 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Universitetska biblioteka 509 In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Einf. in engl. Sprache International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (DE-588)2045279-2 gnd rswk-swf Informationsvermittlung (DE-588)4161680-7 gnd rswk-swf Öffentliche Bibliothek (DE-588)4043141-1 gnd rswk-swf Informationsgesellschaft (DE-588)4114011-4 gnd rswk-swf Globalisierung (DE-588)4557997-0 gnd rswk-swf Informationsgesellschaft (DE-588)4114011-4 s Globalisierung (DE-588)4557997-0 s Informationsvermittlung (DE-588)4161680-7 s Öffentliche Bibliothek (DE-588)4043141-1 s DE-604 International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (DE-588)2045279-2 b Universitetska biblioteka 509 (DE-604)BV036832523 509 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027585440&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027585440&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Dimčev, Aleksandăr 1952- Globalna informacionna infrastruktura rolja i misija na bibliotekite v promenjaštija se svjat Universitetska biblioteka International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (DE-588)2045279-2 gnd Informationsvermittlung (DE-588)4161680-7 gnd Öffentliche Bibliothek (DE-588)4043141-1 gnd Informationsgesellschaft (DE-588)4114011-4 gnd Globalisierung (DE-588)4557997-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)2045279-2 (DE-588)4161680-7 (DE-588)4043141-1 (DE-588)4114011-4 (DE-588)4557997-0 |
| title | Globalna informacionna infrastruktura rolja i misija na bibliotekite v promenjaštija se svjat |
| title_auth | Globalna informacionna infrastruktura rolja i misija na bibliotekite v promenjaštija se svjat |
| title_exact_search | Globalna informacionna infrastruktura rolja i misija na bibliotekite v promenjaštija se svjat |
| title_full | Globalna informacionna infrastruktura rolja i misija na bibliotekite v promenjaštija se svjat Aleksandăr Dimčev |
| title_fullStr | Globalna informacionna infrastruktura rolja i misija na bibliotekite v promenjaštija se svjat Aleksandăr Dimčev |
| title_full_unstemmed | Globalna informacionna infrastruktura rolja i misija na bibliotekite v promenjaštija se svjat Aleksandăr Dimčev |
| title_short | Globalna informacionna infrastruktura |
| title_sort | globalna informacionna infrastruktura rolja i misija na bibliotekite v promenjastija se svjat |
| title_sub | rolja i misija na bibliotekite v promenjaštija se svjat |
| topic | International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (DE-588)2045279-2 gnd Informationsvermittlung (DE-588)4161680-7 gnd Öffentliche Bibliothek (DE-588)4043141-1 gnd Informationsgesellschaft (DE-588)4114011-4 gnd Globalisierung (DE-588)4557997-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions Informationsvermittlung Öffentliche Bibliothek Informationsgesellschaft Globalisierung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027585440&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027585440&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV036832523 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dimcevaleksandar globalnainformacionnainfrastrukturaroljaimisijanabibliotekitevpromenjastijasesvjat |