Critical thinking: an introduction to the basic skills
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Peterborough, Ontario ; London ; Warriewood
Broadview Press
[2015]
|
| Ausgabe: | Canadian edition, seventh edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 468 Seiten Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781554811991 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 020 | |a 9781554811991 |c pbk. |9 978-1-55481-199-1 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)915868186 | ||
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| 100 | 1 | |a Hughes, William |d 1936-2003 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)13899661X |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Critical thinking |b an introduction to the basic skills |c William Hughes and Jonathan Lavery |
| 250 | |a Canadian edition, seventh edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Peterborough, Ontario ; London ; Warriewood |b Broadview Press |c [2015] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2015 | |
| 300 | |a XIV, 468 Seiten |b Diagramme | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Critical thinking |v Textbooks | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Logic |v Textbooks | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| DE-BY-862_location | 2000 |
|---|---|
| DE-BY-FWS_call_number | 2000/AK 39500 H893(7) |
| DE-BY-FWS_katkey | 677697 |
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| _version_ | 1819652523491852288 |
| adam_text |
Contents
Acknowledgements · XIII
Online Materials · XV
PART ONE: INTRODUCTION · 1
Chapter 1: Reasoning and Critical Thinking · 3
1.1 Reasoning · 3
1.2 The Concept of Logical Strength · 5
1.3 Truth, Logical Strength, and Soundness · 7
1.4 Critical Thinking Skills · 9
1.5 Critical Thinking and the Science of Logic · 11
1.6 Self-Test No. 1 · 12
1.7 Questions for Discussion · 14
PART TWO: MEANING · 17
Chapter 2: Meaning and Definition · 19
2.1 The Complexity of Language · 19
2.2 The Meaning of Language · 21
2.2.1 The Reference Theory of Meaning · 21
2.2.2 The Idea Theory of Meaning · 22
2.2.3 Meaning as Use · 22
2.3 The Main Functions of Language · 24
2.4 Self-Test No. 2 · 29
2.5 Questions for Discussion · 30
2.6 Definition · 31
2.7 The Purposes of Definition * 32
2.7.1 Reportive Definitions · 32
2.7.2 Stipulative Definitions · 33
2.7.3 Essentialist Definitions · 33
2.8 Methods of Definition · 34
2.8.1 Genus-Species Method · 34
2.8.2 Ostensive Method · 35
2.8.3 Synonym Method · 35
2.8.4 Operational Method · 36
2.8.5 Contextual Method · 36
VI CRITICAL THINKING
2.9 Assessing Reportive Definitions · 36
2.9.1 Too Broad a Definition · 37
2.9.2 Too Narrow a Definition · 37
2.9.3 Too Broad and Too Narrow a Definition ·
2.9.4 Circular Definition · 38
2.9.5 Obscure Definition · 39
2.10 Assessing Stipulative and Essentialist Definitions
2.11 A Warning · 42
2.12 Self-Test No. 3 · 43
2.13 Questions for Discussion · 43
Chapter 3: Clarifying Meaning · 47
3.1 The Principle of Charity · 47
3.2 Linguistic Ambiguity · 49
3.2.1 Ambiguity and Vagueness · 49
3.2.2 Referential Ambiguity · 51
3.2.3 Grammatical Ambiguity · 52
3.2.4 Use and Mention · 52
3.3 Self-Test No. 4 · 53
3.4 Analytic, Contradictory, and Synthetic Statements
3.5 Self-Test No. 5 · 56
3.6 Descriptive and Evaluative Meaning · 57
3.7 Self-Test No. 6 · 58
3.8 Necessary and Sufficient Conditions · 59
3.9 Self-Test No. 7 · 63
3.10 Questions for Discussion · 64
Chapter 4: Reconstructing Arguments · 67
4.1 Reconstruction · 67
4.2 Missing Premises and Conclusions · 68
4.3 Self-Test No. 8 · 72
4.4 Special Cases · 72
4.4.1 Reports of Arguments · 73
4.4.2 Explanations · 74
4.5 Self-Test No. 9 · 77
4.6 The Structure of Arguments · 78
4.6.1 Simple Arguments · 78
4.6.2 T Arguments · 79
38
• 39
• 54
CONTENTS VH
4.6.3 V Arguments · 80
4.6.4 Complex Arguments · 81
4.7 Self-Test No. 10 · 84
4.8 Another Warning · 85
4.9 Questions for Discussion · 86
PART THREE: ASSESSING ARGUMENTS · 89
Chapter 5: Strategies for Assessing Arguments · 91
5.1 The Fallacies Approach · 91
5.2 The Criterial Approach · 92
5.2.1 The Three Criteria of a Sound Argument · 93
5.3 Seven Rules for Assessing Arguments · 95
5.3.1 Rule 1. Identify the Main Conclusion · 95
5.3.2 Rule 2. Identify the Premises · 95
5.3.3 Rule 3. Identify the Structure of the Argument · 96
5.3.4 Rule 4. Check the Acceptability of the Premises · 96
5.3.5 Rule 5. Check the Relevance of the Premises · 96
5.3.6 Rule 6. Check the Adequacy of the Premises · 96
5.3.7 Rule 7. Look for Counter-Arguments # 96
Chapter 6: Assessing Truth-Claims · 99
6.1 Theories of Truth · 99
6.1.1 The Correspondence Theory · 99
6.1.2 The Coherence Theory · 100
6.1.3 The Pragmatic Theory · 102
6.2 Types of Truth-Claims · 104
6.2.1 Empirical Truth-Claims · 104
6.2.2 Non-Empirical Truth-Claims · 107
6.3 Acceptability · 109
6.4 Self-Test No. 11 · 113
6.5 Questions for Discussion · 113
6.6 Assessing the Acceptability of Premises · 114
6.7 Some Particular Fallacies · 115
6.7.1 Begging the Question · 115
6.7.2 Inconsistency · 117
6.7.3 Equivocation · 120
6.7.4 False Dichotomy · 121
VIII CRITICAL THINKING
6.8 Self-Test No. 12 · 123
6.9 Questions for Discussion · 124
Chapter 7: Assessing Relevance · 127
7.1 The Criterion of Relevance · 127
7.2 Recognizing Irrelevant Premises · 128
7.3 Appeals to Authority (1) · 131
7.4 Some Particular Fallacies · 133
7.4.1 Ad Hominem · 133
7.4.2 Tu Quoque · 135
7.4.3 Straw Man · 136
7.3 Self-Test No.13 · 137
7.6 Questions for Discussion · 139
Chapter 8: Assessing Adequacy · 141
8.1 The Criterion of Adequacy · 141
8.2 Appeals to Authority (2) · 144
8.3 Appeals to Anecdotal Evidence · 146
8.4 Appeals to Ignorance · 148
8.5 The Slippery Slope Fallacy · 149
8.6 Causal Fallacies · 153
8.6.1 Post Hoc · 153
8.6.2 Confusing Cause and Effect · 154
8.6.3 Common Cause · 155
8.7 Self-Test No. 14 · 156
8.8 Questions for Discussion · 158
Chapter 9: Deductive Reasoning · 161
9.1 The Nature of Deductive Reasoning · 161
9.2 Truth-Functional Statements · 163
9.3 Formal Validity and Soundness · 168
9.4 Valid Argument Forms · 169
9.5 Formal Invalidity · 173
9.6 Self-Test No. 15 · 175
9.7 Questions for Discussion · 176
Chapter 10: Inductive Reasoning · 179
10.1 The Nature of Inductive Reasoning · 179
10.2 Inductive Generalization · 181
CONTENTS IX
10.3 Statistical Syllogism · 182
10.4 Induction by Confirmation · 183
10.5 Analogical Reasoning · 188
10.6 Self-Test No. 16 · 194
10.7 Questions for Discussion · 196
PART FOUR: APPLICATIONS · 199
Chapter 11: Scientific Reasoning · 201
11.1 Causation / Correlation · 201
11.2 Mills Methods · 205
11.2.1 Method of Agreement · 205
11.2.2 Method of Difference · 208
11.2.3 Joint Method of Agreement and Difference · 210
11.2.4 Method of Concomitant Variations · 214
11.2.5 Method of Residue · 215
11.3 Self-Test No. 17 · 217
11.4 Inference to the Best Explanation · 219
11.4.1 Choosing between Rival Restricted Hypotheses · 221
11.4.2 Choosing between Rival Unrestricted Hypotheses · 224
11.5 Case for Discussion: Semmelweis s Discovery of Antisepsis · 228
Chapter 12: Moral Reasoning · 233
12.1 Moral Judgments and judgments of Taste · 233
12.2 Moral Justification · 235
12.3 Appeals to Principles of Right and Wrong · 237
12.4 Self-Test No. 18 · 241
12.5 Questions for Discussion · 241
12.6 Appeals to Consequences · 242
12.7 Self-Test No. 19 · 246
12.8 Questions for Discussion · 246
12.9 Rational Agreement · 246
12.10 Moral Maturity · 247
12.11 Questions for Discussion · 250
Chapter 13: Legal Reasoning · 253
13.1 Criteria and Evidence in Legal Contests · 253
13.1.1 Evidence of Facts, and the interpretation of Law · 255
13.1.2 Admissible Evidence and the Application of Law · 259
13.1.3 Legal Authority and Legal Procedure · 260
X CRITICAL THINKING
13.2 Criminal Adjudication · 262
13.3 Self-Test No. 20 · 268
13.4 Questions for Discussion · 269
13.5 Civil Adjudication · 269
13.6 Self-Test No. 21 · 275
13.7 Questions for Discussion · 278
Chapter 14: Arguing Back · 281
14.1 Explaining the Weakness · 281
14.2 Counter-Examples · 282
14.3 Absurd Examples · 284
14.4 Counter-Arguments · 286
14.5 Self-Test No. 22 · 288
14.6 Questions for Discussion · 289
Chapter 15: Irrational Techniques of Persuasion · 291
15.1 Loaded Terms · 291
15.2 Vague Terms · 293
15.3 Loaded Questions · 293
15.4 False Confidence · 297
15.5 Selectivity · 298
15.6 Misleading Statistics · 299
15.7 Humour · 301
15.8 Red Herring · 302
15.9 Guilt by Association · 303
15.10 Persuasive Redefinition · 304
15.11 Self-Test No. 23 · 305
15.12 Questions for Discussion · 307
Chapter 16: Critiquing the Media · 309
16.1 Determining Bias · 310
16.2 Is Objective Reporting Possible? · 312
16.3 How to Assess News Reports · 316
16.3.1 Assessing Factual Claims · 317
16.3.2 Assessing Interpretive Frameworks · 318
16.4 Another Warning · 319
16.5 Questions for Discussion # 321
CONTENTS XI
Chapter 17: Writing and Assessing Argumentative Essays · 343
17.1 Writing Argumentative Essays: Structure · 344
17.2 Writing Argumentative Essays: Style · 346
17.3 Assessing Argumentative Essays · 348
17.3.1 First Phase · 348
17.3.2 Second Phase · 349
17.3.3 Third Phase · 350
17.4 Assessment of a Sample Argumentative Essay · 350
17.4.1 First Phase · 352
17.4.2 Second Phase · 354
17.4.3 Third Phase · 358
17.5 Question for Discussion · 361
Chapter 18: Strategies for Organizing an Argumentative Essay ·
18.1 Advocates Strategy · 368
18.2 Skeptics Strategy · 373
18.3 Impartial Adjudicator s Strategy · 379
18.4 Questions for Discussion · 383
Appendix I: Paradoxes and Puzzles · 385
1. Logical Paradoxes · 385
2. Puzzles · 390
3. Solutions to the Puzzles · 393
Appendix II: Answers to Self-Tests · 397
Self-Test No. 1 • 397
Self-Test No. 2 • 400
Self-Test No. 3 • 400
Self-Test No. 4 • 401
Self-Test No. 5 • 403
Self-Test No. 6 • 404
Self-Test No. 7 • 405
Self-Test No. 8 • 407
Self-Test No. 9 • 408
Self-Test No. 10 • 409
Self-Test No. 11 • 412
Self-Test No. 12 • 413
Self-Test No. 13 • 415
365
XII CRITICAL THINKING
Self-Test No. 14 417
SelfTestNo. 15 419
Self-Test No. 16 422
SelfTestNo. 17 428
Self-Test No. 18 433
Self-Test No. 19 433
SelfTest No. 20 437
Self-Test No. 21 438
Self-Test No. 22 439
Self-Test No. 23 440
Glossary · 443
Permissions Acknowledgements · 461
index · 463 |
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Inhaltsverzeichnis
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