Synchrotron Radiation: Basics, Methods and Applications
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| Sprache: | English |
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Springer Berlin
2015
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| Beschreibung: | XXIV, 799 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 235 mm x 155 mm |
| ISBN: | 9783642553141 3642553141 |
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| 653 | |a Synchroton Radiation | ||
| 653 | |a Characteristics of Synchrotron Radiation | ||
| 653 | |a Matter-radiation Interaction | ||
| 653 | |a Free-electron Lasers | ||
| 653 | |a X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy | ||
| 653 | |a Advanced Imaging | ||
| 653 | |a Infrared Spectroscopy | ||
| 653 | |a High Resolution Inelastic X-ray Scattering | ||
| 653 | |a Valence Band and Core Level Photoemission | ||
| 653 | |a Chemical and Medical Imaging | ||
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CONTENTS
PART I BASICS OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION
1 INTRODUCTION TO SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 3
ANTONELLA BALERNA AND SETTIMIO MOBILIO
1.1 INTRODUCTION 3
1.2 STORAGE RINGS AND SYNCHROTRON RADIATION SOURCES 4
1.3 SYNCHROTRON RADIATION PROPERTIES 8
1.4 RADIATED POWER AND TIME STRUCTURE 9
1.5 ANGULAR, SPECTRAL AND INTENSITY DISTRIBUTION 12
1.6 POLARIZATION 17
1.7 SPECTRAL BRIGHTNESS AND EMITTANCE 19
1.8 INSERTION DEVICES 20
REFERENCES 28
2 CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPERTIES OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 29
GIORGIO MARGARITONDO
2.1 INTRODUCTION: BROAD PICTURE OF A SYNCHROTRON LIGHT SOURCE . 29
2.2 RELATIVISTIC EFFECTS IN A NUTSHELL 31
2.3 DEFINITION OF THE MAIN PARAMETERS 34
2.3.1 SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION FEATURES 34
2.3.2 TOTAL EMISSION 34
2.3.3 BRIGHTNESS 35
2.3.4 POLARIZATION 37
2.3.5 TIME FEATURES 38
2.3.6 COHERENCE PARAMETERS 38
2.4 BENDING MAGNETS 42
2.5 WIGGLERS 44
2.6 UNDULATORS 44
2.7 FREE ELECTRON LASERS 50
2.7.1 THE GAIN LENGTH 52
2.7.2 INFRARED FELS VERSUS X-FELS 53
2.7.3 THE SUBTLE EFFECTS OF RELATIVITY 54
2.7.4 SATURATION 55
2.7.5 SEEDING 57
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/1049602838
VIII CONTENTS
2.8 WHY ARE SYNCHROTRON AND X-FELS SOURCES IMPORTANT? 57
2.9 NEW TYPES OF SYNCHROTRON-RELATED SOURCES 60
2.10 A FEW PRACTICAL EQUATIONS 61
REFERENCES 61
3 INSTRUMENTATION AT SYNCHROTRON RADIATION BEAMLINES 65
GIULIANA AQUILANTI, LISA VACCARI, JASPER RIKKERT PLAISIER
AND ANDREA GOLDONI
3.1 INTRODUCTION 65
3.2 BEAMLINES IN THE HARD X-RAY RANGE (2000-50000 EV) 69
3.2.1 HARD X-RAY OPTICS 70
3.2.2 X-RAY DETECTORS 77
3.2.3 DIFFRACTION BEAMLINES: MCX AT ELETTRA 79
3.2.4 ABSORPTION BEAMLINES: THE XAFS BEAMLINE
AT ELETTRA 80
3.3 SOFT X-RAY AND VACUUM ULTRAVIOLET BEAMLINES 81
3.3.1 SOFT X-RAY ENERGY OPTICS 83
3.3.2 LAYOUT FOR A SOFT X-RAY ENERGY BEAMLINE 85
3.3.3 LOW ENERGY VUV (4-40 EV) AND VISIBLE-INFRARED
BEAMLINES 87
3.3.4 EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLES TO TEST THE BEAMLINE
PERFORMANCE 91
3.4 COOLING OF OPTICS AND OTHER BEAMLINE PARTS 94
3.5 X-RAY OPTICS FOR MICROSCOPY 95
3.5.1 X-RAY FOCUSING OPTICS 96
REFERENCES 102
PART II FUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS
4 INTRODUCTION TO MATTER RADIATION INTERACTION 107
SETTIMIO MOBILIO
4.1 INTRODUCTION 107
4.2 CLASSICAL DESCRIPTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND THEIR
INTERACTION WITH THE MATTER 109
4.2.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN THE VACUUM 109
4.2.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN MATTER ILL
4.2.3 CLASSICAL MICROSCOPIC DESCRIPTION OF THE COMPLEX
INDEX OF REFRACTION 114
4.2.4 THE SCATTERING AND ITS CLASSICAL DESCRIPTION 118
4.2.5 ELASTIC SCATTERING AT HIGH ENERGY 119
4.2.6 ANOMALOUS SCATTERING 122
4.3 SEMICLASSICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN
MATTER AND RADIATION 124
CONTENTS IX
4.3.1 QUANTUM DESCRIPTION OF THE MATTER 124
4.3.2 SEMICLASSICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERACTION 125
4.3.3 ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT IN THE SEMICLASSICAL
APPROACH 125
4.3.4 THE SCATTERING IN THE SEMI-CLASSICAL APPROACH 127
4.4 QUANTUM DESCRIPTION OF THE ABSORPTION AND SCATTERING 130
4.4.1 QUANTUM DESCRIPTION OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD. 130
4.4.2 QUANTUM DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERACTION
OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND MATTER 131
4.4.3 ABSORPTION CROSS SECTION 132
4.4.4 FIRST ORDER SCATTERING 132
4.4.5 SECOND ORDER SCATTERING: ANOMALOUS AND RESONANT
SCATTERING 135
4.4.6 HIGH ENERGY BEHAVIOUR OF THE SECOND
ORDER SCATTERING 137
4.5 RELATIVISTIC SCATTERING 137
4.5.1 FIRST ORDER RELATIVISTIC CONTRIBUTION
TO THE SCATTERING 138
4.5.2 SECOND ORDER RELATIVISTIC SCATTERING 139
4.5.3 TOTAL SCATTERING CROSS SECTION AT HIGH ENERGY 140
REFERENCES 143
5 QUANTUM DESCRIPTION OF THE MATTER-RADIATION INTERACTION 145
CARLO MARIA BERTONI
5.1 THE CLASSICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE FREE ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELD 145
5.2 THE QUANTIZED FREE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD 148
5.3 MOVING CHARGES IN INTERACTION WITH THE ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELD 153
5.4 THE EXPANSION OF THE AMPLITUDE OF TRANSITION 155
5.5 ELEMENTARY PROCESSES 157
5.6 THE MATRIX ELEMENT 158
5.7 BEYOND THE DIPOLE APPROXIMATION 160
5.8 ABSORPTION 161
5.9 PHOTOEMISSION 163
5.10 THOMSON SCATTERING 170
5.11 SECOND ORDER PROCESSES 171
5.12 RESONANT RAMAN SCATTERING 172
5.13 CONCLUSIONS 174
5.14 APPENDIX 174
REFERENCES 177
X CONTENTS
PART III EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
6 INTRODUCTION TO X-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY 181
PAOLO FORNASINI
6.1 A PHENOMENOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION TO XAFS 181
6.2 PHOTOELECTRIC ABSORPTION OF X-RAYS 184
6.2.1 GOLDEN RULE AND FURTHER APPROXIMATIONS 185
6.2.2 DE-EXCITATION MECHANISMS 187
6.3 BASIC EXAFS THEORY 188
6.3.1 THE EXAFS FUNCTION 188
6.3.2 APPROXIMATE DERIVATION OF EXAFS 190
6.3.3 DISORDER EFFECTS ON EXAFS 194
6.3.4 SUMMARY 197
6.4 INTERPRETATION OF EXAFS PARAMETERS 197
6.4.1 EXAFS DISTANCE AND CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DISTANCE 198
6.4.2 PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR MSRDS 199
6.4.3 STRUCTURAL DISORDER 201
6.5 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 201
6.5.1 OPTICAL APPARATUS 202
6.5.2 MEASUREMENT APPARATUS 203
6.6 EXAFS ANALYSIS 205
6.6.1 EXTRACTION OF THE EXAFS SIGNAL 205
6.6.2 FOURIER TRANSFORM AND BACK-TRANSFORM 207
6.6.3 QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF STRUCTURAL
PARAMETERS 209
REFERENCES 210
7 A CLOSE LOOK INTO THE LOW ENERGY REGION OF THE XAS SPECTRA:
THE XANES REGION 213
MAURIZIO BENFATTO AND CARLO MENEGHINI
7.1 INTRODUCTION 213
7.2 THE ORIGIN OF NEAR EDGE FEATURES 215
7.3 SEMI-QUANTITATIVE UNDERSTANDING OF XANES FEATURES 218
7.4 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND THE FIT OF THE XANES
ENERGY REGION 220
7.5 CONCLUSIONS 237
REFERENCES 238
8 X-RAY DIFFRACTION BY CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS 241
DAVIDE VITERBO AND GIUSEPPE ZANOTTI
8.1 INTRODUCTION 241
8.1.1 THE CRYSTAL \ 242
8.1.2 CRYSTAL SYMMETRIES 243
CONTENTS
X1
8.1.3 THEX-RAYS 245
8.1.4 SOME USEFUL MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS 245
8.2 X-RAY DIFFRACTION 252
8.2.1 X-RAY SCATTERING 253
8.2.2 INTERFERENCE OF SCATTERED WAVES 255
8.2.3 SCATTERING BY MATTER 256
8.2.4 DIFFRACTION BY A CRYSTAL 257
8.2.5 OTHER USEFUL RELATIONS AND CONCEPTS 261
8.3 THE PHASE PROBLEM 263
8.3.1 PATTERSON METHODS 264
8.3.2 DIRECT METHODS 265
8.3.3 OTHER METHODS USED TO SOLVE THE PHASE PROBLEM. . . . 265
8.4 REFINEMENT OF THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE 266
8.5 DIFFRACTION BY POLYCRYSTALLINE SAMPLES 267
8.5.1 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES FOR OBTAINING
POWDER DIFFRACTION PATTERNS 268
8.5.2 ANALYSIS OF POWDER DIFFRACTION PATTERNS 271
REFERENCES 272
9 PHOTOEMISSION SPECTROSCOPY: FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS 275
CARLO MARIANI AND GIOVANNI STEFANI
9.1 INTRODUCTION 275
9.2 BASIC CONCEPTS 276
9.3 ENERGY CONSERVATION, BINDING ENERGY AND PHOTOELECTRON
ENERGY 278
9.4 SATELLITE STRUCTURES 281
9.4.1 SPIN-ORBIT SPLITTING 284
9.4.2 MULTIPLET SPLITTING 284
9.4.3 CHEMICAL SHIFT 286
9.5 MOLECULAR PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY 287
9.5.1 VIBRATIONAL OVERTONES 287
9.6 PHOTOELECTRON ANGULAR DISTRIBUTIONS 291
9.7 CORE HOLE STATE RELAXATION 294
9.7.1 THE AUGER DECAY 295
9.7.2 RESONANT AUGER AND PHOTOEMISSION 298
9.8 PHOTOEMISSION FROM SOLIDS: THE THREE-STEP MODEL 300
9.9 SPECTRAL FUNCTION OF INTERACTING ELECTRONS IN A SOLID 303
9.10 ENERGY DISTRIBUTION CURVES 305
9.10.1 VALENCE BAND EXAMPLES (CROSS-SECTION
EXPLOITATION AND COOPER MINIMA) 305
9.10.2 CORE LEVEL EXAMPLES 307
9.11 ANGULAR RESOLVED PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY 309
9.11.1 BAND STRUCTURES 309
9.11.2 ADSORBATES 309
XII CONTENTS
9.11.3 GRAPHITE AND GRAPHENE AS EXEMPLARY 2D SYSTEM. . 311
9.12 FINAL CONSIDERATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 314
REFERENCES 315
10 POWDER DIFFRACTION AND SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 319
GILBERTO ARTIOLI
10.1 POWDER DIFFRACTION 319
10.2 FLAT PLATE SAMPLE (BRAGG-BRENTANO GEOMETRY) 322
10.3 CYLINDRICAL SAMPLE (DEBYE GEOMETRY) 324
10.4 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CAPILLARY GEOMETRY AT SYNCHROTRON
SOURCES, CASE EXAMPLES 325
10.5 BASICS OF INSTRUMENTAL STRATEGIES 327
10.6 TIME RESOLVED EXPERIMENTS, KINETICS, NON-AMBIENT
CONDITIONS 328
10.7 SIMULTANEOUS AND COMBINED STUDIES 331
REFERENCES 333
11 SMALL ANGLE X-RAY SCATTERING (SAXS) WITH SYNCHROTRON
RADIATION SOURCES 337
STEFANO POLIZZI AND FRANCESCO SPINOZZI
11.1 THE PHYSICAL PHENOMENON 337
11.1.1 WHY SMALL ANGLES? 338
11.1.2 HOW SMALL IS "SMALL"? 338
11.1.3 WHAT IS AN "OBJECT" FOR SAXS? 339
11.2 DATA ANALYSIS 343
11.2.1 GUINIER'S APPROXIMATION 344
11.2.2 POROD'S LAW 345
11.2.3 THE SCATTERING POWER 346
11.2.4 DEBYE'S APPROXIMATION AND KRATKY PLOT 347
11.2.5 DISTANCE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION 347
11.2.6 FRACTALITY 348
11.3 EXPERIMENTAL 349
11.4 CASE STUDIES 351
REFERENCES 358
12 RESONANT AND MAGNETIC X-RAY DIFFRACTION 361
LUIGI PAOLASINI
12.1 INTRODUCTION 361
12.1.1 THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF MAGNETIC AND RESONANT
X-RAY SCATTERING 362
12.1.2 X-RAYS SCATTERING AMPLITUDES 363
12.2 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 366
12.2.1 POLARIZATION ANALYSIS AND AZIMUTHAL SCANS 366
12.2.2 CIRCULAR POLARISATION 367
CONTENTS
XNL
12.3 MAGNETIC DIFFRACTION 369
12.3.1 LINEAR POLARISATION ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE
ANTIFERROMAGNETIC STRUCTURE 370
12.3.2 EXEMPLE II: CIRCULAR POLARISATION ANALYSIS
IN MULTIFERROICS 372
12.4 RESONANT X-RAYS SCATTERING 375
12.4.1 INTERPLAY BETWEEN MAGNETIC AND ORBITAL
ORDERING IN KCUF
3
378
12.4.2 HIGH ORDER MULTIPOLES IN V2O3 380
12.5 CONCLUSIONS 383
REFERENCES 384
13 HARD X-RAY SYNCHROTRON IMAGING TECHNIQUES
AND APPLICATIONS 389
JEAN-YVES BUFFIERE AND JOSE BARUCHEL
13.1 INTRODUCTION 389
13.2 IMAGING TECHNIQUES 391
13.2.1 ABSORPTION RADIOGRAPHY 391
13.2.2 MICROTOMOGRAPHY 393
13.2.3 PHASE IMAGING 394
13.2.4 MICROBEAM BASED X-RAY IMAGING
TECHNIQUES/NANO IMAGING 398
13.2.5 X-RAY BRAGG DIFFRACTION IMAGING 400
13.3 SELECTED EXAMPLES OF THE APPLICATION OF SYNCHROTRON
RADIATION IMAGING TECHNIQUES 403
13.4 CONCLUSION 406
REFERENCES 407
14 X-RAY MICROSCOPY 409
DIANE EICHERT
14.1 INTRODUCTION 409
14.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF X-RAY MICROSCOPY 411
14.2.1 X-RAY SOURCES 411
14.2.2 X-RAY OPTICS 412
14.2.3 DETECTORS 412
14.3 IMAGING MODES 413
14.3.1 INTERACTIONS OF X-RAYS WITH MATTER 413
14.3.2 CONTRAST MECHANISMS 414
14.4 IMAGING METHODS 417
14.4.1 PROJECTION MICROSCOPY 418
14.4.2 TRANSMISSION X-RAY MICROSCOPE 419
14.4.3 SCANNING TRANSMISSION X-RAY MICROSCOPE 420
14.4.4 COMPLEMENTARY TECHNIQUES AND METHODOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENTS 421
XIV CONTENTS
14.5 EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS 423
14.5.1 EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS 424
14.5.2 CONDITIONS OF ANALYSIS 424
14.6 APPLICATIONS 426
14.6.1 MATERIALS SCIENCE 427
14.6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 428
14.6.3 LIFE SCIENCE 429
14.7 CONCLUSIONS 431
REFERENCES 432
15 INFRARED SYNCHROTRON RADIATION: FROM THE PRODUCTION
TO THE SCIENTIFIC APPLICATIONS 437
ANDREA PERUCCHI, LISA VACCARI AND STEFANO LUPI
15.1 INTRODUCTION 437
15.2 IRSR FIGURES OF MERITS 438
15.2.1 DEFINITIONS 438
15.2.2 EMITTED POWER 441
15.2.3 BRILLIANCE 442
15.3 UNCONVENTIONAL SR SOURCES 444
15.3.1 EDGE RADIATION 444
15.3.2 SUPERRADIANCE PHENOMENA AND TERAHERTZ
COHERENT RADIATION 445
15.4 APPLICATION OF IRSR 446
15.4.1 APPLICATIONS OF IRSR AT HIGH PRESSURE 446
15.4.2 TERAHERTZ SPECTROSCOPY 450
15.4.3 SYNCHROTRON RADIATION INFRARED MICROSPECTROSCOPY
FOR BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 452
15.4.4 SYNCHROTRON RADIATION INFRARED MICROSPECTROSCOPY
FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE 457
REFERENCES 458
16 THE HIGH-FREQUENCY ATOMIC DYNAMICS OF DISORDERED SYSTEMS
STUDIED BY HIGH-RESOLUTION INELASTIC X-RAY SCATTERING 461
GIULIO MONACO
16.1 INTRODUCTION 461
16.2 THE HIGH-RESOLUTION INELASTIC X-RAY SCATTERING
EXPERIMENT 464
16.3 MODELS TO DESCRIBE THE IXS SPECTRA 466
16.4 SELECTED RESULTS 470
16.4.1 HIGH-FREQUENCY SOUND WAVES IN GLASSES 470
16.4.2 RELAXATION PROCESSES IN LIQUIDS 474
16.4.3 THE NON-ERGODICITY FACTOR 477
16.5 CONCLUSIONS 480
REFERENCES 480
CONTENTS
XV
PART IV APPLICATIONS
17 APPLICATIONS OF XAFS TO NANOSTRUCTURES AND MATERIALS SCIENCE . . 485
FEDERICO BOSCHERINI
17.1 XAFS IN MATERIALS AND NANOSCIENCE 485
17.2 DOPANTS 486
17.2.1 ARSENIC DOPANTS IN SILICON ULTRA-SHALLOW
JUNCTIONS 486
17.2.2 SOLAR GRADE SILICON 487
17.2.3 SILICON IN GALLIUM ARSENIDE 489
17.3 DEFECT COMPLEXES 490
17.4 BULK AND HETEROSTRUCTURE SEMICONDUCTOR ALLOYS 491
17.5 PHASE TRANSITIONS 492
17.6 CORRELATED OXIDES 494
17.7 THIN FILMS 495
17.8 SEMICONDUCTOR DOTS 496
17.9 METALLIC CLUSTERS 497
REFERENCES 497
18 DIFFRACTION FROM NANOCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS 499
PAOLO SCARDI AND LUCA GELISIO
18.1 INTRODUCTION 499
18.2 FROM SINGLE CRYSTAL TO POWDER DIFFRACTION 501
18.3 POWDER DIFFRACTION LINE PROFILES 503
18.4 ATOMISTIC MODELING OF POWDER DIFFRACTION
FROM NANOCRYSTALS 511
18.5 CONCLUSIONS 516
REFERENCES 517
19 HIGH-ENERGY RESOLUTION CORE LEVEL PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY
AND DIFFRACTION: POWERFUL TOOLS TO PROBE PHYSICAL
AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLID SURFACES 519
ALESSANDRO BARALDI
19.1 INTRODUCTION 519
19.2 SINGLE-ELEMENT CLEAN METAL SURFACES 521
19.2.1 SURFACE CORE LEVEL SHIFTS 521
19.2.2 SURFACE RECONSTRUCTION 523
19.2.3 FROM SURFACE STRUCTURE TO CHEMICAL IDENTITY 525
19.3 ATOMS AND MOLECULES ON SOLID SURFACES 526
19.3.1 ADSORPTION AND CO-ADSORPTION: THE ADSORBATE
CORE-LEVELS 526
19.3.2 ADSORPTION ON STEPPED SURFACES 529
19.3.3 VIBRATIONAL EXCITATIONS IN CHEMISORBED MOLECULES. . . 530
19.3.4 ADSORBATE-INDUCED SURFACE CORE LEVEL SHIFTS 531
XVI
CONTENTS
19.4 NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR CORE LEVEL PHOTOELECTRON
SPECTROSCOPY FROM EPITAXIAL GRAPHENE 534
REFERENCES 537
20 SPIN POLARIZATION OF THE PHOTOELECTRONS AND PHOTON POLARIZATION
OF X-RAY ABSORPTION: SPECTROSCOPY AND MAGNETOMETRY 539
GIORGIO ROSSI
20.1 INTRODUCTION 539
20.2 DEFINITION AND MEASURE OF THE SPIN POLARIZATION
OF THE PHOTOELECTRONS 541
20.2.1 DETECTING THE ELECTRON SPIN 542
20.2.2 LS MOTT SCATTERING 543
20.2.3 EXCHANGE SCATTERING 546
20.3 TOWARDS THE COMPLETE ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY 547
20.3.1 SPIN POLARIZED ARPES 547
20.3.2 SPIN POLARIZATION OF THE QUANTUM YIELD 548
20.3.3 MATRIX ELEMENT EFFECTS 550
20.3.4 CORE LEVELS 550
20.3.5 BAND STATES 553
20.4 SYMMETRY BREAKING MECHANISMS 556
20.5 TIME RESOLVED EXPERIMENTS AND HIGH EXCITATION DENSITY. 559
20.6 X-RAY ABSORPTION DICHROISM 559
20.6.1 THE XMCD AS DIAGNOSTIC OF MAGNETIZATION 562
20.6.2 THE XMCD AS A MAGNETOMETER 564
20.6.3 THE XLD 567
20.6.4 THE X-RAY MEASUREMENT OF FERROMAGNETIC
RESONANCE 568
20.7 CONCLUSIONS 569
REFERENCES 569
21 CHEMICAL AND MAGNETIC IMAGING WITH X-RAY PHOTOEMISSION
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 571
ANDREA LOCATELLI AND TEVFIK ONUR MENTEG
21.1 INTRODUCTION 571
21.2 PHOTOEMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 572
21.2.1 INSTRUMENTAL ASPECTS 573
21.2.2 COMBINATION WITH LOW ENERGY ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY 575
21.2.3 PEEM METHODS 576
21.3 APPLICATIONS AND EXAMPLES 578
21.3.1 CHEMICAL IMAGING OF NANO-STRUCTURED SURFACES
AND INTERFACES 578
21.3.2 GRAPHENE 580
CONTENTS
XVII
21.3.3 BIOMINERALS 581
21.3.4 MAGNETIC IMAGING 584
21.4 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 587
REFERENCES
588
22 MEDICAL IMAGING WITH SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 593
GIULIANA TROMBA
22.1 INTRODUCTION 593
22.2 ADVANTAGES OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION FOR MEDICAL IMAGING. . . 594
22.3 CURRENT RESEARCH STATUS AT SR BEAMLINES 595
22.3.1 ANGIOGRAPHY 595
22.3.2 MICROANGIOGRAPHY 596
22.3.3 BRONCHOGRAPHY 597
22.3.4 BREAST IMAGING 597
22.3.5 IMAGING OF CARTILAGES 601
22.3.6 LUNGS IMAGING 603
22.3.7 MICROVASCULARIZATION AND IMAGING OF SOFT TISSUES . . . 606
22.3.8 BRAIN IMAGING 608
22.4 CONCLUSIONS 609
REFERENCES 611
23 SYNCHROTRON RADIATION AND BIO-CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 615
MARCO NARDINI AND MARTINO BOLOGNESI
23.1 MACROMOLECULAR CRYSTALS 615
23.1.1 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 616
23.1.2 CRYSTAL GROWTH 616
23.1.3 CRYSTAL HANDLING AND RADIATION DAMAGE 618
23.2 X-RAY DIFFRACTION AND PHASING PROBLEM 620
23.2.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 620
23.2.2 SOLUTION OF THE PHASE PROBLEM 623
23.2.3 THE MIR METHOD 624
23.2.4 THE SIRAS METHOD 626
23.2.5 THE MAD METHOD 628
23.2.6 THE MOLECULAR REPLACEMENT METHOD 629
23.3 DENSITY MODIFICATION 631
23.4 CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC REFINEMENT 632
23.4.1 LEAST SQUARES REFINEMENT 632
23.4.2 MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD REFINEMENT 634
23.4.3 QUALITY OF THE MODEL 636
23.5 THE PROTEIN DATA BANK 637
23.6 STRUCTURAL GENOMICS 638
REFERENCES 639
XVIII CONTENTS
24 SYNCHROTRON RADIATION IN THE EARTH SCIENCES 641
SIMONA QUARTIERI
24.1 INTRODUCTION 641
24.2 X-RAY DIFFRACTION 644
24.2.1 X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION 644
24.2.2 SINGLE-CRYSTAL X-RAY DIFFRACTION 644
24.3 X-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY 646
24.4 X-RAY FLUORESCENCE MICROANALYSIS 648
24.5 MATERIALS UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS 649
24.5.1 SINGLE-CRYSTAL AND POWDER X-RAY DIFFRACTION 653
24.5.2 SINGLE-CRYSTAL AND POWDER IR SPECTROSCOPY 653
24.5.3 X-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY 654
24.5.4 HP SYNCHROTRON MOSSBAUER 655
24.6 X-RAY TOMOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY 655
24.7 FUTURE PROSPECTS 656
REFERENCES 656
25 SYNCHROTRON RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 661
GIOVANNI DE GIUDICI, PIERO LATTANZI AND DANIELA MEDAS
25.1 INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE? 661
25.2 OVERVIEW OF THE MOST COMMON TECHNIQUES 663
25.2.1 SYNCHROTRON-BASED X-RAY DIFFRACTION 664
25.2.2 X-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY 664
25.2.3 MICROBEAM TECHNIQUES 666
25.2.4 SURFACE TECHNIQUES 669
25.3 CASE HISTORY: ZINC BIOMINERALIZATION AT NARACAULI,
SARDINIA 671
25.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS 673
REFERENCES 674
26 SYNCHROTRON RADIATION IN ART, ARCHAELOGY AND CULTURAL
HERITAGE 677
SIMONA QUARTIERI
26.1 INTRODUCTION 677
26.2 EXAMPLES OF SR-X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDIES
OF CULTURAL HERITAGE 678
26.3 ARCHAEOMETRIC APPLICATIONS OF X-RAY ABSORPTION
SPECTROSCOPY 682
26.4 SR-BASED FT-INFRARED MICRO-SPECTROSCOPY APPLIED
TO CULTURAL HERITAGE 688
26.5 SR-BASED TECHNIQUES FOR NON-DESTRUCTIVE SUB-SURFACE
ANALYSIS OF PAINTED CULTURAL HERITAGE ARTIFACTS 688
26.6 X-RAY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN CULTURAL
HERITAGE STUDIES 689
CONTENTS
XLX
26.7 APPLICATION OF SR-BASED TECHNIQUES TO THE STUDY
OF PALEONTOLOGICAL FINDINGS 691
26.8 RECENT AND FUTURE TRENDS 693
REFERENCES
693
27 SYNCHROTRON RADIATION AND CHEMISTRY: STUDIES
OF MATERIALS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES 697
ANTONINO MARTORANA, FRANCESCO GIANNICI AND ALESSANDRO LONGO
27.1 INTRODUCTION 697
27.2 METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS 699
27.3 HYDRIDES FOR HYDROGEN STORAGE 701
27.4 DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS 704
27.5 OXIDE-ION AND PROTON CONDUCTORS 706
27.6 ELECTRODES FOR FUEL CELLS 710
27.7 CONCLUSIONS 713
REFERENCES 713
28 CATALYST CHARACTERIZATION BY XAS AND XES SPECTROSCOPIES:
IN SITU AND OPERANDO EXPERIMENTS 717
FRANCESCA BONINO, ELENA GROPPO, CARMELO PRESTIPINO,
GIOVANNI AGOSTINI, ANDREA PIOVANO, DIEGO GIANOLIO,
LORENZO MINO, ERIK GALLO AND CARLO LAMBERTI
28.1 INTRODUCTION 718
28.2 METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION 719
28.3 UNDERSTANDING THE STRUCTURE OF THE TI ACTIVE SITE
IN TS-1 CATALYST: A XAS/XES STUDY 721
28.4 UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMISTRY OF THE OXYCHLORINATION
CATALYSIS BY IN SITU AND OPERANDO EXPERIMENTS 727
28.5 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 731
REFERENCES 733
29 STUDIES OF MATTER AT EXTREME CONDITIONS 737
SAKURA PASCARELLI
29.1 HIGH PRESSURE RESEARCH 737
29.1.1 INTRODUCTION 738
29.1.2 MATTER UNDER "EXTREME CONDITIONS" 738
29.1.3 HIGH PRESSURE TO STUDY EARTH'S INTERIOR, UNDERSTAND
CLIMATE CHANGE, EXPLORE NEW SOURCES OF ENERGY . . . 739
29.1.4 TOOLS AND EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 741
29.2 PHYSICS 744
29.2.1 COLLAPSE OF FERROMAGNETISM IN THE 3D METALS 744
29.2.2 EXAMPLES OF RECENT WORK ON FE, CO AND NI 746
XX CONTENTS
29.3 EARTH SCIENCE 750
29.3.1 FE PARTITIONING IN THE EARTH MANTLE 750
29.3.2 FE PARTITIONING AT AND BEYOND THE CORE-MANTLE
BOUNDARY 753
29.4 ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE 755
29.4.1 THE DEEP CARBON CYCLE 755
29.4.2 STABILITY OF HYDROCARBONS IN THE DEEP EARTH 756
29.4.3 EXPLORING THE NATURE OF C-BEARING MINERALS 757
REFERENCES 759
30 SCIENCE FRONTIERS WITH X-RAY FREE ELECTRON LASER SOURCES 761
FLAVIO CAPOTONDI, MARTINA DELL'ANGELA, MARCO MALVESTUTO
AND FULVIO PARMIGIANI
30.1 INTRODUCTION 762
30.2 COHERENT FREE ELECTRON LASER SOURCES 763
30.3 COHERENT DIFFRACTION IMAGING WITH FREE ELECTRON LASERS 765
30.4 SPECTROSCOPY ON SOLIDS AT FELS 768
30.4.1 PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY 770
30.4.2 X-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY 773
30.4.3 RESONANT X-RAY EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY 774
30.5 MAGNETO-DYNAMICAL STUDIES 778
30.5.1 ULTRA FAST X-RAY EXPERIMENTS 781
30.5.2 FERROMAGNETISM AND SUPERCONDUCTIVITY:
A BACKGROUND STARTING POINT 782
30.5.3 PHYSICS OF FM/SC HETEROSTRUCTURES 783
30.5.4 NEW AND PROMISING FIELDS OF RESEARCH
AND INNOVATION 783
REFERENCES 784
INDEX 787 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Mobilio, Settimio |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | s m sm |
| author_facet | Mobilio, Settimio |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042141928 |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)876385045 (DE-599)DNB1049602838 |
| dewey-full | 539.7222 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 539 - Modern physics |
| dewey-raw | 539.7222 |
| dewey-search | 539.7222 |
| dewey-sort | 3539.7222 |
| dewey-tens | 530 - Physics |
| discipline | Maschinenbau / Maschinenwesen Physik |
| format | Book |
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| indexdate | 2024-09-10T01:27:26Z |
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| isbn | 9783642553141 3642553141 |
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| physical | XXIV, 799 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 235 mm x 155 mm |
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| spelling | Synchrotron Radiation Basics, Methods and Applications Settimio Mobilio, ... eds. Berlin Springer Berlin 2015 XXIV, 799 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 235 mm x 155 mm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Synchrotronstrahlung (DE-588)4184235-2 gnd rswk-swf Research TJFD5 Synchroton Radiation Characteristics of Synchrotron Radiation Matter-radiation Interaction Free-electron Lasers X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Advanced Imaging Infrared Spectroscopy High Resolution Inelastic X-ray Scattering Valence Band and Core Level Photoemission Chemical and Medical Imaging 1\p (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Synchrotronstrahlung (DE-588)4184235-2 s DE-604 Mobilio, Settimio edt X:MVB text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=4626841&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027581888&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Synchrotron Radiation Basics, Methods and Applications Synchrotronstrahlung (DE-588)4184235-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4184235-2 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Synchrotron Radiation Basics, Methods and Applications |
| title_auth | Synchrotron Radiation Basics, Methods and Applications |
| title_exact_search | Synchrotron Radiation Basics, Methods and Applications |
| title_full | Synchrotron Radiation Basics, Methods and Applications Settimio Mobilio, ... eds. |
| title_fullStr | Synchrotron Radiation Basics, Methods and Applications Settimio Mobilio, ... eds. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Synchrotron Radiation Basics, Methods and Applications Settimio Mobilio, ... eds. |
| title_short | Synchrotron Radiation |
| title_sort | synchrotron radiation basics methods and applications |
| title_sub | Basics, Methods and Applications |
| topic | Synchrotronstrahlung (DE-588)4184235-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Synchrotronstrahlung Aufsatzsammlung |
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