The fundamentals of ethics:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York, NY [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2015
|
| Ausgabe: | 3. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Getr. Zählung |
| ISBN: | 9780199997237 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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vi Contents
The Limits of Explanation 27
Rules of the Good Life—and Their Exceptions 28
Happiness Is What We Want for Our Loved Ones 29
chapter 2 Is Happiness All That Matters? 32
The Paradox of Hedonism 32
Evil Pleasures 33
The Two Worlds 34
False Happiness 36
The Importance of Autonomy 37
Lifes Trajectory 39
Unhappiness as a Symptom of Harm 40
Conclusion 42
chapter 3 Getting What You Want 44
A Variety of Good Lives 45
Personal Authority 45
Avoiding Objective Values 46
Motivation 47
Justifying the Pursuit of Self-Interest 48
Knowledge of the Good 49
CHAPTER 4 Problems for the Desire Theory 51
Getting What You Want May Not Be Necessary for
Promoting Your Good 51
Getting What You Want May Not Be Sufficient for
Promoting Your Good 52
Desires Based on False Beliefs 52
Disinterested and Other-Regarding Desires 53
Disappointment 54
ignorance of Desire Satisfaction 55
impoverished Desires 55
The Paradox of Self-Hany։ and Self-Sacrifice 56
The Fallibility of Our Deepest Desires 56
Conclusion 5s
%
I contents ;
Preface xiii
New to the Third Edition xiv a? *
Instructors Manual and Companion Website xiv
A Note on the Companion Volume xv ^ %
Acknowledgments xvi
INTRODUCTION i ^
I he Lay of the Land l ' %
Skepticism about Ethics 3
Ethical Starting Points 5
What Is Morality? 7
Moral Reasoning 9
I he Role of Moral Theory 16
Looking Ahead 17
P\RT ONE
I he Good Life
miapteri Hedonism: Its Powerful Appeal 23
Happiness and Intrinsic Value 23
The Attractions of Hedonism 25
'[here Are Many Models of a Good Life 26
Persona! Authority and Well-Being 26
Misery Clearly Hampers a Good Life; Happiness Clearly
Improves It 27
Contents vii
PART TWO
Normative Ethics: Doing the Right Tiling
chapter 5 Morality and Religion 63
Three Assumptions about Morality and Religion 63
First Assumption: Religious Belief Is Needed for Moral
Motivation 64
Second Assumption: God Is the Creator of Morality 66
Viird Assumption: Religion Is an Essential Source of
Moral Guidance 71
Conclusion 73
chapter 6 Natural Law "6
The Theory and Its Attractions 76
Three Conceptions of Human Nature 80
Human Nature as Animal Nature 80
Human Nature Is What Is Innate 81
Human Nature Is What All Humans Have in Common 82
Natural Purposes 83
The Argument from Humanity 86
Conclusion 89
chapter7 Psychological Egoism 91
Egoism and Altruism 91
Does It Matter Whether Psychological Egoism Is True? 94
The Argument from Our Strongest Desires 95
The Argument from Expected Benefit 97
The Argument from Avoiding Misery 99
Two Egoistic Strategies 101
Appealing to the Guilty Conscience 101
Expanding the Realm of Self-Interest 102
Letting the Evidence Decide 102
Conclusion 104
chapter 8 Ethical Egoism 106
Why Be Moral? 106
Two Popular Arguments for Ethical Egoism 109
Vie Self Reliance Argument 110
Vie Libertarian Argument 111
The Best Argument for Ethical Egoism 112
viii Contents
Three Problems for Ethical Egoism 114
Egoism Violates Core Moral Beliefs 114
Egoism Cannot Allow for the Existence of Moral Rights 114
Egoism Arbitrarily Makes My Interests All-Important 116
Conclusion 117
chapter 9 Consequentialism: Its Nature
and Attractions 119
The Nature of Consequentialism 121
Its Structure 121
Maximizing Goodness 122
Moral Knowledge 123
Actual Versus Expected Results 124
Assessing Actions and Intentions 125
The Attractions of Utilitarianism 126
Impartiality 126
The Ability to Justify Conventional Moral Wisdom 127
Conflict Resolution 128
Moral Flexibility 129
The Scope of the Moral Community 130
Slippery Slope Arguments 134
chapter io Consequentialism: Its Difficulties ns
Measuring Well-Being 138
Utilitarianism Is Very Demanding 142
Deliberation 142
AfoftVcifiort 143
Action 144
Impartiality 146
No Intrinsic Wrongness (or Rightness) 148
The Problem of Injustice 149
Potential Solutions to the Problem of Injustice 151
Justice Is Also Intrinsically Valuable 151
Injustice Is Never Optimific 152
¡usticc Ainsi Sometimes Be Sacrificed 153
Rule Consequentialism 153
Conclusion 157
chapter 11 The Kantian Perspective: Fairness
and Justice 159
Consistency and Fairness 160
The Principle of Universalizability 162
Contents ix
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Morality and Rationality 165 ' "
Assessing the Principle of Universalizability
Integrity ;170 .-y ^
Kant on Absolute Moral Duties 170 Jr
169
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chapter 12 The Kantian Perspective: Autonomy
/1* and Respect 173 . :lr
The Principle of Humanity v 174 ;r
The Importance of Rationality and Autonomy 176
The Good Will and Moral Worth 178
Five Problems with the Principle of Humanity 181
Vagueness 181 · V;
Determining fust Deserts 182
Are We Autonomous? 184
Moral Luck 186
The Scope of the Moral Community 187
Conclusion 189
chapter 13 The Social Contract Tradition:
The Theory and Its Attractions 192
The Lure of Proceduralism 192 - · 1% ¥
The Background of the Social Contract Theory 193
The Prisoners Dilemma 195
Cooperation and the State of Nature 197
The Advantages of Contractarianism 199
Morality Is Essentially a Social Phenomenon 199
Contractarianism Explains and Justifies the Content of the
Basic Moral Rules 199
Contractarianism Offers a Method for Justifying Every
Moral Rule 200
Contractarianism Explains the Objectivity
of Morality 201
Contractarianism Explains Why It Is Sometimes Acceptable to
Break the AI ora l Rules 201
More Advantages: Morality and the Law 202
Contractarianism Justifies a Basic IMoral Duty to Obey the
Law 202
The Contractarian Justification of Legal Punishment 202
Contractarianism Justifies the States Role in Criminal
Law 203
Contractarianism and Civil Disobedience
203
x Contents
chapter 14 The Social Contract Tradition:
Problems and Prospects 206
Why Be Moral? 206
The Role of Consent 210
Disagreement among the Contractors 213
The Scope of the Moral Community 214
Conclusion 21
chapter 15 Ethical Pluralism and Absolute
Moral Rules 219
The Structure of Moral Theories 219
Is Torture Always Immoral? 220
Preventing Catastrophes 222
The Doctrine of Double Effect 223
A Reply to the Argument from Disaster Prevention 225
How the DDE Threatens Act Consequentialism 225
Distinguishing Intention from Foresight 226
Moral Conflict and Contradiction 228
Is Moral Absolutism Irrational? 229
The Doctrine of Doing and Allowing 231
Conclusion 235
chapter 16 Ethical Pluralism: Prima Facie Duties
and Ethical Particularism 237
Rosss Ethic of Prima Facie Duties 237
The Advantages of Rosss View 239
Pluralism 239
We Arc Sometimes Permitted to Break the Moral Rules 239
Moral Conflict 240
A ¡oral Regret 240
Addressing the Antiabsolutist Arguments 241
A Problem for Rosss View 242
Knowing the Fundamental Moral Rules 243
Self-Evidence and the Testing of Moral Theories 244
Knowing the Right Thing to Do 246
Ethical Particularism 247
Three Problems for Ethical Particularism 249
Its Lack of Unity 249
Accounting for A loral Knowledge 250
Some Things Possess Permanent Moral Importance 250
Conclusion 252
Contents xi
CHAPTER 17 Virtue EthlCS 254
Hie Standard of Right Action 255
Moral Complexity 256
Moral Understanding 257
Moral Education 259
The Nature of Virtue 260
Virtue and the Good Life 261
Objections 263
Tragic Dilemmas 264
Does Virtue Ethics Offer Adequate Moral Guidance? 265
Is Virtue Ethics Too Demanding? 267
Who Are the Moral Role Models? 268
Conflict and Contradiction 269
The Priority Problem 270
Conclusion 272
CHAPTER 18 Feminist Ethics 274
The Elements of Feminist Ethics 274
Moral Development 276
Womens Experience 277
The Ethics of Care 280
The Importance of Emotions 281
Against Unification 282
Against Impartiality and Abstraction 283
Against Competition 284
Downplaying Rights 284
Challenges for Feminist Ethics 285
Conclusion 287
PART THREE
Mctacthics: The Status of Morality
chapter 19 Ethical Relativism 291
Moral Skepticism 291
Two Kinds of Ethical Relativism 293
Some Implications of Ethical Subjectivism and Cultural
Relativism 294
Moral Infallibility 29A
Moral Equivalence 296
Questioning Our Own Commitments 296
Moral Progress 297
xii Contents
Ethical Subjectivism and the Problem of Contradiction 298
Cultural Relativism and the Problem of Contradiction 300
Ideal Observers 303
Conclusion 306
chapter 20 Moral Nihilism зов
Error Theory 309
Expressivism 314
How Is It Possible to Argue Logically about Morality? 316
Expressivism and Amoralists 317
The Nature of Moral Judgment 318
Conclusion 319
chapter 2i Eleven Arguments against Moral
Objectivity 322
1. Objectivity Requires Absolutism 323
2. All Truth Is Subjective 324
3. Equal Rights Imply Equal Plausibility 325
4. Moral Objectivity Supports Dogmatism 326
5. Moral Objectivity Supports Intolerance 327
6. Moral Objectivity Cannot Allow for Legitimate Cultural
Variation 329
7. Moral Disagreement Undermines Moral Objectivity 330
8. Atheism Undermines Moral Objectivity 332
9. The Absence of Categorical Reasons Undermines Moral
Objectivity 333
10. Moral Motivation Undermines Moral Objectivity 335
11. Values Have No Place in a Scientific World 337
Conclusion 340
References R-1
Suggestions for Further Reading FR֊ 1
Glossary G-1
Index 1-1 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Shafer-Landau, Russ 1963- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)13624906X |
| author_facet | Shafer-Landau, Russ 1963- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Shafer-Landau, Russ 1963- |
| author_variant | r s l rsl |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042130544 |
| classification_rvk | CC 7100 CC 7200 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)910495667 (DE-599)BVBBV042130544 |
| dewey-full | 170 |
| dewey-hundreds | 100 - Philosophy & psychology |
| dewey-ones | 170 - Ethics (Moral philosophy) |
| dewey-raw | 170 |
| dewey-search | 170 |
| dewey-sort | 3170 |
| dewey-tens | 170 - Ethics (Moral philosophy) |
| discipline | Philosophie |
| edition | 3. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| title | The fundamentals of ethics |
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| title_exact_search | The fundamentals of ethics |
| title_full | The fundamentals of ethics Russ Shafer-Landau |
| title_fullStr | The fundamentals of ethics Russ Shafer-Landau |
| title_full_unstemmed | The fundamentals of ethics Russ Shafer-Landau |
| title_short | The fundamentals of ethics |
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| topic | Ethik (DE-588)4015602-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ethik |
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