Biochar systems for smallholders in developing countries: leveraging current knowledge and exploring future potential for climate-smart agriculture
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Washington, District of Columbia
The World Bank
2014
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Schriftenreihe: | World Bank Study
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Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XVI, 208 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
ISBN: | 9780821395264 9780821395257 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | Titel: Biochar systems for smallholders in developing countries
Autor: Scholz, Sebastian M
Jahr: 2014
Contents
Acknowledgments xi
About the Authors xiii
Abbreviations xv
Executive Summary 1
Introduction 1
Background on Biochar 2
Overall Opportunities and Risks of Biochar Systems 3
Survey and Typology of Biochar Systems 7
Life-Cycle Assessment of Existing Biochar Systems 8
Aspects of Technology Adoption 12
Potential Future Involvement of Development
Institutions, Including the World Bank 14
Chapter 1 Introduction 17
Potential of Biochar 17
Increases in Research into Biochar 18
Content and Purpose of Study 18
Methodology 19
Chapter 2 Background on Biochar 21
Characteristics and Historical Basis of Biochar 21
Biochar Systems 23
Note 26
Chapter 3 Opportunities and Risks of Biochar Systems 27
Introduction 27
Impacts on Soil Health and Agricultural Productivity 28
Impacts on Climate Change 34
Social Impacts 48
Competing Uses of Biomass 55
Notes 60
Chapter 4 Survey and Typology of Biochar Systems 61
Survey 61
Classification of Biochar Systems 62
Biochar Systems for Smallholders in Developing Countries • http://dx.doi.Org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9525-7 v
vi
Contents
Chapter 5 Life-Cycle Assessment of Existing Biochar Systems 71
Life-Cycle Assessment: Definition and Methodology 71
Case Studies 74
Kenya Case Study Life-Cycle Assessment 75
Vietnam Case Study Life-Cycle Assessment 97
Senegal Case Study Life-Cycle Assessment 115
Case Study Comparison and Conclusions 128
Notes 132
Chapter 6 Aspects of Technology Adoption 135
Economics of Biochar 135
Engagement with Carbon Markets 136
Sociocultural Barriers to Adoption 140
Note 141
Chapter 7 Potential Future Involvement of Development
Institutions, Including the World Bank 143
Biochar: Knowns and Unknowns 143
Further Research Needs 144
Supporting the Early Adoption of Biochar Systems 146
Scaling Up Biochar Systems from Pilot to Program 148
Notes 151
Appendix A Survey Results 153
Parti 153
Partii 155
Survey Interpretation 161
Biochar Systems Survey: Project Data 164
Appendix B Case Studies 169
Kenya Case Study Life-Cycle Assessment 169
Vietnam Case Study Life-Cycle Assessment 177
Senegal Case Study Life-Cycle Assessment 183
Appendix C Biographies: Biochar Guidance Group Members 191
References 195
Boxes
ES.1 Summary of Kenya Case Study 9
ES.2 Summary of Vietnam Case Study 10
ES.3 Summary of Senegal Case Study 11
5.1 Elements of a Life-Cycle Assessment 72
5.2 Summary of Kenya Case Study 96
5.3 Summary of Vietnam Case Study 115
5.4 Summary of Senegal Case Study 127
Biochar Systems for Smallholders in Developing Countries • http://dx.doi.Org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9525-7
Contents
vii
Figures
ES.1 Biochar as a System-Defined Concept 3
1.1 Acceleration of Published Research on Biochar and Charcoal 18
2.1 Terra Prêta Soil Pit near Manaus, Brazil, Showing Thick, Dark,
Carbon-Enriched Top Layer 22
2.2 Biochar as a System-Defined Concept 23
3.1 Percentage Change in Crop Productivity upon Application
of Biochar under Different Scenarios 29
3.2 General Concept of the Carbon Storage Potential of Biochar
Based on 1 Tonne of Dry Feedstock (Slow Pyrolysis) 36
3.3 Impact of Biochar on Climate Change Mitigation 45
3.4 Alternative Scenarios for Biomass Carbon Dynamics 46
4.1 Distribution of Project Locations 62
4.2 Biochar Production Technologies 63
4.3 Utilization of Biochar Production Energy 65
4.4 Word Cloud Showing Biochar Feedstocks Most Frequently
Cited by Survey Respondents 65
4.5 Scale of Biochar Production Systems 66
4.6 Typology of Biochar Systems by Type of Energy Recovery and Scale Showing Number of Projects with Each Type
of Feedstock 67
4.7 Summary of Dominant Biochar Typologies 68
5.1 Schematic Flow Diagram for Biochar Production in a Pyrolysis
Cookstove System 77
5.2 Pyrolysis Cookstove in Kenya Case Study 78
5.3 Sources of GHG Reductions and Emissions, and Carbon
Balance for Secondary Feedstock 90
5.4 Contribution Analysis for Net Revenues per Tonne of Dry Secondary
Feedstock for Pyrolysis Cookstove Biochar System in Kenya 92
5.5 Sensitivity Analysis for Net GHG per Tonne of Dry Secondary
Feedstock for Pyrolysis Cookstove Biochar System in Kenya 94
5.6 Sensitivity Analysis for Net Economic Balance per Tonne of Dry Secondary Feedstock for Pyrolysis Cookstove Biochar
System in Kenya 95
5.7 Schematic Flow Diagram for Vietnam Biochar System 98
5.8 Rice Wafer Stove in Vietnam 99
5.9 Mayon Turbo Rice Hull Stove 101
5.10 Contribution Analysis for Net Climate Change Impact per Tonne
of Dry Feedstock for Rice Husk Biochar System in Vietnam 109
5.11 Contribution Analysis for Net Climate Change Impact per Tonne of Dry Feedstock for Rice Husk Biochar System in Vietnam with 100 Percent Allocation for Rice Wafer Stove
and Upstream Impacts 110
5.12 Contribution Analysis for Net Economic Impact per Tonne
of Dry Feedstock for Rice Husk Biochar System in Vietnam 111
Biochar Systems for Smallholders in Developing Countries • http://dx.doi.0rg/l 0.1596/978-0-8213-9525-7
vili
Contents
5.13 Sensitivity Analysis for Net GHG per Tonne of Dry Feedstock
for Biochar System in Vietnam 113
5.14 Sensitivity Analysis for Net Economic Balance per Tonne
of Dry Feedstock for Biochar System in Vietnam 114
5.15 Schematic Flow Diagram for Rice Husk Biochar to Onion
Production System in Senegal 116
5.16 Photo and Diagram of Pyro-6F Unit 118
5.17 Contribution Analysis for Net Climate Change Impact per
Tonne of Dry Feedstock for Rice Husk Biochar System in
Senegal 123
5.18 Contribution Analysis for Net Economic Impact per Tonne
of Dry Feedstock for Rice Husk Biochar System in Senegal 124
5.19 Sensitivity Analysis for Net GHG per Tonne of Diy Feedstock
for Biochar System in Senegal 126
5.20 Sensitivity Analysis for Net Economic Balance per Tonne
of Dry Feedstock for Biochar System in Senegal 127
5.21 Comparison of Net GHG Balance of Three Case Studies:
Kenya, Vietnam, and Senegal 129
5.22 Comparison of Net Revenues of Three Case Studies: Kenya,
Vietnam, and Senegal 130
A.1 Project Phase 153
A.2 Project Location 154
A.3 Utilization of Biochar Product 154
A.4 Biochar Pretreatments and Added Amendments 155
A.5 Barriers to Implementing Biochar Systems 155
A.6 Biochar as a Traditional Practice 157
A.7 How Projects Cope with Limited Supplies of Biochar 158
A.8 Responses to Ranking of Importance of Carbon Offset
Payments to Project Finances 160
A.9 Responses to the Question of Who Would Receive Carbon
Offset Payments from Biochar Projects 161
A. 10 Typology of Biochar Systems by Scale and Feedstock
Showing Number of Projects with Each Type of Energy
Recovery 161
A. 11 Typology of Biochar Systems by Energy Recovery and
Feedstock Showing Number of Projects at Scale 162
A. 12 Project Dendrogram 163
Tables
2.1 Typical Product Yields (Dry Basis) for Different Types of
Thermochemical Conversion Processes That Generate
Carbonaceous Residues 24
3.1 Possible Biochar Effects on Nitrogen Cycling 30
3.2 Direct and Indirect Sources of Biochar Emission Reductions 35
3.3 Potential Biomass Use and Limitations 56
Biochar Systems for Smallholders In Developing Countries • http://dx.do¡.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9525-7
Contents
ix
4.1 Biochar System Typology 69
5.1 Primary and Secondary Feedstock Characteristics and Availability
for Baseline Scenario 79
5.2 Calculated Air Emissions from Pyrolysis Cookstove and Avoided
Emissions from Three-Stone Fire, per Household per Year 83
5.3 Result Vector for Pyrolysis Cookstove in Kenya Baseline
Scenario per Tonne of Dry Feedstock 89
5.4 Sensitivity Analysis Input Parameters, Including Baseline
and Range Values 94
5.5 Calculated Air Emissions from Rice Wafer Stove per Tonne
of Biochar Produced 102
5.6 Peanut Yield Data for Different Treatments 104-
5.7 Aboveground Biomass Residue Yield per Peanut Crop 105
5.8 Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Uptake of Peanuts
as Result of Mineral Fertilizer Applications of NPK 106
5.9 Fertilizer Prices in Vietnam 107
5.10 Result Vector for Vietnam Rice Husk Biochar System Baseline
Scenario, per Tonne of Dry Rice Husk Feedstock 108
5.11 Comparison of Net Revenue between LCA Functional Unit
and Farmer 112
5.12 Sensitivity Analysis Input Parameters, Including Baseline
and Range Values 113
5.13 Air Emissions Estimated for Pyro-6F per Tonne of Biochar
Produced 119
5.14 Result Vector for Senegal Biochar System Baseline Scenario,
per Tonne of Dry Rice Husk Feedstock 122
5.15 Comparison of Net Revenue between LCA Functional Unit,
Farmer, and NGO 125
5.16 Sensitivity Analysis Input Parameters, Including Baseline
and Range Values 126
6.1 State of Protocols for Measuring GHG Impacts of Biochar
Systems 139
A.1 Description of Barriers to Implementing Biochar Systems 156
A.2 Ideas for Overcoming Barriers 156
A.3 Biochar as a Traditional Practice 157
A.4 Additional Ways to Cope with Limited Biochar Supplies 159
A.5 Ranking of Benefits Project Developers Believe Will Accrue
to Project Participants 159
A.6 Further Description of Project Benefits 160
A.7 Summary of Project Data from Survey 164
B.1 Data Quality Scores for Kenya Pyrolysis Cookstove System 170
B.2 Sensitivity Analysis Input Parameters, Including Baseline
and Range Values 171
B.3 Sensitivity Results for Primary Feedstock Parameter 171
B.4 Sensitivity Results for Stable Carbon Content of Biochar
Parameter 171
Biochar Systems for Smallholders In Developing Countries • http://dx.d0i.0rg/l 0.1596/978-0-8213-9525-7
X
Contents
B.5 Sensitivity Results for Pyrolysis Emissions Parameter 172
B.6 Sensitivity Results for Three-Stone Fire Emissions Parameter 172
B.7 Sensitivity Results for Duration of Biochar s Effect 173
on Productivity Parameter
B.8 Sensitivity Results for Maize Price Parameter 174
B.9 Sensitivity Results for Maize Yield Response Parameter 174
B.10 Sensitivity Results for Fraction of Nonrenewable Biomass
Parameter 175
B.ll Sensitivity Results for Biochar Application Rate Parameter 176
B.12 Sensitivity Results for Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions Parameter 176
B.13 Data Quality Scores for Vietnam Rice Husk Biochar System 178
B.14 Sensitivity Analysis Input Parameters, Including Baseline
and Range Values 178
B.15 Sensitivity Results for Stable Carbon Content of Biochar
Parameter 179
B.16 Sensitivity Results for Rice Wafer Stove Methane Emissions
Parameter 179
B.17 Sensitivity Results for Rice Husk Burning Methane Emissions
Parameter 180
B.18 Sensitivity Results for Duration of Biochar s Agronomic Effect
Parameter 180
B.19 Sensitivity Results for Peanut Price Parameter 181
B.20 Sensitivity Results for Yield Response Parameter 181
B.21 Sensitivity Results for Biochar Transportation Distance
Parameter 182
B.22 Sensitivity Results for Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions Parameter 182
B.23 Data Quality Scores for Senegal Biochar System 183
B.24 Sensitivity Analysis Input Parameters, Including Baseline
and Range Values 184
B.25 Sensitivity Results for Stable Carbon Content of Biochar
Parameter 184
B.26 Sensitivity Results for Yield Response Parameter 185
B.27 Sensitivity Results for Onion Price Parameter Assuming
a 50-Year Effect 186
B.28 Sensitivity Results for Pyro-6F Methane Emissions Parameter 186
B.29 Sensitivity Results for Rice Husk Decay Methane Emissions
Parameter 187
B.30 Sensitivity Results for Duration of Biochar s Agronomic Effect
Parameter 187
B.31 Sensitivity Results for Biochar Price Parameter 187
B.32 Sensitivity Results for Pyro-6F Production Time Parameter 188
B.33 Sensitivity Results of Revenue for Biochar Transportation
Distance Parameter 188
B.34 Sensitivity Results for Soil Nitrous Oxide Parameter 188
Biochar Systems for Smallholders in Developing Countries • http://dx.doi.Org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9525-7
|
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spellingShingle | Scholz, Sebastian M. Biochar systems for smallholders in developing countries leveraging current knowledge and exploring future potential for climate-smart agriculture Biochar Biomass energy Klimaschutz (DE-588)7547705-1 gnd Pflanzenkohle (DE-588)103216963X gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd Kleinbauer (DE-588)4123525-3 gnd Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 gnd Biologische Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4069484-7 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)7547705-1 (DE-588)103216963X (DE-588)4061644-7 (DE-588)4123525-3 (DE-588)4326464-5 (DE-588)4069484-7 |
title | Biochar systems for smallholders in developing countries leveraging current knowledge and exploring future potential for climate-smart agriculture |
title_auth | Biochar systems for smallholders in developing countries leveraging current knowledge and exploring future potential for climate-smart agriculture |
title_exact_search | Biochar systems for smallholders in developing countries leveraging current knowledge and exploring future potential for climate-smart agriculture |
title_full | Biochar systems for smallholders in developing countries leveraging current knowledge and exploring future potential for climate-smart agriculture Sebastian M. Scholz ... |
title_fullStr | Biochar systems for smallholders in developing countries leveraging current knowledge and exploring future potential for climate-smart agriculture Sebastian M. Scholz ... |
title_full_unstemmed | Biochar systems for smallholders in developing countries leveraging current knowledge and exploring future potential for climate-smart agriculture Sebastian M. Scholz ... |
title_short | Biochar systems for smallholders in developing countries |
title_sort | biochar systems for smallholders in developing countries leveraging current knowledge and exploring future potential for climate smart agriculture |
title_sub | leveraging current knowledge and exploring future potential for climate-smart agriculture |
topic | Biochar Biomass energy Klimaschutz (DE-588)7547705-1 gnd Pflanzenkohle (DE-588)103216963X gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd Kleinbauer (DE-588)4123525-3 gnd Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 gnd Biologische Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4069484-7 gnd |
topic_facet | Biochar Biomass energy Klimaschutz Pflanzenkohle Umweltschutz Kleinbauer Nachhaltigkeit Biologische Landwirtschaft |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027580882&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT scholzsebastianm biocharsystemsforsmallholdersindevelopingcountriesleveragingcurrentknowledgeandexploringfuturepotentialforclimatesmartagriculture |