Plant physiology and development:
Gespeichert in:
| Vorheriger Titel: | Plant physiology |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sunderland, Mass.
Sinauer
2015
|
| Ausgabe: | 6. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Companion Website to the textbook: http://6e.plantphys.net/ |
| Beschreibung: | getr. Zählung zahlr. Ill. und graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781605353265 9781605352558 9781605357454 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Plant physiology and development |c Lincoln Taiz ... |
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| 264 | 1 | |a Sunderland, Mass. |b Sinauer |c 2015 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804152588681084928 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Plant physiology and development
Autor: Taiz, Lincoln
Jahr: 2015
Brief Contents
CHAPTER 1 I
Plant and Cell Architecture 1
CHAPTER 2
Genome Structure and Gene Expression 51
UNIT I
Transport and Translocation of Water and Solutes 81
CHAPTER 3
Water and Plant Cells 83
CHAPTER 4
Water Balance of Plants 99
CHAPTER 5
Mineral Nutrition 119
CHAPTER 6
Solute Transport 143
UNIT II
Biochemistry and Metabolism 169
CHAPTER 7
Photosynthesis: The Light Reactions 171
CHAPTER 8
Photosynthesis: The Carbon Reactions 203
CHAPTER 9
Photosynthesis: Physiological and Ecological Considerations 245
CHAPTER 10
Stomatal Biology 269
CHAPTER 11
Translocation in the Phloem 285
CHAPTER 12
Respiration and Lipid Metabolism 317
CHAPTER 13
Assimilation of Inorganic Nutrients 353
UNIT III
Growth and Development 377
CHAPTER 14
Cell Walls: Structure, Formation, and Expansion 379
CHAPTER 15
Signals and Signal Transduction 407
CHAPTER 16
Signals from Sunlight 447
CHAPTER 17
Embryogenesis 477
CHAPTER 18
Seed Dormancy, Germination, and Seedling Establishment 513
CHAPTER 19
Vegetative Growth and Organogenesis 553
CHAPTER 20
The Control of Flowering and Floral Development 591
CHAPTER 21
Gametophytes, Pollination, Seeds, and Fruits 625
CHAPTER 22
Plant Senescence and Cell Death 665
CHAPTER 23
Biotic Interactions 693
CHAPTER 24
Abiotic Stress 731
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1
Plant and Cell Architecture 1
Plant Life Processes: Unifying Principles 2
Plant Classification and Life Cycles 2
Plant life cycles alternate between diploid and haploid
generations 3
Overview of Plant Structure 5
Plant cells are surrounded by rigid cell walls 5
Plasmodesmata allow the free movement of molecules
between cells 8
New cells originate in dividing tissues called
meristems 8
Plant Cell Organelles 10
Biological membranes are phospholipid bilayers that
contain proteins 10
The Endomembrane System 13
The nucleus contains the majority of the genetic
material 13
Gene expression involves both transcription and
translation 17
The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of internal
membranes 17
Secretion of proteins from cells begins with the rough
ER 19
Glycoproteins and Polysaccharides destined for
secretion are processed in the Golgi apparatus 20
The plasma membrane has specialized regions involved
in membrane recycling 22
Vacuoles have diverse functions in plant cells 23
Independently Dividing or Fusing Organelles
Derived from the Endomembrane System 23
Oil bodies are lipid-storing organelles 23
Microbodies play specialized metabolic roles in leaves
and seeds 24
Independently Dividing, Semiautonomous
Organelles 25
Proplastids mature into specialized plastids in different
plant tissues 27
Chloroplast and mitochondrial division are independent
of nuclear division 29
The Plant Cytoskeleton 29
The plant cytoskeleton consists of microtubules and
microfilaments 29
Actin, tubulin, and their polymers are in constant flux in
the living cell 31
Cortical microtubules move around the cell by
treadmilling 33
Cytoskeletal motor proteins mediate cytoplasmic
Streaming and directed organelle movement 33
Cell Cycle Regulation 35
Each phase of the cell cycle has a specific set of
biochemical and cellular activities 35
The cell cycle is regulated by cyclins and cyclin-
dependent kinases 36
Mitosis and cytokinesis involve both microtubules and
the endomembrane System 37
Plant Cell Types 39
Dermal tissues cover the surfaces of plants 39
Ground tissues form the bodies of plants 40
Vascular tissues form transport networks between
different parts of the plant 44
CHAPTER 2
Genome Structure and
Gene Expression 51
Nuclear Genome Organization 51
The nuclear genome is packaged into chromatin 52
Centromeres, telomeres, and nucleolar Organizer regions
contain repetitive sequences 52
Transposons are mobile sequences within the
genome 53
Chromosome Organization is not random in the
interphase nucleus 54
xiv Table of Contents
Meiosis halves the number of chromosomes and allows
for the recombination of alleles 54
Polyploids contain multiple copies of the entire
genome 56
Phenotypic and physiological responses to polyploidy
are unpredictable 58
The role of polyploidy in evolution is still unclear 60
Plant Cytoplasmic Genomes: Mitochondria and
Plastids 61
The endosymbiotic theory describes the origin of
cytoplasmic genomes 61
Organellar genomes vary in size 61
Organellar genetics do not obey Mendelian
principles 61
Transcriptional Regulation of Nuclear Gene
Expression 62
RNA polymerase II binds to the promoter region of most
protein-coding genes 62
Conserved nucleotide sequences signal transcriptional
termination and polyadenylation 64
CHAPTER 3
Water and Plant Cells 83
Water in Plant Life 83
The Structure and Properties of Water 84
Water is a polar molecule that forms hydrogen bonds 84
Water is an excellent solvent 85
Water has distinctive thermal properties relative to its
size 85
Water molecules are highly cohesive 85
Water has a high tensile strength 86
Diffusion and Osmosis 87
Diffusion is the net movement of molecules by random
thermal agitation 87
Diffusion is most effective over short distances 88
Osmosis describes the net movement of water across a
selectively permeable barrier 88
Water Potential 89
The chemical potential of water represents the free-
energy Status of water 89
Three major factors contribute to cell water potential 90
Water potentials can be measured 90
Water Potential of Plant Cells 91
Epigenetic modifications help determine gene
activity 65
Posttranscriptional Regulation of Nuclear Gene
Expression 67
All RNA molecules are subject to decay 67
Noncoding RNAs regulate mRNA activity via the RNA
interference (RNAi) pathway 67
Posttranslational regulation determines the life span of
proteins 71
Tools for Studying Gene Function 72
Mutant analysis can help elucidate gene function 72
Molecular techniques can measure the activity of
genes 73
Gene fusions can introduce reporter genes 74
Genetic Modifikation of Crop Plants 76
Transgenes can confer resistance to herbicides or plant
pests 77
Genetically modified organisms are controversial 77
Water enters the cell along a water potential gradient 91
Water can also leave the cell in response to a water
potential gradient 92
Water potential and its components vary with growth
conditions and location within the plant 93
Cell Wall and Membrane Properties 93
Small changes in plant cell volume cause large changes
in turgor pressure 93
The rate at which cells gain or lose water is influenced by
cell membrane hydraulic conductivity 94
Aquaporins facilitate the movement of water across cell
membranes 95
Plant Water Status 96
Physiological processes are affected by plant water
Status 96
Solute accumulation helps cells maintain turgor and
volume 96
CHAPTER 4
Water Balance of Plants 99
Water in the Soil 99
A negative hydrostatic pressure in soil water lowers soil
water potential 100
Transport and Translocation
of Water and Solutes 81
Table of Contents xv
Water moves through the soil by bulk flow 101
Water Absorption by Roots 101
Water moves in the root via the apoplast, symplast, and
transmembrane pathways 102
Solute accumulation in the xylem can generate root
pressure 103
Water Transport through the Xylem 104
The xylem consists of two types of transport cells 104
Water moves through the xylem by pressure-driven bulk
flow 105
Water movement through the xylem requires a smaller
pressure gradient than movement through living
cells 106
What pressure difference is needed to lift water 100
meters to a treetop? 107
The cohesion-tension theory explains water transport in
the xylem 107
Xylem transport of water in trees faces physical
challenges 108
Plants minimize the consequences of xylem
cavitation 110
Water Movement from the Leaf to the
Atmosphere 110
Leaves have a large hydraulic resistance 111
The driving force for transpiration is the difference in
water vapor concentration 111
Water loss is also regulated by the pathway
resistances 112
Stomatal control couples leaf transpiration to leaf
photosynthesis 112
The cell walls of guard cells have specialized
features 113
An increase in guard cell turgor pressure opens the
stomata 115
The transpiration ratio measures the relationship
between water loss and carbon gain 116
Overview: The Soil-Plant-Atmosphere
Continuum 116
CHAPTER 5
Mineral Nutrition 119
Essential Nutrients, Deficiencies, and Plant
Disorders 120
Special techniques are used in nutritional studies 122
Nutrient Solutions can sustain rapid plant growth 122
Mineral deficiencies disrupt plant metabolism and
function 125
Analysis of plant tissues reveals mineral deficiencies 129
Treating Nutritional Deficiencies 129
Crop yields can be improved by the addition of
fertilizers 130
Some mineral nutrients can be absorbed by leaves 131
Soil, Roots, and Microbes 131
Negatively charged soil particles affect the adsorption of
mineral nutrients 131
Soil pH affects nutrient availability, soil microbes, and
root growth 132
Excess mineral ions in the soil limit plant growth 133
Some plants develop extensive root Systems 133
Root systems differ in form but are based on common
structures 134
Different areas of the root absorb different mineral
ions 135
Nutrient availability influences root growth 137
Mycorrhizal symbioses facilitate nutrient uptake by
roots 137
Nutrients move between mycorrhizal fungi and root
cells 140
CHAPTER 6
Solute Transport 143
Passive and Active Transport 144
Transport of Ions across Membrane Barriers 145
Different diffusion rates for cations and anions produce
diffusion potentials 146
How does membrane potential relate to ion
distribution? 146
The Nernst equation distinguishes between active and
passive transport 147
Proton transport is a major determinant of the
membrane potential 148
Membrane Transport Processes 149
Channels enhance diffusion across membranes 150
Carriers bind and transport specific substances 151
Primary active transport requires energy 151
Kinetic analyses can elucidate transport
mechanisms 154
Membrane Transport Proteins 155
The genes for many transporters have been
identified 157
Transporters exist for diverse nitrogen-containing
Compounds 157
Cation transporters are diverse 158
Anion transporters have been identified 160
Transporters for metal and metalloid ions transport
essential micronutrients 160
Aquaporins have diverse functions 160
Plasma membrane H+-ATPases are highly regulated
P-type ATPases 161
xvi Table of Contents
The tonoplast H+-ATPase drives solute accumulation in
vacuoles 162
H+-pyrophosphatases also pump protons at the
tonoplast 163
Ion Transport in Roots 163
Solutes move through both apoplast and symplast 164
Ions cross both symplast and apoplast 164
Xylem parenchyma cells participate in xylem
loading 164
Biochemistry and Metabolism 169
¦ UNIT
Iii.
CHAPTER 7
Photosynthesis:
The Light Reactions 171
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants 171
General Concepts 172
Light has characteristics of both a particle and a wave 172
When molecules absorb or emit light, they change their
electronic State 173
Photosynthetic pigments absorb the light that powers
photosynthesis 175
Key Experiments in Understanding
Photosynthesis 175
Action spectra relate light absorption to photosynthetic
activity 176
Photosynthesis takes place in complexes containing
light-harvesting antennas and photochemical reaction
centers 176
The chemical reaction of photosynthesis is driven by
light 178
Light drives the reduction of NADP and the formation
of ATP 178
Oxygen-evolving organisms have two photosystems
that operate in series 179
Organization of the Photosynthetic
Apparatus 180
The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis 180
Thylakoids contain integral membrane proteins 181
Photosystems I and II are spatially separated in the
thylakoid membrane 181
Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria have a Single
reaction center 182
Organization of Light-Absorbing Antenna
Systems 183
Antenna Systems contain Chlorophyll and are
membrane-associated 183
The antenna funnels energy to the reaction center 183
Many antenna pigment-protein complexes have a
common structural motif 183
Mechanisms of Electron Transport 185
Electrons from Chlorophyll travel through the carriers
organized in the Z scheme 185
Energy is captured when an excited Chlorophyll reduces
an electron acceptor molecule 186
The reaction center Chlorophylls of the two
photosystems absorb at different wavelengths 187
The PSII reaction center is a multi-subunit pigment-
protein complex 188
Water is oxidized to oxygen by PSII 188
Pheophytin and two quinones accept electrons from
PSII 189
Electron flow through the cytochrome bjcomplex also
transports protons 191
Plastoquinone and plastocyanin carry electrons between
photosystems II and I 192
The PSI reaction center reduces NADP 192
Cyclic electron flow generates ATP but no NADPH 193
Some herbicides block photosynthetic electron flow 193
Proton Transport and ATP Synthesis in the
Chloroplast 193
Repair and Regulation of the Photosynthetic
Machinery 195
Carotenoids serve as photoprotective agents 196
Some xanthophylls also participate in energy
dissipation 197
The PSII reaction center is easily damaged 197
PSI is protected from active oxygen species 198
Thylakoid stacking permits energy partitioning between
the photosystems 198
Genetics, Assembly, and Evolution of
Photosynthetic Systems 198
Chloroplast genes exhibit non-Mendelian patterns of
inheritance 198
Most chloroplast proteins are imported from the
cytoplasm 199
The biosynthesis and breakdown of Chlorophyll are
complex pathways 199
Complex photosynthetic organisms have evolved from
simpler forms 199
Table of Contents xvii
CHAPTER 8
Photosynthesis:
The Carbon Reactions 203
The Calvin-Benson Cycle 204
The Calvin-Benson cycle has three phases:
carboxylation, reduction, and regeneration 204
The fixation of C02 via carboxylation of ribulose
1,5-bisphosphate and the reduction of the product
3-phosphoglycerate yield triose phosphates 206
The regeneration of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate ensures
the continuous assimilation of CÖ2 207
An induction period precedes the steady state of
photosynthetic COz assimilation 208
Many mechanisms regulate the Calvin-Benson
cycle 209
Rubisco-activase regulates the catalytic activity of
rubisco 209
Light regulates the Calvin-Benson cycle via the
ferredoxin-thioredoxin system 210
Light-dependent ion movements modulate enzymes of
the Calvin-Benson cycle 211
Light controls the assembly of chloroplast enzymes into
supramolecular complexes 211
The C2 Oxidative Photosynthetic Carbon
Cycle 211
The oxygenation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate sets
in motion the C2 oxidative photosynthetic carbon
cycle 213
Photorespiration is linked to the photosynthetic electron
transport system 217
Enzymes of the plant C2 oxidative photosynthetic carbon
cycle derive from different ancestors 217
Cyanobacteria use a proteobacterial pathway for
bringing carbon atoms of 2-phosphoglycolate back to
the Calvin-Benson cycle 217
The C2 oxidative photosynthetic carbon cycle interacts
with many metabolic pathways 218
Production of biomass may be enhanced by engineering
photorespiration 219
Inorganic Carbon-Concentrating
Mechanisms 220
Inorganic Carbon-Concentrating Mechanisms:
The C4 Carbon Cycle 220
Malate and aspartate are the primary carboxylation
products of the C4 cycle 221
The C4 cycle assimilates C02 by the concerted action of
two different types of cells 222
The C4 cycle uses different mechanisms for
decarboxylation of four-carbon acids transported to
bündle sheath cells 224
Bündle sheath cells and mesophyll cells exhibit
anatomical and biochemical differences 224
The C4 cycle also concentrates C02 in Single cells 225
Light regulates the activity of key C4 enzymes 225
Photosynthetic assimilation of C02 in C4 plants
demands more transport processes than in C3
plants 225
In hot, dry climates, the C4 cycle reduces
photorespiration 228
Inorganic Carbon-Concentrating Mechanisms:
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) 228
Different mechanisms regulate C4 PEPCase and CAM
PEPCase 230
CAM is a versatile mechanism sensitive to
environmental Stimuli 230
Accumulation and Partitioning of
Photosynthates—Starch and Sucrose 230
Formation and Mobilization of Chloroplast
Starch 231
Chloroplast stroma accumulates starch as insoluble
granules during the day 233
Starch degradation at night requires the phosphorylation
of amylopectin 236
The export of maitose prevails in the nocturnal
breakdown of transitory starch 237
The synthesis and degradation of the starch granule are
regulated by multiple mechanisms 237
Sucrose Biosynthesis and Signaling 238
Triose phosphates from the Calvin-Benson cycle build
up the cytosolic pool of three important hexose
phosphates in the light 238
Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate regulates the hexose
phosphate pool in the light 239
Sucrose is continuously synthesized in the cytosol 239
CHAPTER 9
Photosynthesis: Physiological and
Ecological Considerations 245
Photosynthesis Is Influenced by Leaf
Properties 246
Leaf anatomy and canopy structure maximize light
absorption 247
Leaf angle and leaf movement can control light
absorption 249
Leaves acclimate to sun and shade environments 249
Effects of Light on Photosynthesis in the Intact
Leaf 250
Light-response curves reveal photosynthetic
properties 250
xviii Table of Contents
Leaves must dissipate excess light energy 252
Absorption of too much light can lead to
photoinhibition 254
Effects of Temperature on Photosynthesis in the
IntactLeaf 255
Leaves must dissipate vast quantities of heat 255
There is an optimal temperature for photosynthesis 256
Photosynthesis is sensitive to both high and low
temperatures 256
Photosynthetic efficiency is temperature-sensitive 257
Effects of Carbon Dioxide on Photosynthesis in
the Intact Leaf 258
Atmospheric C02 concentration keeps rising 258
C02 diffusion to the chloroplast is essential to
photosynthesis 258
C02 imposes limitations on photosynthesis 260
How will photosynthesis and respiration change in the
future under elevated C02 conditions? 262
Stable Isotopes Record Photosynthetic
Properties 264
How do we measure the stable carbon isotopes of
plants? 264
Why are there carbon isotope ratio variations in
plants? 265
CHAPTER 10
Stomatal Biology 269
Light-dependent Stomatal Opening 270
Guard cells respond to blue light 270
Blue light activates a proton pump at the guard cell
plasma membrane 271
Blue-light responses have characteristic kinetics and lag
times 273
Blue light regulates the osmotic balance of guard
cells 273
Sucrose is an osmotically active solute in guard
cells 275
Mediation of Blue-light Photoreception in Guard
Cells by Zeaxanthin 276
Reversal of Blue Light-Stimulated Opening by
Green Light 278
A carotenoid-protein complex senses light
intensity 280
The Resolving Power of Photophysiology 280
CHAPTER 11
Translocation in the Phloem 285
Pathways of Translocation 286
Sugar is translocated in phloem sieve elements 286
Mature sieve elements are living cells specialized for
translocation 287
Large pores in cell walls are the prominent feature of
sieve elements 288
Damaged sieve elements are sealed off 289
Companion cells aid the highly specialized sieve
elements 290
Patterns of Translocation: Source to Sink 291
Materials Translocated in the Phloem 292
Phloem sap can be collected and analyzed 292
Sugars are translocated in a nonreducing form 293
Other solutes are translocated in the phloem 293
Rates of Movement 295
The Pressure-Flow Model, a Passive Mechanism
for Phloem Transport 295
An osmotically generated pressure gradient drives
translocation in the pressure-flow model 295
Some predictions of pressure flow have been
confirmed, while others require further
experimentation 296
There is no bidirectional transport in Single sieve
elements, and solutes and water move at the same
velocity 297
The energy requirement for transport through the
phloem pathway is small in herbaceous plants 297
Sieve plate pores appear to be open Channels 298
Pressure gradients in the sieve elements may be
modest; pressures in herbaceous plants and trees
appear to be similar 298
Alternative models for translocation by mass flow have
been suggested 299
Does translocation in gymnosperms involve a different
mechanism? 299
Phloem Loading 300
Phloem loading can occur via the apoplast or
symplast 300
Abundant data support the existence of apoplastic
loading in some species 301
Sucrose uptake in the apoplastic pathway requires
metabolic energy 301
Phloem loading in the apoplastic pathway involves a
sucrose-H+ symporter 302
Phloem loading is symplastic in some species 302
The polymer-trapping model explains symplastic
loading in plants with intermediary-type companion
cells 303
Table of Contents xix
Phloem loading is passive in several tree species 304
The type of phloem loading is correlated with several
significant characteristics 304
Phloem Unloading and Sink-to-Source
Transition 305
Phloem unloading and short-distance transport can
occur via symplastic or apoplastic pathways 305
Transport into sink tissues requires metabolic
energy 306
The transition of a leaf from sink to source is
gradual 307
Photosynthate Distribution: Allocation and
Partitioning 309
Allocation includes storage, utilization, and
transport 309
Various sinks partition transport sugars 309
Source leaves regulate allocation 310
Sink tissues compete for available translocated
photosynthate 310
Sink strength depends on sink size and activity 311
The source adjusts over the long term to changes in the
source-to-sink ratio 311
Transport of Signaling Molecules 311
Turgor pressure and chemical signals coordinate source
and sink activities 312
Proteins and RNAs function as signal molecules in the
phloem to regulate growth and development 312
Plasmodesmata function in phloem signaling 313
CHAPTER 12
Respiration and Lipid
Metaboiism 317
Overview of Plant Respiration 317
Glycolysis 321
Glycolysis metabolizes carbohydrates from several
sources 321
The energy-conserving phase of glycolysis extracts
usable energy 322
Plants have alternative glycolytic reactions 322
In the absence of oxygen, fermentation regenerates the
NAD+ needed for glycolysis 323
Plant glycolysis is controlled by its products 324
The Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway 324
The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway produces
NADPH and biosynthetic intermediates 326
The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway is redox-
regulated 326
The Citric Acid Cyde 326
Mitochondria are semiautonomous organelles 327
Pyruvate enters the mitochondrion and is oxidized via
the citric acid cycle 328
The citric acid cycle of plants has unique features 329
Mitochondrial Electron Transport and ATP
Synthesis 329
The electron transport chain catalyzes a flow of
electrons from NADH to 02 330
The electron transport chain has supplementary
branches 332
ATP synthesis in the mitochondrion is coupled to
electron transport 333
Transporters exchange Substrates and products 334
Aerobic respiration yields about 60 molecules of ATP
per molecule of sucrose 334
Several subunits of respiratory complexes are encoded
by the mitochondrial genome 336
Plants have several mechanisms that lower the ATP
yield 336
Short-term control of mitochondrial respiration occurs
at different levels 338
Respiration is tightly coupled to other pathways 339
Respiration in Intact Plants and Tissues 340
Plants respire roughly half of the daily photosynthetic
yield 340
Respiration operates during photosynthesis 341
Different tissues and organs respire at different rates 341
Environmental factors alter respiration rates 342
Lipid Metaboiism 343
Fats and oils störe large amounts of energy 343
Triacylglycerols are stored in oil bodies 343
Polar glycerolipids are the main structural lipids in
membranes 344
Fatty acid biosynthesis consists of cycles of two-carbon
addition 344
Glycerolipids are synthesized in the plastids and the
ER 346
Lipid composition influences membrane function 348
Membrane lipids are precursors of important signaling
Compounds 348
Storage lipids are converted into carbohydrates in
germinating seeds 348
CHAPTER 13
Assimilation of Inorganic
Nutrients 353
Nitrogen in the Environment 354
Nitrogen passes through several forms in a
biogeochemical cycle 354
Unassimilated ammonium or nitrate may be
dangerous 355
xx Table of Contents
Nitrate Assimilation 356
Many factors regulate nitrate reductase 356
Nitrite reductase converts nitrite to ammonium 357
Both roots and shoots assimilate nitrate 357
Ammonium Assimilation 358
Converting ammonium to amino acids requires two
enzymes 358
Ammonium can be assimilated via an alternative
pathway 360
Transamination reactions transfer nitrogen 360
Asparagine and glutamine link carbon and nitrogen
metabolism 360
Amino Acid Biosynthesis 360
Biological Nitrogen Fixation 360
Free-living and symbiotic bacteria fix nitrogen 361
Nitrogen fixation requires microanaerobic or anaerobic
conditions 362
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation occurs in specialized
structures 363
Establishing symbiosis requires an exchange of
signals 364
CHAPTER 14
Cell Walls: Structure, Formation,
and Expansion 379
Overview of Plant Cell Wall Functions and
Structures 380
Plants vary in structure and function 380
Components differ for primary and secondary cell
walls 382
Cellulose microfibrils have an ordered structure and are
synthesized at the plasma membrane 384
Matrix polymers are synthesized in the Golgi apparatus
and secreted via vesicles 387
Pectins are hydrophilic gel-forming components of the
primary cell wall 388
Hemicelluloses are matrix Polysaccharides that bind to
cellulose 390
Primary Cell Wall Structure and Function 392
The primary cell wall is composed of cellulose
microfibrils embedded in a matrix of pectins and
hemicelluloses 392
Nod factors produced by bacteria act as Signals for
symbiosis 364
Nodule formation involves phytohormones 365
The nitrogenase enzyme complex fixes N2 366
Amides and ureides are the transported forms of
nitrogen 367
Sulfur Assimilation 367
Sulfate is the form of sulfur transported into plants 368
Sulfate assimilation requires the reduction of sulfate to
cysteine 368
Sulfate assimilation occurs mostly in leaves 369
Methionine is synthesized from cysteine 369
Phosphate Assimilation 369
Cation Assimilation 370
Cations form noncovalent bonds with carbon
Compounds 370
Roots modify the rhizosphere to acquire iron 371
Iron cations form complexes with carbon and
phosphate 372
Oxygen Assimilation 372
The Energetics of Nutrient Assimilation 372
New primary cell walls are assembled during
cytokinesis and continue to be assembled during
growth 392
Mechanisms of Cell Expansion 393
Microfibril orientation influences growth directionality
of cells with diffuse growth 394
Cortical microtubules influence the orientation of newly
deposited microfibrils 395
The Extent and Rate of Cell Growth 397
Stress relaxation of the cell wall drives water uptake
and cell expansion 397
Acid-induced growth and wall stress relaxation are
mediated by expansins 397
Cell wall models are hypotheses about how molecular
components fit together to make a functional wall 399
Many structural changes accompany the cessation of
wall expansion 400
Secondary Cell Wall Structure and Function 400
Secondary cell walls are rieh in cellulose and
hemi-cellulose and often have a hierarchical
Organization 400
Lignification transforms the SCW into a hydrophobic
structure resistant to deconstruction 402
Growth and Development 377
Table of Contents xxi
CHAPTER 15
Signals and Signal
Transduction 407
Temporal and Spatial Aspects of Signaling 408
Signal Perception and Amplification 409
Receptors are located throughout the cell and are
conserved across kingdoms 409
Signals must be amplified intracellularly to regulate
their target molecules 411
The MAP kinase signal amplification cascade is present
in all eukaryotes 411
Ca2+ is the most ubiquitous second messenger in plants
and other eukaryotes 411
Changes in the cytosolic or cell wall pH can serve
as second messengers for hormonal and stress
responses 412
Reactive oxygen species act as second messengers
mediating both environmental and developmental
Signals 413
Lipid signaling molecules act as second messengers
that regulate a variety of cellular processes 414
Hormones and Plant Development 414
Auxin was discovered in early studies of coleoptile
bending during phototropism 417
Gibberellins promote stem growth and were discovered
in relation to the foolish seedling disease of
rice 417
Cytokinins were discovered as cell division-promoting
factors in tissue culture experiments 418
Ethylene is a gaseous hormone that promotes fruit
ripening and other developmental processes 419
Abscisic acid regulates seed maturation and stomatal
closure in response to water stress 419
Brassinosteroids regulate photomorphogenesis,
germination, and other developmental processes 420
Strigolactones suppress branching and promote
rhizosphere interactions 421
Phytohormone Metabolism and
Homeostasis 421
Indole-3-pyruvate is the primary intermediate in auxin
biosynthesis 421
Gibberellins are synthesized by oxidation of the
diterpene ewf-kaurene 422
Cytokinins are adenine derivatives with isoprene side
chains 423
Ethylene is synthesized from methionine via the
intermediate ACC 426
Abscisic acid is synthesized from a carotenoid
intermediate 426
Brassinosteroids are derived from the sterol
campesterol 428
Strigolactones are synthesized from ß-carotene 429
Signal Transmission and Cell-Cell
Communication 429
Hormonal Signaling Pathways 431
The cytokinin and ethylene signal transduction
pathways are derived from the bacterial two-
component regulatory system 431
Receptor-like kinases mediate brassinosteroid and
certain auxin signaling pathways 433
The core ABA signaling components include
phosphatases and kinases 436
Plant hormone signaling pathways generally employ
negative regulation 436
Several plant hormone receptors encode components of
the ubiquitination machinery and mediate signaling
via protein degradation 437
Plants have evolved mechanisms for switching off or
attenuating signaling responses 439
The cellular response output to a signal is often tissue-
specific 441
Cross-regulation allows signal transduction pathways
to be integrated 441
CHAPTER16
Signals from Sunlight 447
Plant Photoreceptors 448
Photoresponses are driven by light quality or spectral
properties of the energy absorbed 449
Plants responses to light can be distinguished by the
amount of light required 450
Phytochromes 452
Phytochrome is the primary photoreceptor for red and
far-red light 452
Phytochrome can interconvert between Pr and Pfr
forms 452
Pfr is the physiologically active form of
phytochrome 453
The phytochrome chromophore and protein both
undergo conformational changes in response to red
light 453
Pfr is partitioned between the cytosol and the
nucleus 454
Phytochrome Responses 457
Phytochrome responses vary in lag time and escape
time 457
Phytochrome responses fall into three main categories
based on the amount of light required 457
Phytochrome A mediates responses to continuous far-
red light 459
Phytochrome B mediates responses to continuous red
or white light 459
xxii Table of Contents
Roles for phytochromes C, D, and E are emerging 459
Phytochrome Signaling Pathways 459
Phytochrome regulates membrane potentials and ion
fluxes 459
Phytochrome regulates gene expression 460
Phytochrome interacting factors (PIFs) act early in
signaling 460
Phytochrome signaling involves protein
phosphorylation and dephosphorylation 461
Phytochrome-induced photomorphogenesis involves
protein degradation 461
Blue-Light Responses and Photoreceptors 462
Blue-light responses have characteristic kinetics and lag
times 462
Cryptochromes 463
The activated FAD chromophore of cryptochrome
causes a conformational change in the protein 463
cryl and cry2 have different developmental effects 465
Nuclear cryptochromes inhibit COPl-induced protein
degradation 465
Cryptochrome can also bind to transcriptional
regulators directly 465
The Coaction of Cryptochrome, Phytochrome,
and Phototropins 466
Stern elongation is inhibited by both red and blue
photoreceptors 466
Phytochrome interacts with cryptochrome to regulate
flowering 467
The circadian clock is regulated by multiple aspects of
light 467
Phototropins 467
Blue light induces changes in FMN absorption maxima
associated with conformation changes 468
The LOV2 domain is primarily responsible for kinase
activation in response to blue light 469
Blue light induces a conformational change that
uncages the kinase domain of phototropin and
leads to autophosphorylation 469
Phototropism requires changes in auxin
mobilization 469
Phototropins regulate chloroplast movements via
F-actin filament assembly 470
Stomatal opening is regulated by blue light, which
activates the plasma membrane H+-ATPase 471
The main Signal transduction events of phototropin-
mediated stomatal opening have been identified 472
Responses to Ultraviolet Radiation 473
CHAPTER 17
Embryogenesis 477
Overview of Plant Growth and Development 478
Sporophytic development can be divided into three
major stages 479
Embryogenesis: The Origins of Polarity 480
Embryogenesis differs between eudicots and
monocots, but also features common fundamental
processes 480
Apical-basal polarity is established early in
embryogenesis 481
Position-dependent mechanisms guide
embryogenesis 483
Intercellular signaling processes play key roles in
guiding position-dependent development 484
Embryo development features regulate communication
between cells 484
The analysis of mutants identifies genes for
signaling processes that are essential for embryo
Organization 485
Auxin functions as a mobile chemical signal during
embryogenesis 487
Plant polarity is maintained by polar auxin streams 487
Auxin transport is regulated by multiple
mechanisms 489
The GNOM protein establishes a polar distribution of
PIN auxin efflux proteins 491
MONOPTEROS encodes a transcription factor that is
activated by auxin 492
Radial patterning guides formation of tissue layers 492
The origin of epidermis: a boundary and interface at the
edge of the radial axis 492
Procambial precusors for the vascular stele lie at the
center of the radial axis 493
The differentiation of cortical and endodermal cells
involves the intercellular movement of a transcription
factor 494
Meristematic Tissues: Foundations for
Indeterminate Growth 495
The root and shoot apical meristems use similar
strategies to enable indeterminate growth 495
The Root Apical Meristem 496
The root tip has four developmental zones 497
The origin of different root tissues can be traced to
specific initial cells 497
Cell ablation experiments implicate directional
signaling processes in determination of cell
identity 499
Auxin contributes to the formation and maintenance of
the RAM 499
Responses to auxin are mediated by several distinct
families of transcription factors 499
Table of Contents xxiii
Cytokinin is required for normal root development 500
The Shoot Apicai Meristem 500
The shoot apicai meristem has distinct zones and
layers 502
Shoot tissues are derived from several discrete sets of
apicai initials 502
Factors involved in auxin movement and responses
influence SAM formation 503
Embryonic SAM formation requires the coordinated
expression of transcription factors 503
A combination of positive and negative interactions
determines apicai meristem size 505
KNOX class homeodomain genes help maintain the
proliferative ability of the SAM through regulation of
cytokinin and GA levels 506
Localized zones of auxin accumulation promote leaf
initiation 507
The Vascular Cambium 508
The maintenance of undetermined initials in various
meristem types depends on similar mechanisms 508
CHAPTER 18
Seed Dormancy, Germination,
and Seedling Establishment 513
Seed Structure 514
Seed anatomy varies widely among different plant
groups 514
Seed Dormancy 515
Dormancy can be imposed on the embryo by the
surrounding tissues 516
Embryo dormancy may be caused by physiological or
morphological factors 516
Non-dormant seeds can exhibit vivipary and precocious
germination 516
The ABA:GA ratio is the primary determinant of seed
dormancy 517
Release from Dormancy 519
Light is an important signal that breaks dormancy in
small seeds 519
Some seeds require either chilling or after-ripening to
break dormancy 519
Seed dormancy can by broken by various chemical
Compounds 520
Seed Germination 520
Germination can be divided into three phases
corresponding to the phases of water uptake 520
Mobilization of Stored Reserves 522
The cereal aleurone layer is a specialized digestive
tissue surrounding the starchy endosperm 522
Gibberellins enhance the transcription of a-amylase
mRNA 522
The gibberellin receptor, GID1, promotes the
degradation of negative regulators of the gibberellin
response 523
GA-MYB is a positive regulator of a-amylase
transcription 524
DELLA repressor proteins are rapidly degraded 524
ABA inhibits gibberellin-induced enzyme
production 524
Seedling Growth and Establishment 526
Auxin promotes growth in stems and coleoptiles, while
inhibiting growth in roots 526
The outer tissues of eudicot stems are the targets of
auxin action 526
The minimum lag time for auxin-induced elongation is
10 minutes 526
Auxin-induced proton extrusion induces cell wall creep
and cell elongation 528
Tropisms: Growth in Response to Directional
Stimuli 528
Gravitropism involves the lateral redistribution of
auxin 528
Polar auxin transport requires energy and is gravity
independent 529
According to the starch-statolith hypothesis,
specialized amyloplasts serve as gravity sensors in
root caps 530
Auxin movements in the root are regulated by specific
transporters 532
The gravitropic Stimulus perturbs the Symmetrie
movement of auxin from the root tip 533
Gravity pereeption in eudicot stems and stemlike
organs occurs in the starch sheath 533
Gravity sensing may involve pH and calcium ions (Ca2+)
as second messengers 533
Phototropism 535
Phototropism is mediated by the lateral redistribution
of auxin 535
Phototropism occurs in a series of posttranslational
events 536
Photomorphogenesis 537
Gibberellins and brassinosteroids both suppress
photomorphogenesis in the dark 538
Hook opening is regulated by phytochrome and
auxin 539
Ethylene induces lateral cell expansion 539
Shade Avoidance 540
Phytochrome enables plants to adapt to changes in light
quality 540
Decreasing the R:FR ratio causes elongation in sun
plants 540
xxiv Table of Contents
Reducirtg shade avoidance responses can improve crop
yields 542
Vascular Tissue Differentiation 542
Auxin and cytokinin are required for normal vascular
development 543
Zinnia suspension-cultured cells can be induced to
undergo xylogenesis 544
Xylogenesis involves chemical signaling between
neighboring cells 544
Root Growth and Differentiation 545
Root epidermal development follows three basic
patterns 546
Auxin and other hormones regulate root hair
development 546
Lateral root formation and emergence depend on
endogenous and exogenous signals 547
Regions of lateral root emergence correspond with
regions of auxin maxima 548
Lateral roots and shoots have gravitropic setpoint
angles 549
CHAPTER 19
Vegetative Growth
and Organogenesis 553
Leaf Development 553
The Establishment of Leaf Polarity 554
Hormonal signals play key roles in regulating leaf
primordia emergence 555
A signal from the SAM initiates adaxial-abaxial
polarity 555
ARP genes promote adaxial identity and repress the
KNOX1 gene 556
Adaxial leaf development requires HD-ZIP III
transcription factors 556
The expression of HD-ZIP III genes is antagonized by
miR166 in abaxial regions of the leaf 558
Antagonism between KANADI and HD-ZIP III is a key
determinant of adaxial-abaxial leaf polarity 558
Interactions between adaxial and abaxial tissues are
required for blade outgrowth 558
Blade outgrowth is auxin dependent and regulated by
the YABBY and WOX genes 558
Leaf proximal-distal polarity also depends on specific
gene expression 559
In Compound leaves, de-repression of the KNOX1 gene
promotes leaflet formation 559
Differentiation of Epidermal Cell Types 561
Guard cell fate is ultimately determined by a specialized
epidermal lineage 562
Two groups of bHLH transcription factors govern
stomatal cell fate transitions 563
Peptide signals regulate stomatal patterning by
interacting with cell surface receptors 563
Genetic screens have led to the identification of positive
and negative regulators of trichome initiation 563
GLABRA2 acts downstream of the GL1-GL3-TTG1
complex to promote trichome formation 565
Jasmonic acid regulates Arabidopsis leaf trichome
development 565
Venation Patterns in Leaves 565
The primary leaf vein is initiated discontinuously from
the preexisting vascular System 566
Auxin canalization initiates development of the leaf
trace 566
Basipetal auxin transport from the LI layer of the leaf
primordium initiates development of the leaf trace
procambium 568
The existing vasculature guides the growth of the leaf
trace 568
Higher-order leaf veins differentiate in a predictable
hierarchical order 569
Auxin canalization regulates higher-order vein
formation 570
Localized auxin biosynthesis is critical for higher-order
venation patterns 571
Shoot Branching and Architecture 572
Axillary meristem initiation involves many of the same
genes as leaf initiation and lamina outgrowth 573
Auxin, cytokinins, and strigolactones regulate axillary
bud outgrowth 573
Auxin from the shoot tip maintains apical
dominance 574
Strigolactones act locally to repress axillary bud
growth 574
Cytokinins antagonize the effects of strigolactones 576
The initial signal for axillary bud growth may be an
increase in sucrose availability to the bud 577
Integration of environmental and hormonal branching
signals is required for plant fitness 577
Axillary bud dormancy in woody plants is affected by
season, position, and age factors 578
Root System Architecture 579
Plants can modify their root System architecture to
optimize water and nutrient uptake 579
Monocots and eudicots differ in their root System
architecture 580
Root system architecture changes in response to
phosphorous deficiencies 580
Root System architecture responses to phosphorus
deficiency involve both local and systemic regulatory
networks 582
Mycorrhizal networks augment root system
architecture in all major terrestrial ecosystems 583
Table of Contents xxv
Secondary Growth 583
The vascular cambium and cork cambium are the
secondary meristems where secondary growth
originates 584
Secondary growth evolved early in the evolution of land
plants 585
Secondary growth from the vascular cambium gives
rise to secondary xylem and phloem 585
Phytohormones have important roles in regulating
vascular cambium activity and differentiation of
secondary xylem and phloem 585
Genes involved in stem cell maintenance, proliferation,
and differentiation regulate secondary growth 586
Environmental factors influence vascular cambium
activity and wood properties 587
CHAPTER 20
The Control of Flowering
and Floral Development 591
Floral Evocation: Integrating Environmental
Cues 592
The Shoot Apex and Phase Changes 592
Plant development has three phases 592
Juvenile tissues are produced first and are located at the
base of the shoot 592
Phase changes can be influenced by nutrients,
gibberellins, and other signals 593
Circadian Rhythms: The Clock Within 594
Circadian rhythms exhibit characteristic features 595
Phase shifting adjusts circadian rhythms to different
day-night cycles 596
Phytochromes and cryptochromes entrain the
clock 596
Photoperiodism: Monitoring Day Length 597
Plants can be classified according to their photoperiodic
responses 597
The leaf is the site of perception of the photoperiodic
signal 599
Plants monitor day length by measuring the length of
the night 599
Night breaks can cancel the effect of the dark
period 599
Photoperiodic timekeeping during the night depends
on a circadian clock 599
The coincidence model is based on oscillating light
sensitivity 600
The coincidence of CONSTANS expression and light
promotes flowering in LDPs 601
SDPs use a coincidence mechanism to inhibit flowering
in long days 603
Phytochrome is the primary photoreceptor in
photoperiodism 603
A blue-light photoreceptor regulates flowering in some
LDPs 604
Vernalization: Promoting Flowering with
Cold 605
Vernalization results in competence to flower at the
shoot apical meristem 605
Vernalization can involve epigenetic changes in gene
expression 606
A ränge of vernalization pathways may have
evolved 607
Long-Distance Signaling Involved in
Flowering 608
Grafting studies provided the first evidence for a
transmissible floral Stimulus 608
Florigen is translocated in the phloem 609
The Identification of Florigen 610
The Arabidopsis protein FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)
is florigen 610
Gibberellins and ethylene can induce flowering 610
The transition to flowering involves multiple factors and
pathways 612
Floral Meristems and Floral Organ
Development 612
The shoot apical meristem in Arabidopsis changes with
development 613
The four different types of floral organs are initiated as
separate whorls 613
Two major categories of genes regulate floral
development 614
Floral meristem identity genes regulate meristem
function 614
Flomeotic mutations led to the identification of floral
organ identity genes 616
The ABC model partially explains the determination of
floral organ identity 616
Arabidopsis Class E genes are required for the activities
of the A, B, and C genes 618
According to the Quartet Model, floral organ identity
is regulated by tetrameric complexes of the ABCE
proteins 618
Class D genes are required for ovule formation 619
Floral asymmetry in flowers is regulated by gene
expression 620
xxvi Table of Contents
CHAPTER 21
Gametophytes, Pollination,
Seeds, and Fruits 625
Development of the Male and Female
Gametophyte Generations 625
Formation of Male Gametophytes in the
Stamen 626
Pollen grain formation occurs in two successive
stages 627
The multilayered pollen cell wall is surprisingly
complex 628
Female Gametophyte Development in the
Ovule 630
The Arabidopsis gynoecium is an important model
System for studying ovule development 630
The vast majority of angiosperms exhibit Polygonum-
type embryo sac development 630
Functional megaspores undergo a series of free nuclear
mitotic divisions followed by cellularization 631
Embryo sac development involves hormonal
signaling between sporophytic and gametophytic
generations 632
Pollination and Fertilization in Flowering
Plants 632
Delivery of sperm cells to the female gametophyte by
the pollen tube occurs in six phases 633
Adhesion and hydration of a pollen grain on a
compatible flower depend on recognition between
pollen and Stigma surfaces 634
Ca2+-triggered polarization of the pollen grain precedes
tube formation 635
Pollen tubes grow by tip growth 635
Receptor-like kinases are thought to regulate the ROP1
GTPase switch, a master regulator of tip growth 635
Pollen tube tip growth in the pistil is directed by both
physical and chemical cues 637
Style tissue conditions the pollen tube to respond to
attractants produced by the synergids of the embryo
sac 637
Double fertilization occurs in three distinct stages 638
Seifing versus Outcrossing 639
Hermaphroditic and monoecious species have evolved
floral features to ensure outcrossing 639
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) occurs in the wild and
is of great Utility in agriculture 640
Self-incompatibility (SI) is the primary mechanism that
enforces outcrossing in angiosperms 640
The Brassicaceae sporophytic SI system requires two
S-locus genes 641
Gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) is mediated by
cytotoxic S-RNases and F-box proteins 642
Apomixis: Asexual Reproduction by Seed 643
Endosperm Development 643
Cellularization of coenocytic endosperm in Arabidopsis
progresses from the micropylar to the chalazal
region 645
Cellularization of the coenocytic endosperm of cereals
progresses centripetally 646
Endosperm development and embryogenesis can occur
autonomously 646
Many of the genes that control endosperm development
are maternally expressed genes 647
The FIS proteins are members of a Polycomb
repressive complex (PRC2) that represses endosperm
development 647
Cells of the starchy endosperm and aleurone layer
follow divergent developmental pathways 649
Two genes, DEK1 and CR4, have been implicated in
aleurone layer differentiation 649
Seed Coat Development 650
Seed coat development appears to be regulated by the
endosperm 650
Seed Maturation and Desiccation Tolerance 652
Seed filling and desiccation tolerance phases overlap in
most species 652
The acquisition of desiccation tolerance involves many
metabolic pathways 653
Düring the acquisition of desiccation tolerance, the cells
of the embryo acquire a glassy State 653
LEA proteins and nonreducing sugars have been
implicated in seed desiccation tolerance 653
Specific LEA proteins have been implicated in
desiccation tolerance in Medicago truncatula 653
Abscisic acid plays a key role in seed maturation 654
Coat-imposed dormancy is correlated with long-term
seed-viability 654
Fruit Development and Ripening 655
Arabidopsis and tomato are model Systems for the
study of fruit development 655
Fleshy fruits undergo ripening 657
Ripening involves changes in the color of fruit 657
Fruit softening involves the coordinated action of many
cell wall-degrading enzymes 658
Taste and flavor reflect changes in acids, sugars, and
aroma Compounds 658
The causal link between ethylene and ripening
was demonstrated in transgenic and mutant
tomatoes 658
Climacteric and non-climacteric fruit differ in their
ethylene responses 658
The ripening process is transcriptionally regulated 660
Table of Contents xxvii
Angiosperms share a ränge of common molecular
mechanisms Controlling fruit development and
ripening 660
Fruit ripening is under epigenetic control 660
A mechanistic understanding of the ripening process
has commercial applications 661
CHAPTER 22
Plant Senescence
and Cell Death 665
Programmed Cell Death and Autolysis 666
PCD during normal development differs from that of
the hypersensitive response 668
The autophagy pathway captures and degrades cellular
constituents within lytic compartments 669
A subset of the autophagy-related genes controls the
formation of the autophagosome 669
The autophagy pathway plays a dual role in plant
development 671
The Leaf Senescence Syndrome 671
The developmental age of a leaf may differ from its
chronological age 672
Leaf senescence may be sequential, seasonal, or stress-
induced 672
Developmental leaf senescence consists of three distinct
phases 673
The earliest cellular changes during leaf senescence
occur in the chloroplast 675
The autolysis of chloroplast proteins occurs in multiple
compartments 675
The STAY- GREEN (SGR) protein is required for
both LHCP II protein recycling and Chlorophyll
catabolism 676
Leaf senescence is preceded by a massive
reprogramming of gene expression 677
Leaf Senescence: The Regulatory Network 678
The NAC and WRKY gene families are the most
abundant transcription factors regulating leaf
senescence 678
ROS serve as internal signaling agents in leaf
senescence 680
Sugars accumulate during leaf senescence and may
serve as a signal 681
Plant hormones interact in the regulation of leaf
senescence 681
Leaf Abscission 684
The timing of leaf abscission is regulated by the
interaction of ethylene and auxin 685
Whole Plant Senescence 686
Angiosperm life cycles may be annual, biennial, or
perennial 687
Whole plant senescence differs from aging in
animals 688
The determinacy of shoot apical meristems is
developmentally regulated 688
Nutrient or hormonal redistribution may trigger
senescence in monocarpic plants 689
The rate of carbon accumulation in trees increases
continuously with tree size 689
CHAPTER 23
Biotic Interactions 693
Beneficial Interactions between Plants and
Microorganisms 695
Nod factors are recognized by the Nod factor receptor
(NFR) in legumes 695
Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations and nitrogen-
fixing symbioses involve related signaling
pathways 695
Rhizobacteria can increase nutrient availability,
stimulate root branching, and protect against
pathogens 697
Harmful Interactions between Plants, Pathogens,
and Herbivores 697
Mechanical barriers provide a first line of defense
against insect pests and pathogens 698
Plant secondary metabolites can deter insect
herbivores 700
Plants störe constitutive toxic Compounds in specialized
structures 701
Plants often störe defensive chemicals as nontoxic
water-soluble sugar conjugates in the vacuole 703
Constitutive levels of secondary Compounds are higher
in young developing leaves than in older tissues 705
Inducible Defense Responses to Insect
Herbivores 705
Plants can recognize specific components of insect
saliva 706
Modified fatty acids secreted by grasshoppers act as
elicitors of jasmonic acid accumulation and ethylene
emission 706
Phloem feeders activate defense signaling pathways
similar to those activated by pathogen infections 707
Calcium signaling and activation of the MAP kinase
pathway are early events associated with insect
herbivory 707
Jasmonic acid activates defense responses against insect
herbivores 708
Jasmonic acid acts through a conserved ubiquitin ligase
signaling mechanism 709
Hormonal interactions contribute to plant-insect
herbivore interactions 709
xxviii Table of Contents
JA initiates the production of defense proteins that
inhibit herbivore digestion 710
Herbivore damage induces systemic defenses 710
Glutamate receptor-like (GLR) genes are required
for long-distance electrical signaling during
herbivory 712
Herbivore-induced volatiles can repel herbivores and
attract natural enemies 712
Herbivore-induced volatiles can serve as long-distance
Signals between plants 713
Herbivore-induced volatiles can also act as systemic
Signals within a plant 714
Defense responses to herbivores and pathogens are
regulated by circadian rhythms 714
Insects have evolved mechanisms to defeat plant
defenses 715
Plant Defenses against Pathogens 715
Microbial pathogens have evolved various strategies to
invade host plants 715
Pathogens produce effector molecules that aid in the
colonization of their plant host cells 716
Pathogen infection can give rise to molecular danger
signals that are perceived by cell surface pattern
recognition receptors (PRRs) 717
R genes provide resistance to individual pathogens by
recognizing strain-specific effectors 718
Exposure to elicitors induces a signal transduction
cascade 719
Effectors released by phloem-feeding insects also
activate NBS-LRR receptors 719
The hypersensitive response is a common defense
against pathogens 720
Phytoalexins with antimicrobial activity accumulate
after pathogen attack 721
A Single encounter with a pathogen may increase
resistance to future attacks 721
The main components of the salicylic acid signaling
pathway for SAR have been identified 723
Interactions of plants with nonpathogenic bacteria can
trigger systemic resistance through a process called
induced systemic resistance (ISR) 723
Plant Defenses against Other Organisms 724
Some plant parasitic nematodes form specific
associations through the formation of distinct feeding
structures 724
Plants compete with other plants by secreting
allelopathic secondary metabolites into the soil 725
Some plants are biotrophic pathogens of other
plants 726
CHAPTER 24
Abiotic Stress 731
Defining Plant Stress 732
Physiological adjustment to abiotic stress involves
trade-offs between vegetative and reproductive
development 732
Acclimation and Adaptation 733
Adaptation to stress involves genetic modification over
many generations 733
Acclimation allows plants to respond to environmental
fluctuations 733
Environmental Factors and Their Biological
Impacts on Plants 734
Water deficit decreases turgor pressure, increases ion
toxicity, and inhibits photosynthesis 735
Salinity stress has both osmotic and cytotoxic
effects 736
Light stress can occur when shade-adapted or shade-
acclimated plants are subjected to füll sunlight 736
Temperature stress affects a broad spectrum of
physiological processes 736
Flooding results in anaerobic stress to the root 737
During freezing stress, extracellular ice crystal
formation causes cell dehydration 737
Heavy metals can both mimic essential mineral
nutrients and generate ROS 737
Mineral nutrient deficiencies are a cause of stress 737
Ozone and ultraviolet light generate ROS that cause
lesions and induce PCD 737
Combinations of abiotic stresses can induce unique
signaling and metabolic pathways 738
Sequential exposure to different abiotic stresses
sometimes confers cross-protection 739
Stress-Sensing Mechanisms in Plants 739
Early-acting stress sensors provide the initial signal for
the stress response 740
Signaling Pathways Activated in Response to
Abiotic Stress 740
The signaling intermediates of many stress-response
pathways can interact 740
Acclimation to stress involves transcriptional regulatory
networks called regulons 743
Chloroplast genes respond to high-intensity light by
sending stress signals to the nucleus 744
A self-propagating wave of ROS mediates systemic
acquired acclimation 745
Epigenetic mechanisms and small RNAs provide
additional protection against stress 745
Table of Contents xxix
Hormonal interactions regulate normal development
and abiotic stress responses 745
Developmental and Physiological Mechanisms
That Protect Plants against Abiotic Stress 747
Plants adjust osmotically to drying soil by accumulating
solutes 748
Submerged organs develop aerenchyma tissue in
response to hypoxia 749
Antioxidants and ROS-scavenging pathways protect
cells from oxidative stress 750
Molecular chaperones and molecular shields protect
proteins and membranes during abiotic stress 751
Plants can alter their membrane lipids in response to
temperature and other abiotic stresses 752
Exclusion and internal tolerance mechanisms allow
plants to cope with toxic ions 753
Glossary G-1
Illustration Credits IC-1
Photo Credits PC-1
Subject Index SI-1
Phytochelatins and other chelators contribute to internal
tolerance of toxic metal ions 754
Plants use cryoprotectant molecules and antifreeze
proteins to prevent ice crystal formation 754
ABA signaling during water stress causes the massive
efflux of K+ and anions from guard cells 755
Plants can alter their morphology in response to abiotic
stress 757
Metabolie shifts enable plants to cope with a variety of
abiotic stresses 759
The process of recovery from stress can be dangerous
to the plant and requires a coordinated adjustment of
plant metabolism and physiology 759
Developing crops with enhanced tolerance to abiotic
stress conditions is a major goal of agricultural
research 759
|
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| callnumber-raw | QK711.2 |
| callnumber-search | QK711.2 |
| callnumber-sort | QK 3711.2 |
| callnumber-subject | QK - Botany |
| classification_rvk | WN 1000 |
| classification_tum | BIO 480 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)898217176 (DE-599)GBV794301150 |
| dewey-full | 571.2 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 571 - Physiology & related subjects |
| dewey-raw | 571.2 |
| dewey-search | 571.2 |
| dewey-sort | 3571.2 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie |
| edition | 6. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV042116067 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:13:06Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781605353265 9781605352558 9781605357454 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2014030480 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027556394 |
| oclc_num | 898217176 |
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| owner | DE-188 DE-20 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-29T DE-11 DE-703 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-188 DE-20 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-29T DE-11 DE-703 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | getr. Zählung zahlr. Ill. und graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publishDateSearch | 2015 |
| publishDateSort | 2015 |
| publisher | Sinauer |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Plant physiology and development Lincoln Taiz ... 6. ed. Sunderland, Mass. Sinauer 2015 getr. Zählung zahlr. Ill. und graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Companion Website to the textbook: http://6e.plantphys.net/ Pflanzenphysiologie (DE-588)4045580-4 gnd rswk-swf Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd rswk-swf Entwicklungsphysiologie (DE-588)4152449-4 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Pflanzenphysiologie (DE-588)4045580-4 s DE-604 Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 s Entwicklungsphysiologie (DE-588)4152449-4 s 2\p DE-604 Taiz, Lincoln 1942- Sonstige (DE-588)141478993 oth 5. Auflage Plant physiology (DE-604)BV036467062 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027556394&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Plant physiology and development Pflanzenphysiologie (DE-588)4045580-4 gnd Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd Entwicklungsphysiologie (DE-588)4152449-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4045580-4 (DE-588)4045539-7 (DE-588)4152449-4 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Plant physiology and development |
| title_auth | Plant physiology and development |
| title_exact_search | Plant physiology and development |
| title_full | Plant physiology and development Lincoln Taiz ... |
| title_fullStr | Plant physiology and development Lincoln Taiz ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plant physiology and development Lincoln Taiz ... |
| title_old | Plant physiology |
| title_short | Plant physiology and development |
| title_sort | plant physiology and development |
| topic | Pflanzenphysiologie (DE-588)4045580-4 gnd Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd Entwicklungsphysiologie (DE-588)4152449-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Pflanzenphysiologie Pflanzen Entwicklungsphysiologie Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027556394&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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