Spatial analysis: a guide for ecologists
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge, United Kingdom
Cambridge University Press
2014
|
| Ausgabe: | Second edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xiii, 438 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9780521143509 9780521194303 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV042118140 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20171005 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 141014s2014 a||| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 010 | |a 2014000718 | ||
| 020 | |a 9780521143509 |c Paperback |9 978-0-521-14350-9 | ||
| 020 | |a 9780521194303 |c Hardback |9 978-0-521-19430-3 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)894703921 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)GBV782558577 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-703 |a DE-M49 |a DE-N2 |a DE-634 |a DE-29T |a DE-20 |a DE-739 |a DE-188 | ||
| 084 | |a RB 10522 |0 (DE-625)142220:12762 |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a WC 5300 |0 (DE-625)148110: |2 rvk | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Dale, Mark R. T. |d 1951- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)173305857 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Spatial analysis |b a guide for ecologists |c Mark R. T. Dale ; Marie-Josée Fortin |
| 250 | |a Second edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge, United Kingdom |b Cambridge University Press |c 2014 | |
| 300 | |a xiii, 438 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Ökologie |0 (DE-588)4043207-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Ökometrie |0 (DE-588)4263722-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Statistik |0 (DE-588)4056995-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Regionalanalyse |0 (DE-588)4299244-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Regionalanalyse |0 (DE-588)4299244-8 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Statistik |0 (DE-588)4056995-0 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Ökologie |0 (DE-588)4043207-5 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Ökometrie |0 (DE-588)4263722-3 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | |8 1\p |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Fortin, Marie-Josée |d 1958- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)173760848 |4 aut | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027558430&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027558430 | ||
| 883 | 1 | |8 1\p |a cgwrk |d 20201028 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804152592156065792 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Spatial analysis
Autor: Dale, Mark R. T
Jahr: 2014
Contents
Preface page xi
1 Spatial concepts and notions 1
Introduction 1
1.1 The spatial context 3
1.2 Ecological data 4
1.3 Spatial structure: spatial dependence
and spatial autocorrelation 4
1.4 Spatial scales 9
1.5 Sampling design 11
1.5.1 The sample size (the number of
observations V) 11
1.5.2 Spatial resolution 11
1.5.3 The size of the study area: extent 12
1.5.4 The location in the landscape 14
1.5.5 The size of the sampling or
observational units: grain 14
1.5.6 The shape of the sampling or
observational units 14
1.5.7 The spatial sampling design 14
1.5.8 Spatial lag 15
1.5.9 Edge effect 16
1.6 Stationarity 16
1.7 Spatial statistics 21
1.7.1 First-order statistics 21
1.7.2 Second-order statistics 21
1.8 Ecological hypotheses and spatial
analysis 22
1.9 Randomization tests for spatially
structured ecological data 25
1.9.1 Restricted randomizations 27
1.10 In conclusion: what is space? 30
viii Contents
2 Ecological and spatial processes
Introduction
2.1 Ecological processes and spatial
structure
2.2 Spatial processes by species level
of Organization
2.3 Spatial process
3 Points, lines and graphs 46
Introduction 46
3.1 Points: spatial patterns of point events 50
3.1.1 Topological neighbours 50
3.1.2 Distance-based spatial
neighbours 55
3.1.3 Directional angle-based spatial
neighbours 59
3.2 Lines: fibre pattern analysis 61
3.2.1 Aggregation and overdispersion
of fibres 62
3.2.2 Fibres with properties 65
3.2.3 Curving fibres 65
3.2.4 Branching curved fibres 66
3.2.5 Congruence and parallelism of curved
fibres 67
3.3 Points and lines together 67
3.4 Points and lines: spatial graphs 69
3.4.1 Signed and directed graphs and
networks 70
3.4.2 How to create subgraphs 71
3.4.3 Graph models 72
3.5 Network analysis of areal units 72
3.6 Spatial analysis of movement 77
3.6.1 Transport and gravity models 77
3.6.2 Least-cost paths 77
3.6.3 Circuit theory 79
3.6.4 Spatial graphs and movement 79
3.6.5 Corridors 79
3.7 Testing hypotheses with graphs 80
3.7.1 Comment on spatial graph
randomization 83
3.8 Concluding remarks 84
Glossary: graph definitions and properties 84
4 Spatial analysis of complete point
location data
Introduction
32 4.1 Mapped point data in two dimensions 88
32 4.1.0 Introduction: three pattern types 88
4.1.1 Distance to neighbours methods 89
32 4.1.2 Refined nearest neighbour analysis 90
4.1.3 Second-order point pattern
40 analysis 91
43 4.1.4 Bivariate data 96
4.1.5 Multivariate point pattern
analysis data 98
4.2 Mark correlation function 105
4.3 Ripley s fC-function for inhomogeneous
point pattern analysis 106
4.3.1 Bivariate and multivariate
non-stationary point patterns 109
4.3.2 Quantitative marks: mark
correlation HO
4.4 Point patterns in other dimensions 111
4.4.1 One dimension 111
4.4.2 Lacunarity 112
4.4.3 Three dimensions 115
4.5 Circumcircle methods 116
4.5.1 Univariate analysis 116
4.5.2 Bivariate analysis 117
4.5.3 Multivariate analysis 119
4.6 Concluding remarks 119
5 Contiguous units analysis 123
Introduction 123
5.1 Quadrat variance methods 123
5.2 Significance tests for quadrat variance
methods 126
5.3 Adaptations for two or more species 127
5.4 Two or more dimensions 129
5.5 Spectral analysis and related techniques 133
5.6 Wavelets 134
5.7 Concluding remarks 135
6 Spatial analysis of sample data 140
Introduction 146
6.1 Join count statistics 141
6.1.1 Join count statistics for
fc-categories 142
6.2 Global spatial statistics 144
6.2.1 Spatial covariance 144
88 6.2.2 Spatial autocorrelation coefficients
88 for one variable 145
Contents ix
6.2.3 Variography 152
6.2.4 Fractal dimension 158
6.3 Sampling design effects on the
estimation of spatial pattern 159
6.4 Spatial relationship between two
variables 163
6.5 Local spatial statistics 164
6.6 Spatial scan statistics 168
6.7 Interpolation and spatial models 170
6.7.1 Proxiinity polygons 171
6.7.2 Trend surface analysis 172
6.7.3 Inverse distance weighting 172
6.7.4 Kriging 173
6.8 Concluding remarks 178
7 Spatial relationship and multiscale analysis 182
Introduction 182
7.1 Correlation between spatially
autocorrelated variables 182
7.2 Correlation of distance matrices 183
7.2.1 Mantel test 183
7.2.2 Partial Mantel tests and multiple-
matrix regression 189
7.3 Canonical (constrained) Ordination 192
7.4 Multiscale analysis 194
7.4.1 Generalized Moran s eigenvector
maps 195
7.4.2 Multiresolution spectral
decomposition analysis based on
wavelets 198
7.5 Concluding remarks 203
8 Spatial autocorrelation and inferential tests 206
Introduction 206
8.1 Models dealing with one-dimensional
autocorrelated data 207
8.2 Dealing with spatial autocorrelation in
inferential models 213
8.2.1 Simple adjustments 213
8.2.2 Adjusting the effective sample
size 214
8.2.3 More on induced autocorrelation
and the relationships between
variables 218
8.2.4 Correlation and related
methods 220
8.3 Randomization procedures 224
8.3.1 Restricted randomization and
bootstrap 224
8.3.2 Markov Chain Monte Carlo 226
8.4 Spatial regressions 227
8.4.1 Spatial filtering using
autoregressive models 230
8.4.2 Spatial filtering using moving
average models 232
8.4.3 Spatial filtering using Moran s
eigenvector maps 233
8.4.4 Spatial error regression 233
8.4.5 Geographically weighted
regression 234
8.4.6 Remove spatial autocorrelation
from the residuals 234
8.4.7 Example of the use of non-spatial
and spatial regressions 236
8.5 Considerations for sampling and
experimental design 239
8.5.1 Sampling 239
8.5.2 Experimental design 241
8.6 Concluding remarks 241
Spatial partitioning: spatial Clusters and
boundary detection 244
Introduction 244
9.1 Patch identification 244
9.1.1 Patch properties 244
9.1.2 Spatial clustering 245
9.1.3 Fuzzy Classification 249
9.2 Boundary delineation 251
9.2.1 Ecological boundaries 251
9.2.2 Boundary properties 251
9.2.3 Boundary detection and
analysis for one-dimensional
transect data 253
9.2.4 Boundary detection based on
two-dimensional data 262
9.3 Boundary statistics 270
9.4 Boundary overlap statistics 271
9.5 Hierarchical spatial partitioning 273
9.5.1 Edge enhancement with kernel
Alters 274
9.6 Concluding remarks 275
x Contents
10 Spatial diversity analysis 278
Introduction 278
10.1 Space in diversity analysis 278
10.1.1 Spatial heterogeneity 279
10.1.2 Spatial location and
environmental gradients 280
10.1.3 Spatial scale 280
10.1.4 Propinquity and spatial
dependence 281
10.2 First-order diversity 283
10.2.1 a-diversity 284
10.2.2 ß-diversity 287
10.2.3 y-diversity 293
10.2.4 Why Space in first-order
diversity analysis? 293
10.3 Species combinations and composition:
agreement and complementarity 295
10.3.1 Species combinations 296
10.3.2 Comments on species
compositional diversity 302
10.3.3 Nested subsets, constraining
compositional diversity 303
10.4 Multiple classifications 311
10.5 Spatial diversity: putting it all
together with spatial graphs 314
10.6 Temporal aspects of spatial diversity 315
10.7 Concluding remarks 317
11 Spatio-temporal analysis 319
Introduction 319
11.1 Change in spatial statistics 323
11.2 Spatio-temporal join count 324
11.3 Spatio-temporal analysis of Clusters
and contagion 325
11.4 Spatio-temporal scan statistics 329
11.5 Polygon change analysis 329
11.6 Analysis of movement 333
11.7 Process and pattern 341
11.7.1 Tree regeneration, growth
and mortality 341
11.7.2 Plant mobility 342
11.7.3 Population synchrony 343
11.7.4 Spatio-temporal chaos 346
11.8 Spatio-temporal graphs 350
11.8.1 Characteristics and
Classification 351
11.8.2 Animal movement with spatio-
temporal graphs 353
11.8.3 Other applications 355
11.8.4 Final comment on
spatio-temporal graphs 359
11.9 Concluding remarks 360
11.9.1 Recommendations 360
12 Closing comments and future directions 361
Introduction: myths, misunderstandings and
challenges 361
12.1 Back to basics 367
12.2 Numerical Solutions: Software
programs and programming 368
12.3 Statistical and ecological tests 370
12.4 Complementarity of current
methods 371
12.5 Analyses in both space and time 373
12.5.1 Analysis of permanent sample
plot data 373
12.5.2 Spatially linked time series 379
12.5.3 Spatial analysis of animal-
vegetation according to
data types 382
12.6 Future work 388
12.6.1 Ongoing development 388
12.6.2 The hierarchical Bayesian
approach 389
12.6.3 Hypothesis testing with
spatio-temporal graphs 395
12.7 Other future directions 396
References 398
Index 425
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Dale, Mark R. T. 1951- Fortin, Marie-Josée 1958- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)173305857 (DE-588)173760848 |
| author_facet | Dale, Mark R. T. 1951- Fortin, Marie-Josée 1958- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Dale, Mark R. T. 1951- |
| author_variant | m r t d mrt mrtd m j f mjf |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042118140 |
| classification_rvk | RB 10522 WC 5300 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)894703921 (DE-599)GBV782558577 |
| discipline | Biologie Geographie |
| edition | Second edition |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>01998nam a2200469 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV042118140</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20171005 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">141014s2014 a||| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="010" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">2014000718</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780521143509</subfield><subfield code="c">Paperback</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-521-14350-9</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780521194303</subfield><subfield code="c">Hardback</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-521-19430-3</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)894703921</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)GBV782558577</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-703</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-M49</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-N2</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-634</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-29T</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-20</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-739</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-188</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">RB 10522</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)142220:12762</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">WC 5300</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)148110:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Dale, Mark R. T.</subfield><subfield code="d">1951-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)173305857</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Spatial analysis</subfield><subfield code="b">a guide for ecologists</subfield><subfield code="c">Mark R. T. Dale ; Marie-Josée Fortin</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Second edition</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Cambridge, United Kingdom</subfield><subfield code="b">Cambridge University Press</subfield><subfield code="c">2014</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xiii, 438 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Illustrationen, Diagramme</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Ökologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4043207-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Ökometrie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4263722-3</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Statistik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4056995-0</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Regionalanalyse</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4299244-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Regionalanalyse</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4299244-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Statistik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4056995-0</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Ökologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4043207-5</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Ökometrie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4263722-3</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Fortin, Marie-Josée</subfield><subfield code="d">1958-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)173760848</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">HBZ Datenaustausch</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027558430&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027558430</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="883" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="a">cgwrk</subfield><subfield code="d">20201028</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-101</subfield><subfield code="u">https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| id | DE-604.BV042118140 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:13:09Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780521143509 9780521194303 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2014000718 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027558430 |
| oclc_num | 894703921 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-N2 DE-634 DE-29T DE-20 DE-739 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-N2 DE-634 DE-29T DE-20 DE-739 DE-188 |
| physical | xiii, 438 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Cambridge University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Dale, Mark R. T. 1951- Verfasser (DE-588)173305857 aut Spatial analysis a guide for ecologists Mark R. T. Dale ; Marie-Josée Fortin Second edition Cambridge, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press 2014 xiii, 438 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd rswk-swf Ökometrie (DE-588)4263722-3 gnd rswk-swf Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd rswk-swf Regionalanalyse (DE-588)4299244-8 gnd rswk-swf Regionalanalyse (DE-588)4299244-8 s Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 s Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 s DE-604 Ökometrie (DE-588)4263722-3 s 1\p DE-604 Fortin, Marie-Josée 1958- Verfasser (DE-588)173760848 aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027558430&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Dale, Mark R. T. 1951- Fortin, Marie-Josée 1958- Spatial analysis a guide for ecologists Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Ökometrie (DE-588)4263722-3 gnd Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd Regionalanalyse (DE-588)4299244-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4043207-5 (DE-588)4263722-3 (DE-588)4056995-0 (DE-588)4299244-8 |
| title | Spatial analysis a guide for ecologists |
| title_auth | Spatial analysis a guide for ecologists |
| title_exact_search | Spatial analysis a guide for ecologists |
| title_full | Spatial analysis a guide for ecologists Mark R. T. Dale ; Marie-Josée Fortin |
| title_fullStr | Spatial analysis a guide for ecologists Mark R. T. Dale ; Marie-Josée Fortin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatial analysis a guide for ecologists Mark R. T. Dale ; Marie-Josée Fortin |
| title_short | Spatial analysis |
| title_sort | spatial analysis a guide for ecologists |
| title_sub | a guide for ecologists |
| topic | Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Ökometrie (DE-588)4263722-3 gnd Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd Regionalanalyse (DE-588)4299244-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ökologie Ökometrie Statistik Regionalanalyse |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027558430&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dalemarkrt spatialanalysisaguideforecologists AT fortinmariejosee spatialanalysisaguideforecologists |