The economics of electricity markets:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Chichester
Wiley [u.a.]
2014
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| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
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| Beschreibung: | XX, 409 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781118775752 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 008 | 140912s2014 ad|| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 9781118775752 |c hbk |9 978-1-118-77575-2 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)904010691 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV042072772 | ||
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| 084 | |a QR 530 |0 (DE-625)142050: |2 rvk | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Biggar, Darryl |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)171409469 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The economics of electricity markets |c Darryl R. Biggar ; Mohammad Reza Hesamzadeh |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Chichester |b Wiley [u.a.] |c 2014 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 409 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Elektrizitätsmarkt |0 (DE-588)4328181-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Wirtschaftstheorie |0 (DE-588)4079351-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4123623-3 |a Lehrbuch |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Elektrizitätsmarkt |0 (DE-588)4328181-3 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Wirtschaftstheorie |0 (DE-588)4079351-5 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |C b |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Hesamzadeh, Mohammad Reza |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027514001&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027514001 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804152518368821248 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface xv
Nomenclature
xvii
PART
I
INTRODUCTION
TO ECONOMIC
CONCEPTS
1
1
Introduction
to Micro-economics
З
1.1
Economie Objectives
3
1.2
Introduction
to Constrained
Optimisation
5
1.3
Demand and Consumers Surplus
6
1.3.1
The Short-Run Decision of the Customer
7
1.3.2
The Value or Utility Function
7
1.3.3
The Demand Curve for a Price-Taking Customer
Facing a Simple Price
7
1.4
Supply and Producers Surplus
10
1.4.1
The Cost Function
11
1.4.2
The Supply Curve for a Price-Taking Firm Facing a
Simple Price
1
1
1.5
Achieving Optimal Short-Run Outcomes Using Competitive Markets
14
7.5.7
The Short-Run Welfare Maximum
14
1.5.2
An Autonomous Market Process
15
1.6
Smart Markets
17
7.6.7
Smart Markets and Generic Constraints
17
7.6.2
A Smart Market Process
18
1.7
Longer-Run Decisions by Producers and Consumers
20
7.7.7
Investment in Productive Capacity
20
1.8
Monopoly
22
1.8.1
The Dominant Firm
-
Competitive Fringe Structure
24
/.5.2
Monopoly and Price Regulation
25
1.9
Oligopoly
26
7.9.7
Cournot Oligopoly
27
7.9.2
Repeated Games
27
1.10
Summary
28
vi
Contents
Questions
29
Further Reading
30
PART II INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY NETWORKS
AND ELECTRICITY MARKETS
31
2
Introduction to Electric Power Systems
33
2.1
DC Circuit Concepts
33
2.1.1
Energy, Watts and Power
34
2.1.2
Losses
35
2.2
AC Circuit Concepts
36
2.3
Reactive Power
38
2.3.1
Mathematics of Reactive Power
40
2.3.2
Control of Reactive Power
42
2.3.3
Ohm s Law on AC Circuits
43
2.3.4
Three-Phase Power
44
2.4
The Elements of an Electric Power System
45
2.5
Electricity Generation
46
2.5.1
The Key Characteristics of Electricity Generators
49
2.6
Electricity Transmission and Distribution Networks
52
2.6.
1 Transmission Networks
54
2.6.2
Distribution Networks
57
2.6.3
Competition and Regulation
59
2.7
Physical Limits on Networks
60
2.7.1
Thermal Limits
61
2.7.2
Voltage Stability Limits
64
2.7.3
Dynamic and Transient Stability Limits
64
2.8
Electricity Consumption
66
2.9
Does it Make Sense to Distinguish Electricity Producers
and Consumers?
67
2.9.1
The Service Provided by the Electric Power Industry
69
2.10
Summary
70
Questions
71
Further Reading
72
3
Electricity Industry Market Structure and Competition
73
3.1
Tasks Performed in an Efficient Electricity Industry
73
3.1.1
Short-Term Tasks
73
3.1.2
Risk-Management Tasks
75
3.1.3
Long-Term
Tasks
15
3.2
Electricity Industry Reforms
76
3.2.1
Market-Orientated Reforms of the Late Twentieth Century
77
3.3
Approaches to Reform of the Electricity Industry
79
3.4
Other Key Roles in a Market-Orientated Electric Power System
81
3.5
An Overview of Liberalised Electricity Markets
82
Contents
vu
3.6 An
Overview of the Australian National Electricity Market
85
3.6.1
Assessment of the
NEM
87
3.7
The Pros and Cons of Electricity Market Reform
88
3.8
Summary
89
Questions
90
Further Reading
90
PART III OPTIMAL DISPATCH: THE EFFICIENT USE
OF GENERATION, CONSUMPTION AND
NETWORK RESOURCES
91
4
Efficient Short-Term Operation of an Electricity Industry
with no Network Constraints
93
4.1
The Cost of Generation
93
4.2
Simple Stylised Representation of a Generator
96
4.3
Optimal Dispatch of Generation with Inelastic Demand
97
4.3.1
Optimal Least Cost Dispatch of Generation Resources
98
4.3.2
Least Cost Dispatch for Generators with Constant
Variable Cost
99
4.3.3
Example
101
4.4
Optimal Dispatch of Both Generation and Load Assets
102
4.5
Symmetry in the Treatment of Generation and Load
104
4.5.1
Symmetry Between Buyer-Owned Generators and
Stand-Alone
Generators
104
4.5.2
Symmetry Between Total Surplus Maximisation and Generation
Cost Minimisation
105
4.6
The Benefit Function
105
4.7
Nonconvexities in Production: Minimum Operating Levels
106
4.8
Efficient Dispatch of Energy-Limited Resources
108
4.8.1
Example
109
4.9
Efficient Dispatch in the Presence of Ramp-Rate Constraints
110
4.9.1
Example 111
4.10
Startup Costs and the Unit-Commitment Decision
113
4.11
Summary
115
Questions H6
Further Reading
117
5
Achieving Efficient Use of Generation and Load Resources using
a Market Mechanism in an Industry with no Network Constraints
119
5.1
Decentralisation, Competition and Market Mechanisms
119
5.2
Achieving Optimal Dispatch Through Competitive Bidding
121
5.3
Variation in Wholesale Market Design
123
5.3.1
Compulsory Gross Pool or Net Pool?
124
5.3.2
Single Price or Pay-as-Bid?
125
5.4
Day-Ahead Versus Real-Time Markets
126
viii Contents
5.4.1
Improving the Quality of Short-Term Price Forecasts
127
5.4.2
Reducing the Exercise of Market Power
129
5.5
Price Controls and Rationing
129
5.5.1
Inadequate Metering and Involuntary Load Shedding
131
5.6
Time-Vary ing Demand, the Load-Duration Curve and the
Price-Duration Curve
133
5.7
Summary
135
Questions
137
Further Reading
137
6
Representing Network Constraints
139
6.1
Representing Networks Mathematically
139
6.2
Net Injections, Power Flows and the DC Load Flow Model
141
6.2.1
The DC Load Flow Model
144
6.3
The Matrix of Power Transfer Distribution Factors
145
6.3.1
Converting between Reference Nodes
146
6.4
Distribution Factors for Radial Networks
146
6.5
Constraint Equations and the Set of Feasible Injections
147
6.6
Summary
151
Questions
152
7
Efficient Dispatch of Generation and Consumption Resources
in the Presence of Network Congestion
153
7.1
Optimal Dispatch with Network Constraints
153
7.1.1
Achieving Optimal Dispatch Using a Smart Market
155
7.2
Optimal Dispatch in a Radial Network
156
7.3
Optimal Dispatch in a Two-Node Network
157
7.4
Optimal Dispatch in a Three-Node Meshed Network
159
7.5
Optimal Dispatch in a Four-Node Network
161
7.6
Properties of Nodal Prices with a Single Binding Constraint
162
7.7
How Many Independent Nodal Prices Exist?
163
7.8
The Merchandising Surplus, Settlement Residues and the
Congestion Rents
163
7.8.1
Merchandising Surplus and Congestion Rents
163
7.8.2
Settlement Residues l64
7.8.3
Merchandising Surplus in a Three-Node Network
165
7.9
Network Losses 1°6
7.9.1
Losses, Settlement Residues and Merchandising Surplus
167
7.9.2
Losses and Optimal Dispatch
168
7.10
Summary 169
Questions
170
Further Reading
* 70
8
Efficient Network Operation
171
8.1
Efficient Operation of DC Interconnectors
171
8.1.1
Entrepreneurial DC Network Operation
173
Contents ix
8.2 Optimal Network
Switching
173
8.2.1 Network
Switching and
Network
Contingencies
174
8.2.2
A Worked Example
174
8.2.3
Entrepreneurial Network Switching?
176
8.3
Summary
177
Questions
178
Further Reading
178
PART IV EFFICIENT INVESTMENT IN GENERATION
AND CONSUMPTION ASSETS
179
9
Efficient Investment in Generation and Consumption Assets
181
9.1
The Optimal Generation Investment Problem
181
9.2
The Optimal Level of Generation Capacity with Downward
Sloping Demand
183
9.2.1
The Case of Inelastic Demand
185
9.3
The Optimal Mix of Generation Capacity with Downward
Sloping Demand
186
9.4
The Optimal Mix of Generation with Inelastic Demand
189
9.5
Screening Curve Analysis
191
9.5.1
Using Screening Curves to Assess the Impact of Increased
Renewable Penetration
192
9.5.2
Generation Investment in the Presence of Network Constraints
193
9.6
Buyer-Side Investment
193
9.7
Summary
195
Questions
196
Further Reading
197
10
Market-Based Investment in Electricity Generation
199
10.1
Decentralised Generation Investment Decisions
199
10.2
Can We Trust Competitive Markets to Deliver an Efficient
Level of Investment in Generation?
201
10.2.1
Episodes of High Prices as an Essential Part of an
Energy-Only Market
201
10.2.2
The Missing Money Problem
202
10.2.3
Energy-Only Markets and the Investment Boom-Bust Cycle
203
10.3
Price Caps, Reserve Margins and Capacity Payments
203
10.3.1
Reserve Requirements
204
10.3.2
Capacity Markets
205
10.4
Time-
A
veraging
of Network Charges and Generation Investment
206
10.5
Summary
207
Questions
207
PART V HANDLING CONTINGENCIES: EFFICIENT DISPATCH
IN THE VERY SHORT RUN
209
Contents
11
Efficient
Operation
of the Power System in the Very Short-Run
211
11.1
Introduction to Contingencies
211
11.2
Efficient Handling of Contingencies
212
11.3
Preventive and Corrective Actions
213
11.4
Satisfactory and Secure Operating States
215
11.5
Optimal Dispatch in the Very Short Run
216
11.6
Operating the Power System Ex Ante as though Certain
Contingencies have Already Happened
218
11.7
Examples of Optimal Short-Run Dispatch
219
11.7.1
A Second Example, Ignoring Network Constraints
221
11.7.2
A Further Example with Network Constraints
222
11.8
Optimal Short-Run Dispatch Using a Competitive Market
223
11.8.1
A Simple Example
224
11.8.2
Optimal Short-Run Dispatch through Prices
227
11.8.3
Investment Incentives
228
11.9
Summary
229
Questions
230
Further Reading
230
12
Frequency-Based Dispatch of Balancing Services
231
12.1
The Intradispatch Interval Dispatch Mechanism
231
12.2
Frequency-Based Dispatch of Balancing Services
232
12.3
Implications of Ignoring Network Constraints when Handling
Contingencies
233
12.3.1
The Feasible Set of Injections with a Frequency-Based IDIDM
235
12.4
Procurement of Frequency-Based Balancing Services
238
12.4.1
The Volume of Frequency Control Balancing
Services Required
238
12.4.2
Procurement of Balancing Services
239
12.4.3
Allocating the Costs of Balancing Services
240
12.5
Summary
241
Questions
242
Further Reading
242
PART VI MANAGING RISK
243
13
Managing
Intertemporal
Price Risks
245
13.1
Introduction to Forward Markets and Standard Hedge Contracts
245
13.1.1
Instruments for Managing Risk: Swaps, Caps, Collars and Floors
246
13.1.2
Swaps
246
13.1.3
Caps
247
13.1.4
Floors
248
75.7.5
Collars (and Related Instruments)
249
13.2
The Construction of a Perfect Hedge: The Theory
249
75.2.7
The Design of a Perfect Hedge
250
Contents xi
13.3
The Construction of a Perfect Hedge: Specific Cases
252
13.3.1
Hedging by a Generator with no Cost Uncertainty
252
13.3.2
Hedging Cost-Shifting Risks
254
13.4
Hedging by Customers
256
13.4.1
Hedging by a Customer with a Constant Utility Function
257
13.4.2
Hedging Utility-Shifting Risks
258
13.5
The Role of the Trader
259
13.5.1
Risks Facing Individual Traders
261
13.6
Intertemporal
Hedging and Generation Investment
263
13.7
Summary
264
Questions
265
14
Managing Interlocational Price Risk
267
14.1
The Role of the Merchandising Surplus in Facilitating
Interlocational Hedging
267
14.1.1
Packaging the Merchandising Surplus in a Way that
Facilitates Hedging
269
14.2
Interlocational Transmission Rights: CapFTRs
269
14.3
Interlocational Transmission Rights: Fixed-Volume FTRs
271
14.3.1
Revenue Adequacy
271
14.3.2
Are Fixed-Volume FTRs a Useful Hedging Instrument?
273
14.4
Interlocational Hedging and Transmission Investment
273
14.4.1
Infinitesimal Investment in Network Capacity
21
A
14.4.2
Lumpy Investment in Network Capacity
21
A
14.5
Summary
276
Questions
277
Further Reading
277
PART
VII
MARKET POWER
279
15
Market Power in Electricity Markets
281
15.1
An Introduction to Market Power in Electricity Markets
281
75.7.7
Definition of Market Power
281
75.7.2
Market Power in Electricity Markets
282
15.2
How Do Generators Exercise Market Power? Theory
284
75.2.7
The Price-Volume Trade-Off
284
75.2.2
The Profit-Maximising Choice of Rate of Production for a
Generator with Market Power
286
75.2.3
The Profit-Maximising Offer Curve
287
15.3
How do Generators Exercise Market Power? Practice
289
75.3.7
Economic and Physical Withholding
289
15.3.2
Pricing Up and the Marginal Generator
291
15.4
The Incentive to Exercise Market Power: The Importance of the Residual
Demand Curve
292
15.4.1
The Shape of the Residual Demand Curve
293
xii Contents
15.4.2
The Importance of Peak Versus Off-Peak for the Exercise of Market
Power
293
15.4.3
Other Influences on the Shape of the Residual Demand Curve
295
15.5
The Incentive to Exercise Market Power: The Impact of the Hedge
Position of a Generator
295
15.5.1
Short-Term Versus Long-Term Hedge Products and the Exercise
of Market Power
297
15.5.2
Hedge Contracts and Market Power
297
15.6
The Exercise of Market Power by Loads and Vertical Integration
298
15.6.1
Vertical Integration
299
15.7
Is the Exercise of Market Power Necessary to Stimulate Generation
Investment?
300
15.8
The Consequences of the Exercise of Market Power
301
15.8.1
Short-Run Efficiency Impacts of Market Power
301
15.8.2
Longer-Run Efficiency Impacts of Market Power
302
15.8.3
A Worked Example
302
15.9
Summary
304
Questions
306
Further Reading
306
16
Market Power and Network Congestion
307
16.1
The Exercise of Market Power by a Single Generator in a
Radial Network
307
16.1.1
The Exercise of Market Power by a Single Generator
in a Radial Network: The Theory
308
16.2
The Exercise of Market Power by a Single Generator in a
Meshed Network
311
16.3
The Exercise of Market Power by a Portfolio of Generators
313
16.4
The Effect of Transmission Rights on Market Power
314
16.5
Summary
315
Questions
315
Further Reading
315
17
Detecting, Modelling and Mitigating Market Power
317
17.1
Approaches to Assessing Market Power
317
17.2
Detecting the Exercise of Market Power Through the Examination
of Market Outcomes in the Past
318
17.2.1
Quantity- Withdrawal Studies
319
17.2.2
Price-Cost Margin Studies
321
17.3
Simple Indicators of Market Power
322
17.3.1
Market-Share-Based Measures and the HHI
322
17.3.2
The
PSI
and RSI Indicators
324
17.3.3
Variants of the
PSI
and RSI Indicators
326
17.3.4
Measuring the Elasticity of Residual Demand
328
17.4
Modelling of Market Power
330
17.4.1
Modelling of Market Power in Practice
331
Contents xiii
17.4.2
Linearisation
332
17.5
Policies to Reduce Market Power
332
17.6
Summary
333
Questions
334
Further Reading
334
PART
VIII
NETWORK REGULATION AND INVESTMENT
335
18
Efficient Investment in Network Assets
337
18.1
Efficient AC Network Investment
337
18.2
Financial Implications of Network Investment
338
18.2.1
The Two-Node Graphical Representation
339
18.2.2
Financial Indicators of the Benefit of Network Expansion
341
18.3
Efficient Investment in a Radial Network
342
18.4
Efficient Investment in a Two-Node Network
344
18.4.1
Example
345
18.5
Coordination of Generation and Network Investment in Practice
348
18.6
Summary
350
Questions
351
Further Reading
351
PART IX CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
353
19
Regional Pricing and Its Problems
355
19.1
An Introduction to Regional Pricing
355
19.2
Regional Pricing Without Constrained-on and
Constrained-off Payments
357
19.2.
1 Short-Run Effects of Regional Pricing in a
Simple Network
360
79.2.2
Effects of Regional Pricing on the Balance Sheet
of the System Operator
361
19.2.3
Long-Run Effects of Regional Pricing on Investment
363
19.3
Regional Pricing with Constrained-on and Constrained-off Payments
364
19.4
Nodal Pricing for Generators/Regional Pricing for Consumers
367
19.4.1
Side Deals and Net Metering
367
19.5
Summary
369
Questions
370
Further Reading
370
20
The Smart Grid and Efficient Pricing of Distribution Networks
371
20.1
Efficient Pricing of Distribution Networks
371
20.1.1
The Smart Grid and Distribution Pricing
373
20.2
Decentralisation of the Dispatch Task
374
20.2.1
Decentralisation in Theor
374
xiv Contents
20.3
Retail Tariff Structures and the Incentive to Misrepresent
Local Production and Consumption
377
20.3.1
Incentives for Net Metering and the Effective Price
378
20.4
Incentives for Investment in Controllable Embedded Generation
380
20.4.1
Incentives for Investment in Intermittent Solar PV Embedded
Generation
384
20.4.2
Retail Tariff Structures and the Death Spiral
385
20.4.3
An Illustration of the Death Spiral
386
20.5
Retail Tariff Structures
388
20.5.1
Retail Tariff Debates
389
20.6
Declining Demand for Network Services and Increasing Returns to Scale
390
20.7
Summary
393
Questions
395
References
397
Index
399
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Biggar, Darryl Hesamzadeh, Mohammad Reza |
| author_GND | (DE-588)171409469 |
| author_facet | Biggar, Darryl Hesamzadeh, Mohammad Reza |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Biggar, Darryl |
| author_variant | d b db m r h mr mrh |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042072772 |
| classification_rvk | QR 300 QR 530 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)904010691 (DE-599)BVBBV042072772 |
| discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV042072772 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:11:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781118775752 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027514001 |
| oclc_num | 904010691 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-634 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-83 DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-634 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-83 DE-703 |
| physical | XX, 409 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Wiley [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Biggar, Darryl Verfasser (DE-588)171409469 aut The economics of electricity markets Darryl R. Biggar ; Mohammad Reza Hesamzadeh 1. publ. Chichester Wiley [u.a.] 2014 XX, 409 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Elektrizitätsmarkt (DE-588)4328181-3 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftstheorie (DE-588)4079351-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Elektrizitätsmarkt (DE-588)4328181-3 s Wirtschaftstheorie (DE-588)4079351-5 s b DE-604 Hesamzadeh, Mohammad Reza Verfasser aut Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027514001&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Biggar, Darryl Hesamzadeh, Mohammad Reza The economics of electricity markets Elektrizitätsmarkt (DE-588)4328181-3 gnd Wirtschaftstheorie (DE-588)4079351-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4328181-3 (DE-588)4079351-5 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | The economics of electricity markets |
| title_auth | The economics of electricity markets |
| title_exact_search | The economics of electricity markets |
| title_full | The economics of electricity markets Darryl R. Biggar ; Mohammad Reza Hesamzadeh |
| title_fullStr | The economics of electricity markets Darryl R. Biggar ; Mohammad Reza Hesamzadeh |
| title_full_unstemmed | The economics of electricity markets Darryl R. Biggar ; Mohammad Reza Hesamzadeh |
| title_short | The economics of electricity markets |
| title_sort | the economics of electricity markets |
| topic | Elektrizitätsmarkt (DE-588)4328181-3 gnd Wirtschaftstheorie (DE-588)4079351-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Elektrizitätsmarkt Wirtschaftstheorie Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027514001&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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