Consumer collective redress mechanisms in competition law: comparative analysis of Swiss, American and European Union laws & proposals for Switzerland
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Genève [u.a.]
Schulthess
2014
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| Schriftenreihe: | Travaux de la Faculté de droit de l'Université de Fribourg Suisse
337 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | LIV, 637 S. |
| ISBN: | 9783725570362 |
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS VII
SUMMARY IX
GLOSSARY XXXVII
BIBLIOGRAPHY XLV
TITLE I: THE ROLE OF CONSUMERS IN COMPETITION LAW 5
INTRODUCTION 6
CHAPTER ONE: CONSUMER PROTECTION AS A GOAL OF COMPETITION LAW 7
INTRODUCTION 7
§ 1 GOALS OF U.S. ANTITRUST LAWS 7
A. OVERVIEW OF THE AMERICAN ANTITRUST SYSTEM 8
1. DEFINITION 8
2. EVOLUTION 8
A. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 9
I. 1890-1902 9
II. 1903-1915 10
III. 1916-1935 11
IV. 1936-1973 12
V. 1974 TO DATE 13
B. MAJOR FEDERAL STATUTES 14
I. SHERMAN ACT 14
(1) SECTION 1: TRUSTS 14
(2) SECTION 2: EXCLUSIONARY CONDUCT 15
II. CLAYTON & HART-SCOTT-RODINO ACTS 17
III. ROBINSON-PATMAN ACT 18
IV. FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION ACT 19
B. EVOLUTION OF PURPOSES IN AMERICAN ANTITRUST THEORY 20
1. PRE-CHICAGO GOALS 20
A. EARLY CASES 20
B. JUDICIAL ACTIVISM 21
2. CHICAGO SCHOOL 22
A. THEORY 22
B. CRITICISM 23
3. POST-CHICAGO PRINCIPLES 24
§ 2 GOALS OF E.U. COMPETITION LAWS 25
A. LEGAL FOUNDATION 25
1. TEXT OF ARTICLE 101 TFEU 25
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2. TEXT OF ARTICLE 102 TFEU 26
B. GOALS OF EU COMPETITION LAW 27
1. IN GENERAL 27
2. SPECIFIC GOALS 28
A. ECONOMIC FREEDOM 28
I. MEASURING RESTRICTIONS OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM 28
II. ANCILLARY RESTRAINTS 29
III. AGREEMENTS CREATING COMPETITION 29
B. INTERNAL MARKET 30
C. ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY 31
§ 3 GOALS OF SWISS COMPETITION LAW
32
A. EVOLUTION OF THE SWISS COMPETITION LAW SYSTEM UNTIL 1995 32
1. PRE-CARTEL ACT PERIOD 32
A. INTERN KARTELLZWANG 33
B. EXTERN KARTELLZWANG 33
C. PRICE SUPERVISOR 34
2. 1962 CARTEL ACT 34
A. IN GENERAL 34
B. PRIVATE LAW 35
C. PUBLIC LAW 36
3. 1985 CARTEL ACT 37
A. IN GENERAL 37
B. PRIVATE LAW 38
C. PUBLIC LAW 39
I. COMPETITION AS AN INSTITUTION 39
II. BALANCE METHOD 40
III. EFFICIENT COMPETITION 40
B. 1995 CARTEL ACT: A PARADIGM SHIFT 42
1. IN GENERAL 42
2. CONSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE 1995 CARTEL ACT 45
A. CONSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS 45
I. ARTICLE 96 § 1 FC 45
II. ARTICLES 94 § 1 & 27 § 1 FC 45
III. ARTICLE 97 § 2 FC 46
IV. ARTICLE 2 § 1 FC 46
B. OBJECTIVES OF THE 1995 CARTEL ACT 47
CONCLUSION 48
CHAPTER TWO: PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT & CONSUMER STANDING 51
INTRODUCTION 51
§ 4 PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT & CONSUMER STANDING IN THE UNITED
STATES 51
A. TEXT OF 15 U.S.C. §§ 15 & 26 51
1. TEXT OF 15 U.S.C. § 15 51
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2. TEXT OF 15 U.S.C. § 26 52
B. REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO STANDING 53
1. ANY PERSON 53
A. EVOLUTION 53
B. SPECIFIC ISSUES 54
I. COMPETITORS 54
II. HOSTILE TAKEOVERS 55
III. EMPLOYEES 56
IV. PASSING-ON OFFENSE & DEFENSE 56
(1) GENERAL RULE: HANOVER SHOE & ILLINOIS BRICK 56
(2) EXCEPTIONS 58
2. BUSINESS & PROPERTY 59
3. ANTITRUST INJURY 59
4. ANTITRUST CAUSATION & TARGET AREA 60
5. INTERSTATE COMMERCE 61
C. OTHER PROCEDURAL ISSUES 61
1. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 61
A. DURATION OF STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 61
B. ACCRUAL OF A CAUSE OF ACTION 62
C. TOLLING THE STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 62
2. ANTITRUST CLASS ACTIONS 63
3. PROVING DAMAGES 64
4. PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE 65
§ 5 PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT & CONSUMER STANDING IN THE EUROPEAN
UNION 65
A. TREATY AND REGULATORY BACKGROUND 65
B. CASE LAW 66
1. COURAGE LTD. V. CREHAN 66
A. FACTS OF THE CASE 66
B. QUESTIONS TO THE COURT 67
C. HOLDING OF THE COURT 67
2. MANFREDI V. LLOYD ADRIATICO ASSICURAZIONI 68
A. FACTS OF THE CASE 68
B. QUESTIONS TO THE COURT 68
C. HOLDING OF THE COURT 69
3. GT-LINK A/S V. DE DANSKE STATSBANER 69
A. FACTS OF THE CASE 69
B. QUESTIONS TO THE COURT 70
C. HOLDING OF THE COURT 70
§6 PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT & CONSUMER STANDING IN SWITZERLAND 71
A. ARTICLE 12 OF THE 1995 CARTEL ACT 72
1. TEXT OF ARTICLE 12 OF THE 1995 CARTEL ACT 72
2. STANDING TO SUE 72
A. PERSON 72
B. THIRD-PARTY TO, OR MEMBER OF, AN ILLICIT AGREEMENT 75
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C. LIMITED IN ACCESS TO, OR EXERCISE OF, COMPETITION 75
3. STANDING TO DEFEND 76
A. DEFENSIVE ACTIONS 76
B. COMPENSATORY ACTIONS 76
4. IMPEDIMENT TO COMPETITION 76
5. ILLICIT IMPEDIMENT TO COMPETITION 77
6. SPECIFIC ACTIONS 77
A. SETTING ASIDE OR CESSATION OF THE HINDRANCE (ART. 12 § 1(A) OF
THE 1995 CARTEL ACT) 77
B. COMPENSATION AND REPARATION (ART. 12 § 1(B) OF THE 1995
CARTEL ACT) 79
I. COMPENSATION 79
(1) DAMAGES 79
(2) CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP 80
(3) FAULT 80
II. REPARATION 81
C. APPROPRIATION OF THE BENEFITS WRONGFULLY EARNED (ART. 12
§ 1
(C) OF THE 1995 CARTEL ACT) 81
B. ARTICLE 13 OF THE 1995 CARTEL ACT 82
1. TEXT OF ARTICLE 13 OF THE 1995 CARTEL ACT 82
2. GENERALITIES 82
3. AGREEMENTS NULL AND VOID (ARTICLE 13 (A) OF THE 1995 CARTEL ACT) 83
4. OBLIGATION TO CONTRACT (ARTICLE 13 (B) OF THE 1995 CARTEL ACT) 83
5. OBLIGATION TO ABSTAIN 84
6. DECLARATION OF ILLEGALITY 85
7. VERDICT COMMUNICATED TO THIRD PARTIES OR PUBLISHED 85
§ 7 EVALUATION OF THE 1995 CARTEL ACT IN SWITZERLAND 86
A. OVERVIEW OF THE EVALUATION PROCEDURE OF THE 1995 CARTEL ACT 86
1. ARTICLE 59A OF THE 1995 CARTEL ACT 86
2. EVALUATION LEVELS AND 'EFFECT MODEL' 87
3. CONCEPT, OUTPUT AND OUTCOME LEVELS 88
A. CONCEPT AND OUTPUT LEVELS 89
I. CONCEPT LEVEL 89
II. OUTPUT LEVEL 90
(1) SURVEY SENT TO THE CANTONAL COURTS 90
(2) DIVIDING LINE BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
ENFORCEMENT OF COMPETITION LAW 91
(3) SUFFICIENT MEANS AND LEGAL INSTRUMENTS 91
(4) STRENGTHENING OF PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT 92
(5) EXPERT ANALYSES 92
B. OUTCOME LEVEL 92
I. RETAIL BUSINESS 93
II. RETAIL BANKING 93
III. LIBERALIZATION OF THE ENERGY SUPPLY MARKET 94
IV. COMCO'S CONCLUSIONS 94
B. MAIN CONCLUSIONS 95
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C. PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT - EXPERT REPORTS 97
1. PRESENTATION OF THE TWO EXPERT REPORTS 97
A.
HEINEMANN'S
EVALUATION REPORT
97
B.
BAUDENBACHER'S
EVALUATION REPORT
98
C. DISCUSSION ON THE STANDING TO SUE OF CONSUMERS AND
CONSUMER ASSOCIATIONS 100
I. CONSUMERS 100
II. CONSUMER ASSOCIATIONS 100
2. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 102
A. IN GENERAL 102
B. SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS 102
I. STANDING TO SUE 102
(1) TRADE AND PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS 102
(2) CONSUMERS 103
(3) CONSUMER ASSOCIATIONS 103
(4) GENERAL DISCUSSION ON COLLECTIVE RIGHTS 103
II. PASSING-ON DEFENSE 104
III. PUNITIVE DAMAGES 104
IV. STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 104
V. RULES OF EVIDENCE 105
VI. LITIGATION COSTS & COST SHIFTING 105
VII. COMPETENT FORUM 105
VIII. PRE-TRIAL DISCOVERY 105
D. FEDERAL COUNCIL'S 2010 DRAFT PROPOSALS TO REVISE THE 1995 CARTEL
ACT
106
1. OVERVIEW OF THE 2010 DRAFT PROPOSALS 106
A. COMPETITION AUTHORITY - FEDERAL COMPETITION COURT 106
B. OPPOSITION PROCEDURE 108
C. VERTICAL AGREEMENTS 108
D. MERGER CONTROLS 109
E. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 110
2. PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT IN THE 2010 DRAFT PROPOSALS 111
A. ARTICLE 12 OF THE 2010 DRAFT PROPOSALS 111
B. ARTICLE 12A OF THE 2010 DRAFT PROPOSALS 113
C. ARTICLE 13 OF THE 2010 DRAFT PROPOSALS 113
CONCLUSION 114
CHAPTER THREE: PROTECTING CONSUMERS HOLISTICAILY: RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN PUBLIC & PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT OF COMPETI
TION LAW IN THE UNITED STATES AND IN SWITZERLAND 117
INTRODUCTION 117
§8 PUBLIC-PRIVATE RELATIONSHIPS IN THE UNITED STATES 118
A. UNCOORDINATED RELATIONSHIPS 119
1. PRE-CAFA SITUATION 119
A. BASIC RELATIONSHIPS 119
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B. FULLY DISSOCIATED RELATIONSHIPS 119
C. FOLLOW-ON LAWSUITS 120
2. POST-CAFA SITUATION & PROPOSAL FOR REFORM 123
A. CAFA 123
B. PROPOSAL FOR REFORM 124
B. INTEGRATED RELATIONSHIPS 126
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE PARENS PATRIAE ACTION 126
2. TEXT OF 15 U.S.C. § 15(C)(A) 128
3. SUPREME COURT CURTAILMENT OF THE PARENS PATRIAE ACTION & STATE
REACTIONS 129
A. ILLINOIS BRICK 129
B. KANSAS V. UTILICORP UNITED, INC. 130
C. STATE REACTIONS AND CALIFORNIA V. ARC AM. CORP 131
§9 PUBLIC-PRIVATE RELATIONSHIPS IN SWITZERLAND 132
A. UNCOORDINATED RELATIONSHIPS 133
1. IN GENERAL 133
2. AVOIDANCE OF CONTRADICTORY DECISIONS 133
A. PRINCIPLE: INDEPENDENT ADMINISTRATIVE AND CIVIL PROCEEDINGS 133
B. LIMITATIONS ON PROCEDURAL INDEPENDENCE 133
I. CIVIL COURTS 134
II. COMPETITION AUTHORITIES 134
B. INTEGRATED RELATIONSHIPS 135
1. LEGAL RELATIONSHIPS 135
A. ARTICLE 15 § 1 OF THE 1995 CARTEL ACT 136
I. TEXT OF ARTICLE 15 § 1 OF THE 1995 CARTEL ACT 136
II. HISTORY OF ARTICLE 15 § 1 OF THE 1995 CARTEL ACT 136
(1) FEDERAL COUNCIL'S ORIGINAL PROPOSAL 136
(2) PARLIAMENT'S MODIFICATIONS 136
III. CONDITIONS 137
(1) EXISTENCE OF A CIVIL TRIAL 137
(2) CHALLENGE TO THE LEGALITY OF A COMPETITION
INFRINGEMENT 138
IV. CIVIL COURTS'LEGAL OBLIGATIONS 139
V. COMCO'S LEGAL OBLIGATIONS 140
(1) OBLIGATION TO RENDER AN EXPERT OPINION 140
(2) ELABORATION OF THE EXPERT OPINION 140
(3) SCOPE & CONTENT OF THE EXPERT OPINION 140
(4) DEADLINE TO RESPOND 141
(5) FEES 141
(6) OPTION TO INITIATE AN INVESTIGATION 142
VI. LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF COMCO'S EXPERT OPINION UPON THE
CIVIL COURT'S JUDGMENT 142
VII. REFORM PROPOSALS 143
B. ARTICLE 43 § 1 OF THE 1995 CARTEL ACT 143
I. TEXT OF ARTICLE 43 § 1 OF THE 1995 CARTEL ACT 143
II. ORIGIN & SCOPE OF ARTICLE 43 § 1 OF THE 1995 CARTEL ACT 143
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III. ADMITTED THIRD PARTIES 144
(1) POTENTIAL & EXISTING MARKET ACTORS 144
(2) PROFESSIONAL & TRADE ASSOCIATIONS 144
(3) NATIONAL & REGIONAL CONSUMER ASSOCIATIONS 145
2. COMCO'S MEDIATING ROLE 145
A. CASE STUDY: ETA SA MANUFACTURE HORLOGERE SUISSE 145
B. DISCUSSION 146
CONCLUSION 147
TITLE II: COLLECTIVE REDRESS MECHANISMS
151
INTRODUCTION
152
CHAPTER ONE: US COLLECTIVE LITIGATION 153
INTRODUCTION 153
§10 US COLLECTIVE
LITIGATION
IN CONTEXT 153
A. DISCOVERY 153
1. TEXT OF RULES 26(B)( 1) & 26(B)(2) FRCP 154
2. GENERAL PRESENTATION 154
A. ORIGINS 154
B. PURPOSES 155
C. STRUCTURE OF DISCOVERY PROVISIONS 155
D. CONTROVERSY 156
3. SCOPE OF DISCOVERY 157
4. LIMITATIONS 158
A. PRIVILEGE 158
I. IN GENERAL 158
II. ASSERTION OF PRIVILEGE 158
(1) ACTIVE OBLIGATION TO ASSERT PRIVILEGE 158
(2) TIME FRAME 159
(3) PRIVILEGE LOG 159
B. ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE 160
C. FIFTH AMENDMENT PRIVILEGE 160
D. GOVERNMENTAL PRIVILEGE 161
5. PROTECTIVE ORDERS 161
6. SANCTIONS 163
7. DISCOVERY IN CLASS ACTION PROCEEDINGS 164
A. ABSENT CLASS MEMBERS 164
B. NAMED PLAINTIFF 165
C. OPPONENTS TO CLASS SETTLEMENT 165
D. COST OF DISCOVERY 165
E. AVOIDANCE OF DUPLICATIVE AND UNNECESSARY DISCOVERY 165
B. LITIGATION FUNDING AND FEE ARRANGEMENTS 166
1. IN GENERAL 166
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2. LAW FIRMS 167
A. GENERAL LITIGATION 167
B. CLASS ACTIONS AND MASS TORTS LITIGATION 168
I. INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPLEXITIES OF AGGREGATE LITIGATION 168
II. METHODS FOR CALCULATING LAWYERS'FEES 169
(1) COMMON-FUND CASES & STATUTORY CASES 169
(2) PERCENTAGE-FEE AWARDS 170
(3) LODESTAR-FEE AWARDS 170
(4) CURRENT STANDARDS 170
(5) COURT PRACTICE 171
3. OTHER THIRD-PARTIES 172
C. PUNITIVE DAMAGES 173
1. CURRENT PRACTICE 173
A. OVERVIEW OF PUNITIVE DAMAGES 173
B. TEXT OF § 908 OF THE RESTATEMENT OF THE LAW (SECOND), TORTS 174
C. COMMENT OF § 908 OF THE RESTATEMENT OF THE LAW (SECOND),
TORTS AND COURT PRACTICE 174
I. IN GENERAL 174
II. CHARACTER OF DEFENDANT'S CONDUCT 175
III. EXTENT AND NATURE OF HARM 176
2. ACADEMIC PROPOSALS 177
A. ECONOMIC APPROACH TO TORT LAW 177
B. JURY DETERMINATION 178
D. RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY 179
1. ORIGINS 179
A. SEVENTH AMENDMENT 179
B. EFFECT OF THE FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE ON THE SEVENTH
AMENDMENT 180
2. GENERAL PRINCIPLES 181
A. CURRENT STRUCTURE OF THE RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY 183
B. OTHER ISSUES 184
I. CONFLICT BETWEEN RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY AND OTHER
PROCEDURAL-MECHANISMS 184
II. NON-INTERFERENCE OF STATE LAW IN THE RIGHT TO TRIAL BY
JURY 185
III. RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY AND EQUITABLE PROCEDURAL
MECHANISMS 185
§11 FEDERAL
CLASS
ACTIONS
(RULE
23 FRCP) 186
A. GENESIS OF THE CLASS ACTION RULE 186
1. ORIGINS OF THE FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 187
A. STATUTORY AUTHORIZATION OF COURTS TO ADOPT RULES OF
PROCEDURE 187
B. RULES OF PRACTICE FOR THE COURTS OF EQUITY OF THE UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA 188
I. 1822 FEDERAL EQUITY RULES 188
II. 1842 FEDERAL EQUITY RULES 188
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III. 1912 FEDERAL EQUITY RULES 189
C. MERGER OF COMMON LAW AND EQUITY: FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL
PROCEDURE OF 1938 189
2. ORIGINS OF GROUP LITIGATION IN ENGLAND 193
A. EARLY GROUP LITIGATION 193
B. NECESSARY PARTY RULE & INDISPENSABLE PARTY RULE 194
3. ORIGINS OF GROUP LITIGATION IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 196
A. PRIOR TO FEDERAL EQUITY RULE 48 196
B. FEDERAL EQUITY RULE 48 (1842-1912) 199
C. FEDERAL EQUITY RULE 38 (1912-1938) 200
D. ORIGINAL RULE 23 FRCP (1938-1966) 203
I. PRELIMINARY DRAFT 203
II. 1938 RULE 23 FRCP 205
(1) EQUITABLE ORIGINS 206
(2) NATURE OF REPRESENTATION: TRUE, HYBRID, AND
SPURIOUS 207
(3) CRITICISM OF 1938 RULE 23 FRCP 207
B. MODERN CLASS ACTION RULE (1966 RULE 23 FRCP) 211
1. REASONS BEHIND THE 1966 AMENDMENTS 211
2. PREREQUISITES FOR BRINGING A CLASS ACTION 212
A. EXISTENCE OF A CLASS 212
B. REPRESENTATIVES MUST BE MEMBERS 215
C. EXCURSUS: RULE 23.2 FRCP - UNINCORPORATED ASSOCIATIONS 216
I. TEXT OF RULE 23.2 FRCP 216
II. STANDING OF UNINCORPORATED ASSOCIATIONS 216
III. SPECIFIC ISSUES RELATED TO UNINCORPORATED ASSOCIATIONS
IN CLASS ACTION CONTEXT 217
D. JOINDER MUST BE IMPRACTICABLE 218
I. PLAINTIFF ONLY CLASS 219
II. EASY JOINDER 219
III. IMPRACTICABILITY V. IMPOSSIBILITY 219
IV. SIZE 219
V. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS 221
E. COMMON QUESTIONS MUST EXIST 221
F. TYPICAL CLAIMS 224
I. COEXTENSIVENESS 224
II. LACK OF ADVERSITY 224
III. INDIVIDUALITY V. TYPICALITY 225
IV. FLEXIBILITY GRANTED TO THE COURTS 226
G. PROTECTION OF CLASS INTERESTS 226
I. GENERAL PRESENTATION 226
II. QUALITY NOT QUANTITY 229
III. EXTENT OF INTEREST 231
IV. ANTAGONISTIC OR CONFLICTING INTERESTS 231
V. COEXTENSIVENESS OF INTEREST 233
VI. ATTORNEY AS CLASS REPRESENTATIVE 234
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3. CLASS ACTIONS MAINTAINABLE 235
A. SUBDIVISION (B)(1): ADVERSE-EFFECT CLASS ACTIONS 236
I. IN GENERAL 236
II. CLAUSE (A): INCOMPATIBLE STANDARDS OF CONDUCT FOR THE
OPPOSING PARTY 237
III. CLAUSE (B): EFFECT ON THE INDIVIDUAL CLASS MEMBERS 238
B. SUBDIVISION (B)(2): INJUNCTIVE CLASS ACTIONS 239
I. GENERALITIES 239
II. HISTORY OF THE INJUNCTIVE CLASS ACTION 239
III. RULE 23(B)(2) FRCP 240
IV. PATTERN OF ACTIVITY 241
V. COMMON REGULATORY SCHEME 242
VI. FINAL INJUNCTIVE RELIEF OR CORRESPONDING DECLARATORY
RELIEF 242
VII. NEED REQUIREMENT 243
VIII. INJUNCTIVE CLASS ACTIONS AND DAMAGES 244
IX. DEFENSES AGAINST INJUNCTIVE CLASS ACTIONS 247
C. SUBDIVISION (B)(3): DAMAGES CLASS ACTIONS 248
I. IN GENERAL 248
II. PREDOMINANCE 250
(1) TOTAL TIME CALCULUS REJECTED 251
(2) PRAGMATIC APPROACH 251
(3) ILLICIT BEHAVIOR 252
(4) INDIVIDUAL PREDOMINANCE 252
(5) REDEFINING THE LAWSUIT 253
III. SUPERIORITY 253
IV. NON-EXHAUSTIVE FACTORS 255
(1) CLASS MEMBERS' INDIVIDUAL INTEREST 255
(2) EXTENT AND NATURE OF CONCURRENT LITIGATION 256
(3) CONCENTRATION OF CLAIMS IN A PARTICULAR FORUM 257
(4) MANAGEMENT DIFFICULTIES 257
(5) OTHER FACTORS 257
V. FURTHER COMPLICATIONS 258
(1) MULTISTATE CLASS ACTIONS 258
(2) ADMINISTRATION OF JUDICIAL RELIEF 259
4. PROCEDURAL ISSUES SPECIFIC TO CLASS ACTIONS 260
A. CERTIFICATION ISSUES 260
I. DETERMINATION 260
(1) IN GENERAL 260
(2) WHETHER PRELIMINARY HEARING IS NECESSARY 261
(3) ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED BY DISTRICT COURT 261
(4) PRELIMINARY HEARING ON THE MERITS & CLASS
CERTIFICATION 262
(5) MOTION TO DISMISS THE CASE & CLASS CERTIFICATION 262
(6) APPEALABILITY 263
II. ADDITIONAL CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS 263
(1) STANDING 264
(2) MOOTNESS 264
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III. TIMING OF CLASS CERTIFICATION 265
(1) EVOLUTION OF RULE 23 FRCP ON TIMING 265
(2) RESPECT OF LOCAL RULES 265
(3) GENERAL PRINCIPLES 265
(4) SUA SPONTE DETERMINATION & TIMING 266
(5) SIGNIFICANCE OF TIMING 266
IV. ALTERATION OR AMENDMENT OF CERTIFICATION 267
B. NOTICE 268
I. IN GENERAL 268
(1) SUBDIVISIONS (B)(1) AND (2) 268
(2) SUBDIVISION (B)(3) 269
(3) TIMING OF THE NOTICE 269
(4) NOTIFICATION OF ABSENT CLASS MEMBERS 270
II. CONTENT REQUIREMENTS FOR NOTICE IN CASE OF SUBDIVISION
(B)(3) CLASS ACTIONS 271
(1) IN GENERAL 271
(2) APPEARANCE THROUGH COUNSEL 272
(3) RIGHT TO OPT-OUT 273
(4) BINDING EFFECT OF CLASS JUDGMENT 274
(5) PROOF-OF-CLAIM FORM 274
III. MECHANISMS FOR GIVING NOTICE 275
(1) TIMING OF NOTICE 275
(2) MODALITIES OF NOTICE 275
(3) COURT NOTICE OR PARTY NOTICE 275
(4) FINANCIAL BURDEN 276
C. BINDING EFFECT OF CLASS JUDGMENT 277
D. MANAGING COMPLEX CLASS ACTIONS: SUBDIVISIONS (C)(4) AND
(5) 278
I. IN GENERAL 278
II. RULE 23(C)(4) FRCP: PARTIAL CLASS ACTIONS 279
III. RULE 23(C)(5) FRCP: SUBCLASSES 280
E. RULE 23(E) FRCP: SETTLEMENT, VOLUNTARY DISMISSAL, OR
COMPROMISE 280
I. OVERVIEW 280
(1) TEXT OF RULE 23(E) FRCP 280
(2) COURT APPROVAL 281
(3) CERTIFIED CLASS ACTION ACCORDING TO RULE 23(C)(1)
FRCP 281
II. COURT APPROVAL OF SETTLEMENT, VOLUNTARY DISMISSAL, OR
COMPROMISE 282
(1) IN GENERAL 282
(2) BURDEN OF PROOF 282
(3) DISCRETIONARY POWER OF THE DISTRICT COURTS 282
(4) FAIRNESS, REASONABLENESS & ADEQUACY
REQUIREMENTS 283
(5) NOT ALL PARTIES SETTLE 285
(6) INCENTIVES TO NAMED PLAINTIFF 285
(7) OPPOSITIONS TO SETTLEMENT 286
XXIII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
III. SETTLEMENT CLASSES 286
IV. SETTLEMENT OF FUTURE CLAIMS 287
V. OBJECTORS TO SETTLEMENT 288
(1) RIGHT TO OBJECT 288
(2) ROLE OF OBJECTORS 288
(3) OTHER ISSUES RELATED TO OBJECTORS 288
VI. SETTLEMENT APPROVAL PROCEDURE 289
(1) SETTLEMENT HEARINGS 289
(2) DISCLOSURE OF CONNECTED AGREEMENTS 289
(3) SECOND OPT-OUT POSSIBILITY 290
VII. SETTLEMENT NOTICE 290
(1) IN GENERAL 290
(2) NOTICE DELIVERY REQUIREMENTS 291
(3) NOTICE CONTENT REQUIREMENTS 291
(4) CAFA SETTLEMENT NOTICE REQUIREMENTS 292
F. CLASS ACTIONS IN PROCEDURAL CONTEXT 292
I. PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS 292
II. INTERVENTION 293
(1) IN GENERAL 293
(2) TIMELINESS 294
(3) STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS 29S
III. SPECIFIC JURY-TRIAL ISSUES IN CLASS ACTION CONTEXT 295
5. CONDUCTING THE ACTION 296
A. SUBDIVISION (D): ORDERS CONDUCTING THE CLASS ACTION 296
B. SUBDIVISION (D)(A): ORDERS DETERMINING THE COURSE OF
PROCEEDINGS 297
C. SUBDIVISION (D)(B): APPROPRIATE NOTICE TO PROTECT CLASS
MEMBERS AND FAIRLY CONDUCT THE ACTION 298
D. SUBDIVISION (D)(C): ORDERS IMPOSING CONDITIONS ON
REPRESENTATIVE PARTIES OR ON INTERVENORS 299
I. OVERVIEW 299
II. GAG ORDERS 299
III. INTERVENORS 300
IV. NONCOMPLIANCE 300
E. SUBDIVISION (D)(D): ORDERS REQUIRING THAT THE PLEADINGS BE
AMENDED TO ELIMINATE ALLEGATIONS CONCERNING REPRESENTATION
OF ABSENT PERSONS 300
F. SUBDIVISION (D)(E): ORDERS DEALING WITH SIMILAR PROCEDURAL
MATTERS 302
6. APPEALS 302
A. FINAL-JUDGMENT RULE 302
B. CLASS CERTIFICATION APPEALABILITY 302
I. PRIOR TO RULE 23(F) FRCP 302
II. TEXT OF RULE 23(F) FRCP 302
III. DISCRETION OF THE COURT OF APPEAL 303
(1) COMMITTEE'S SUGGESTIONS 303
(2) OTHER FACTORS 304
(3) COMBINATION OF FACTORS 304
XXIV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
IV. 10-DAY DEADLINE 305
C. OTHER ORDERS APPEALABILITY 305
D. PRACTICE OF RULE 23(F) FRCP 305
7. CLASS COUNSEL 306
A. CLASS COUNSEL APPOINTMENT 306
I. RULE 23(G) FRCP 306
II. STANDARDS FOR APPOINTING CLASS COUNSEL 307
B. ATTORNEY FEES - PROCEDURE FOR AWARDING FEES AND
NONTAXABLE COSTS 308
C. DYNAMICS OF RULE 23 FRCP 309
1. AMERICAN COMMON LAW THEORY 309
2. COURTS AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE CLASS ACTION MECHANISM 312
A. DUST LITIGATION 312
I. 1900'S- 1930'S 312
II. 1930'S: FIRST SILICOSIS CRISIS AND ITS INTEGRATION IN
WORKERS' COMPENSATION PLANS 314
III. ASBESTOS LITIGATION - REGULATION BY LITIGATION 315
IV. ASBESTOS LITIGATION - EXTRANEOUS COMPONENTS 317
V. ASBESTOS LITIGATION - FLOODGATES OPENED 317
VI. ASBESTOS LITIGATION - THE U.S. SUPREME COURT WEIGHS
IN 320
VII. ASBESTOS LITIGATION - CONCLUSIONS 325
VIII. SILICA LITIGATION - REDUX 327
IX. SILICA LITIGATION - TEXAS MDL PROCEEDINGS 328
B. WAL-MART STORES, INC. V. DUKES 332
I. FACTS 332
II. ANALYSIS & HOLDING 333
III. DISCUSSION 335
3. SCHOLARLY DEBATES 335
A.
MILLER'S
DEFENSE OF RULE
23
FRCP
336
B. ACADEMIC REACTIONS TO RULE 23 FRCP 337
I. PUBLIC POLICY PURPOSE OF CLASS ACTION 337
II. ROLE OF SCHOLARS IN MINIMISING CLASS ACTION ISSUES 339
4. CONGRESSIONAL INTERVENTIONS 341
A. PSLRA 341
I. CONTEXT PRIOR TO THE ADOPTION OF PSLRA 341
II. CONGRESSIONAL ACTION 342
III. EFFECT OF PSLRA 343
B. CAFA 343
I. CONTEXT PRIOR TO THE ADOPTION OF CAFA 343
II. CONGRESSIONAL ACTION 343
III. EFFECT OF CAFA 345
§12 FROM
CLASS
ACTIONS
TO MULTIDISTRICT
LITIGATION 346
A. MDL MECHANISM 347
1. ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT CASES: THE ORIGINS OF MDLS 347
A. BACKGROUND CONSIDERATIONS 347
XXV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
B. SPECIFIC PROCEDURAL ASPECTS OF THE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
CASES 348
I. INITIAL PRETRIAL ORDERS 348
II. NATIONAL PRETRIAL HEARINGS AND ORDERS 348
III. NATIONAL DEPOSITIONS 349
IV. NATIONAL DOCUMENT PRODUCTION 349
V. SUBSEQUENT STAGES OF THE NATIONAL DISCOVERY PROGRAM 349
VI. DECISIONS ON COMMON QUESTIONS OF LAW 350
VII. OTHER ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES 350
2. RELATIONSHIP TO CLASS ACTIONS 350
3. ADOPTION AND EVOLUTION OF TITLE 28 U.S.C. SECTION 1407 351
A. REACTION TO THE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT CASES 351
B. MDL STRUCTURE 351
C. PANEL 352
I. PANEL HISTORY 352
II. PANEL MEMBERSHIP 353
D. PANEL POWERS 353
I. JURISDICTION 353
(1) IN GENERAL 353
(2) PRETRIAL PROCEEDINGS 354
II. LIMITATION OF PANEL'S POWERS 354
(1) PENDING ACTIONS 354
(2) TRANSFER OF ENTIRE CLAIMS 355
(3) NO SUBSTANTIVE INVOLVEMENT IN CASES 355
(4) MULTIDISTRICT CASES ONLY 356
(5) FEDERAL CASES ONLY 356
III. APPEAL OF PANEL DECISIONS 356
(1) OVERVIEW 356
(2) REVIEW OF ORDERS DIRECTING TRANSFER 357
(3) REVIEW OF ORDERS DENYING TRANSFER 357
E. PROCEDURE BEFORE PANEL 358
I. PANEL RULES 358
II. RIGHT TO APPEAR BEFORE PANEL 358
III. INITIATING PANEL PROCEEDINGS 358
IV. HEARING BEFORE PANEL 358
V. TAG-ALONG ACTIONS 359
VI. EFFECT OF TRANSFER 359
VII. REMAND 359
F. FACTORS FOR TRANSFER 360
I. OVERVIEW AND FINALITY OF TRANSFER 360
II. SECTION 1407(A): STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS 360
(1) COMMON ISSUES OF FACT AND LAW 360
(2) CONVENIENCE OF PARTIES AND WITNESSES 361
(3) JUST AND EFFICIENT CONDUCT OF LITIGATION 361
III. PRACTICE OF PANEL 362
G. CHOICE OF TRANSFEREE DISTRICT COURT AND JUDGE 364
I. DISTRICT COURT 364
II. DISTRICT JUDGE 365
XXVI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
H. TAG-ALONG ACTIONS 365
I. EFFECT OF TRANSFER 366
I. TRANSFEROR COURT(S) 366
II. PANEL 366
III. TRANSFEREE COURT 366
J. REMAND 367
I. IN GENERAL 367
II. REMAND PROCEDURES 367
III. PANEL RELUCTANCE TO ORDER REMAND 368
IV. EFFECT OF REMAND 368
B. ISSUES IN MULTIDISTRICT LITIGATIONS 369
1. POWER OF PANEL 369
2. POWER OF TRANSFEREE COURT 372
A. BELLWETHER TRIALS 373
I. NON-BINDING INFORMATIONAL TRIALS 373
II. SELECTION PROCESS 374
(1) CATALOGING MDL CASES 374
(2) POOL OF REPRESENTATIVE CASES 374
(3) SELECTION OF INDIVIDUAL CASES FROM POOL 376
B. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRANSFEREE COURT AND PLAINTIFFS'
COUNSEL 376
I. QUASI-CLASS ACTION LITIGATION PHILOSOPHY 376
II. SELECTION AND EMPOWERMENT OF MANAGERIAL COUNSEL 378
III. COMPENSATION OF MANAGERIAL COUNSEL 379
CONCLUSION 381
CHAPTER TWO: EU DEBATES ON COLLECTIVE LITIGATION 389
INTRODUCTION
389
§ 13 2005 GREEN PAPER ON DAMAGES ACTIONS FOR BREACH OF THE EU
COMPETITION RULES 389
A. 'PRE-2005 GREEN PAPER': THE ASHURST STUDIES 390
1. ASHURST COMPARATIVE REPORT 390
A. COLLECTIVE CLAIMS 391
B. PASSING-ON DEFENSE AND INDIRECT PURCHASER 392
C. DAMAGES 393
2. ASHURST DAMAGES REPORT 393
A. STANDING 394
B. COUNTERFACTUAL 394
B. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OF THE 2005 GREEN PAPER 395
C. BRIEF OVERVIEW OF VARIOUS THEMES DISCUSSED IN THE 2005GP 396
D. DEFENDING CONSUMER INTERESTS 398
1. PRESENTATION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION'S PROPOSALS ON
CONSUMER PROTECTION 398
2. ANSWERS FROM RESPONDENTS 399
XXVII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. SUPPORTIVE ANSWERS TO THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION'S PROPOSALS 399
I. NECESSARY TO INTRODUCE COLLECTIVE/REPRESENTATIVE AND
CLASS ACTIONS 400
II. ROLE OF MEMBER STATES 401
III. AMERICAN MODEL FOR DAMAGES CLASS ACTIONS AND OTHER
MECHANISMS 401
IV. QUEBECOISE MODEL FOR DAMAGES CLASS ACTIONS 402
V. CONCERNS RELATING TO CONSUMER ASSOCIATION ACTIONS 403
VI. TEST CASES 404
B. NEGATIVE ANSWERS TO THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION'S PROPOSALS 404
I. GENERAL OPPOSITION 404
II. ALREADY EXISTING MECHANISMS 405
III. SUCH MECHANISMS CONTRAVENE PROCEDURAL PRINCIPLES -
UNKNOWN TO MEMBER STATES 406
IV. DIFFICULTY TO IMPLEMENT AND APPLY 406
V. SUCH PROCEDURES CONTRAVENE THE SEPARATION OF POWER
BETWEEN THE EU AND MEMBER STATES 407
VI. SUCH MECHANISMS PAVE THE WAY FOR US-STYLE LITIGATION 407
VII. SUCH MECHANISMS WILL RESULT IN LESS TRANSPARENT LEGAL
SYSTEMS 408
VIII. SUCH MECHANISMS WILL RELIEVE CONSUMERS OF THEIR
RESPONSIBILITY 408
IX. LIMITED DEMAND FOR SUCH MECHANISMS 408
C. EUROPEAN INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSES 408
I. EP'S STANCE 408
II. EESC'S STANCE 409
§ 14 2008 WHITE PAPER ON DAMAGES ACTIONS FOR BREACH OF THE EU
COMPETITION RULES 410
A. OVERVIEW OF THE 2008WP 410
B. DEFENDING CONSUMER INTERESTS 411
1. PRESENTATION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION'S PROPOSALS 411
A. REPRESENTATIVE ACTION 412
B. OPT-IN COLLECTIVE ACTION 413
2. ANSWERS FROM RESPONDENTS 414
A. SUPPORTIVE ANSWERS TO THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION'S PROPOSALS 415
I. AGREEMENT IN PRINCIPLE 415
II. REPRESENTATIVE ACTIONS 416
III. OPT-IN COLLECTIVE ACTIONS 416
IV. SPECIFIC PROPOSALS 417
B. NEGATIVE ANSWERS TO THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION'S PROPOSALS 419
I. GENERAL OPPOSITION 419
II. FEAR OF US-STYLE LITIGATION 420
III. BASIC PREMISES ARE MISLEADING OR INEFFECTIVE 421
IV. SPECIFICALLY AGAINST REPRESENTATIVE ACTIONS 421
V. SPECIFICALLY AGAINST AD HOC ASSOCIATIONS 422
VI. OPT-OUT CLASS ACTIONS ARE INCLUDED IN THE 2008WP 422
VII. MEMBER STATES' JURISDICTION 423
XXVIII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
C. EUROPEAN INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSES 423
I. EP'S STANCE 423
II. EESC'S STANCE 425
§ 15 2008 GREEN PAPER ON CONSUMER COLLECTIVE REDRESS
426
A. EU CONSUMER PROTECTION IN CONTEXT 426
1. CONSUMER PROTECTION INSTITUTIONALISM 426
2. EU CIVIL LITIGATION 427
3. EU CONSUMER ACQUIS 429
A. COLLECTIVE LITIGATION 429
B. 2008 PROPOSAL FOR A DIRECTIVE ON CONSUMER RIGHTS 430
B. 2008GP & 2009 CONSULTATION PAPER 432
1. 2008GP 432
A. INTRODUCTION 432
B. OPTIONS 433
I. NO EU ACTION 433
II. COOPERATION BETWEEN MEMBER STATES 433
III. MIX OF POLICY INSTRUMENTS 433
IV. JUDICIAL COLLECTIVE REDRESS PROCEDURE 434
2. EUROPEAN COMMISSION CONSULTATION PAPER ON CONSUMER
COLLECTIVE REDRESS 434
3. BRIEF OVERVIEW OF ANSWERS FROM RESPONDENTS TO 2008GP AND
2009 CONSULTATION PAPER 435
§ 16 2011 PUBLIC CONSULTATION: TOWARDS A COHERENT APPROACH TO
COLLECTIVE REDRESS 435
A. 2011 PUBLIC CONSULTATION 435
B. ANSWERS TO THE 2011 PUBLIC CONSULTATION 437
1. IN FAVOR OF EU ACTION 438
2. OPPOSING EU ACTION 440
CONCLUSION 441
CHAPTER THREE: SWISS COLLECTIVE REDRESS MECHANISMS 445
INTRODUCTION 445
§17 ADVERSARIAL
PROCEEDINGS 445
A. GENERAL RULE 445
1. CIVIL LAW TRADITION 445
2. CONVENTIONAL & CONSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENT: RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL 446
A. ACCESS TO THE COURTS 448
I. RIGHT OF ACCESS 448
II. LIMITS OF ACCESS 449
B. EFFECTIVE RECOURSE 450
C. RIGHT TO BE HEARD 452
XXIX
TABLE OF CONTENTS
B. EXCEPTIONS 453
1. OPTIONAL & COMPULSORY JOINDER 453
A. OPTIONAL JOINDER 453
B. COMPULSORY JOINDER 454
2. SUITS BY ASSOCIATIONS 455
A. VERBANDSKLAGEN 455
B. VERBANDSBESCHWERDEN 457
C. UNFAIR COMPETITION 459
D. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 460
E. LABOR LAW AND EQUALITY BETWEEN WOMEN AND MEN 461
F. SHAREHOLDER PROTECTION 462
G. HEALTH INSURANCE 463
3. OTHER MULTI-PARTY ACTIONS 463
A. NUCLEAR CIVIL LIABILITY ACT 464
B. MERGER ACT 465
C. COMMUNITY OF CREDITORS 466
§18 SWISS
SCHOLARLY
DEBATES 467
A. GENERAL OPINIONS 468
1. STARK/KNECHT'S
EINFTIHRUNG EINER ZWANGSGEMEINSCHAFT FUR
GESCHADIGTE BEI MASSENSCHADEN? 468
A. BACKGROUND 468
B. PROPOSALS 469
C. DISCUSSION 470
2. STOFFEL'S
L'IMAGE DU PLAIDEUR: DU DEMANDEUR INDIVIDUEL AUX
INTERETS DE GROUPE 470
A. INTRODUCTION 470
B. PROPOSALS 471
C. DISCUSSION 471
3. ROMY'S
LITIGES DE MASSE, DES CLASS ACTIONS AUX SOLUTIONS SUISSES
DANS LES CAS DE POLLUTIONS ET DE TOXIQUES 472
A. MASS TORTS LITIGATION 472
B.
ROMY'S
ASSESSMENT OF CLASS ACTION ASBESTOS LITIGATION IN
THE USA 474
I. LIMITED NUMBER OF DEFENDANTS 474
II. USE OF CLASS ACTION IN ASBESTOS CASES 475
III. SETTLEMENT 476
IV. SOCIAL PEACE 476
V. FUTURE CLAIMS 477
C. PROPOSALS FOR SWITZERLAND 480
I. JURISDICTION OF ONLY ONE SPECIAL AUTHORITY 482
II. GROUPING OF CURRENT AND FUTURE CLAIMANTS 482
III. SEPARATION OF THE PROCEDURE INTO TWO DISTINCT PHASES 483
D. EXCURSUS:
JEANDIN'S
PARTIES AU PROCES: MOUVEMENT ET
(REVOLUTION 484
I. LEGAL DEFINITION OF MASS LITIGATION 485
II. JURISDICTION 486
III. PRINCIPLES 486
XXX
TABLE OF CONTENTS
IV. FORUM 486
V. PHASE I OF THE TRIAL 487
VI. PHASE II OF THE TRIAL 487
VII. SETTLEMENT 487
VIII. LIMITATION OF PARTIES' RIGHTS 489
IX. SOME PRINCIPLES INSPIRED FROM THE NUCLEAR CIVIL
LIABILITY ACT 489
E. DISCUSSION 490
4. MARTHE'S
LES CLASS ACTIONS ET LES PAYS DE TRADITION CIVILISTE
490
A. OVERVIEW 490
B. PROPOSALS 491
C. DISCUSSION 492
5. GORDON-VRBA'S
VIELPARTEIENPROZESSE
493
A. INTRODUCTION 493
I. TERMINOLOGY 493
II. PURPOSE OF RESEARCH 495
III. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT OF
'GROUP RIGHTS' 495
B. PROPOSALS 496
C. DISCUSSION 497
6.
UMULISA MUSABY'S
L'ACCES DES CONSOMMATEURS
A LA JUSTICE 497
A. BACKGROUND 497
B. PROPOSALS 498
C. DISCUSSION 499
B. ENVIRONMENTAL AGGREGATE LITIGATION DISCUSSION 499
1. OVERVIEW 499
2.
T
ERCIER
'S
PROJECT 500
A. DISASTER LITIGATION 500
B. PROPOSALS 9 TO 12 502
C. DISCUSSION 503
C. INVESTOR PROTECTION AGGREGATE LITIGATION DISCUSSION 503
1
. W
AITER'S PROJECT
503
2.
G
ORDON
-V
RBA'S PROJECT
505
A. ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT SITUATION 505
B. INVESTOR LITIGATION FOR DIRECT DAMAGES 505
C. INVESTOR LITIGATION FOR INDIRECT DAMAGES 506
3. CONTRATTO'S
PROJECT
506
A. SWISS & GERMAN APPROACHES TO INVESTOR PROTECTION 506
B. PROPOSALS 508
C. DISCUSSION 508
§ 19 ASSOCIATIONAL INJUNCTIVE ACTION (NEW ARTICLE 89 FCCP)
509
A. TEXT OF ARTICLE 89 FCCP 509
B. ORIGINS 509
C. DISCUSSIONS CONCERNING ARTICLE 79 FCCP PROJECT 510
1. EXPERT COMMITTEE'S DRAFT PROPOSALS 510
2. ANSWERS TO THE DRAFT PROPOSALS 512
XXXI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3. FEDERAL COUNCIL'S FCCP MESSAGE 513
4. PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES OVER ARTICLE 87 FCCP PROJECT 514
5. ARTICLE 89 FCCP: ACADEMIC PERSPECTIVES 515
D. ARTICLE 89 FCCP - CLASS ACTION IN SWITZERLAND? 518
1. PRESENTATION OF THE PROBLEM 518
2. FCCP'S UNRESOLVED ISSUES RELATING TO CLASS ACTIONS 519
A. WITHIN SWITZERLAND 519
I. ON PROCEDURE 519
II. ON THE MERITS 520
(1) ARTICLES 27-30 CC AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO THE
FEDERAL CONSTITUTION 520
(2) ECONOMIC FREEDOM AND GUARANTEE OF OWNERSHIP 521
(3) DEBATE OVER THE MEANING OF 'PERSONALITY' 522
(4) MEANS AND REMEDIES OF PROTECTING PERSONALITY &
ARTICLE 89 FCCP 523
B. COMPARISON WITH THE US FEDERAL INJUNCTIVE CLASS ACTION 524
I. TEXTS OF ARTICLE 89 FCCP & RULE 23(B)(2) FRCP 525
II. RULE 23(A) FRCP-ARTICLE 89 FCCP 526
III. RULE 23(B)(2) FRCP - ARTICLE 89 FCCP 526
IV. EXCURSUS: RULE 23.2 FRCP - ARTICLE 89 FCCP 527
V. ARTICLE 89 FCCP: SPECIFIC CONDITIONS 527
VI. OPT-OUT 527
VII. REGULATION-BY-LITIGATION 528
C. CASE STUDY APPLYING ARTICLE 89 FCCP: OFRA 528
I. FACTS 528
II. COURT'S ANALYSIS & HOLDING 529
III. UNDER ARTICLE 89 FCCP 529
D. EXCURSUS: ARTICLE 10 § 3 UCA - STANDING OF THE SWISS
CONFEDERATION IN UNFAIR COMPETITION LITIGATION 530
E. CURRENT DISCUSSION OF DAMAGES CLASS ACTIONS-2013 REPORT 532
CONCLUSION 533
TITLE III: PROPOSALS FOR REFORM 539
INTRODUCTION 540
SINGLE CHAPTER 543
INTRODUCTION 543
§ 20 SUMMARY OF THE PROPOSALS 543
A. SUMMARY OF THE PUBLIC LAW-PRIVATE LAW DICHOTOMY 543
B. EFFECTS OF THE PROPOSALS ON COMCO'S SECRETARIAT 544
C. DETERMINATION OF THE PROCEDURE TO FOLLOW 546
XXXII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
§ 21 DETAILS OF THE PROPOSALS 547
A. PARENS PATRIAE AUTHORITY 547
1. DEFINITION 547
2. DIFFERENCE WITH THE PARENS PATRIAE AUTHORITY UNDER THE HSR ACT 548
B. DEFINITION OF A GROUP OF CONSUMERS 548
1. COMCO'S SECRETARIAT REPRESENTS A DEFINED GROUP OF CONSUMERS 548
A. IN GENERAL 548
B. CONSUMERS RESIDING IN SWITZERLAND 549
C. HYPOTHESES FOR CONSUMERS RESIDING OUTSIDE OF SWITZERLAND 549
D. DEFINING THE GROUP 550
I. AMERICAN EXAMPLES 550
II. SWISS HYPOTHETICAL: THE END-USER CELLPHONE FEE CASE 551
2. CONSUMERS PLAY ONLY A LIMITED ROLE IN THE PROCEEDINGS 554
A. PETITION TO BE INCLUDED WITHIN THE GROUP REPRESENTED BY
COMCO'S SECRETARIAT 554
B. CONSUMER CLAIM PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 12 OF THE 2010 DRAFT
PROPOSALS 555
I. IN ADDITION TO THE GROUP LITIGATION 555
(1) MANDATORY GROUP LITIGATION 555
(2) DILEMMA OF THE UNSATISFIED CONSUMER 555
II. INDEPENDENTLY FROM THE GROUP LITIGATION 555
C. DETERMINATION OF THE PROCEDURE TO FOLLOW 556
1. DEFINITION OF THE NATURE OF THE PROCEDURE TO FOLLOW 556
2. ALL PRIVATE CLAIMS ARE PRESENTED BEFORE COMCO OR THE
DESIGNATED CIVIL COURT 557
3. COMCO'S SECRETARIAT RULES THAT THE CASE REQUIRES THE UNITARY
PROCEDURE 558
4. COMCO'S SECRETARIAT RULES THAT THE CASE REQUIRES THE BINARY
PROCEDURE 558
D. PRETRIAL PROCEEDINGS 559
1. INTERVENTION OF OTHER MARKET ACTORS - THIRD PARTY INTERVENORS 559
A. PRINCIPLE 559
B. NOTICE 560
C. PROCEDURE 561
D. RES JUDICATA EFFECT 562
I. INACTION OF THE COMPETITION AUTHORITIES 562
II. IN RELATION TO THE COMPETITION AUTHORITIES' DECISION 562
2. SELECTION OF GROUP COUNSEL 563
A. USUAL HIRING PROCESS 563
B. AUCTION-BUYBACK PROCESS 564
C. CONSULTATION OF CONFIDENTIAL DOCUMENTS 566
D. DISCUSSION 566
3. OVERVIEW OF GROUP COUNSEL'S HANDLING OF THE CASE 566
4. REVOCATION OF GROUP COUNSEL 567
XXXIII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
E. LITIGATION 368
1. UNITARY PROCEDURE BEFORE COMCO & DISCUSSION 568
A. UNITARY PROCEDURE BEFORE COMCO 568
B. DISCUSSION 569
2. BINARY PROCEDURE BEFORE COMCO & THE DESIGNATED CANTONAL
COURT 570
A. IN GENERAL 570
B. SPECIFIC ISSUES REGARDING THE PROCEDURE BEFORE THE
DESIGNATED CANTONAL COURT 571
I. FCCP 571
II. CANTONAL COURT 571
III. FORUM 571
C. AUTHORITY OF COMCO'S DECISION 572
D. THIRD PARTY INTERVENTION 573
E. PARTICIPATION OF COMCO'S SECRETARIAT 574
F. COURT FEES 575
3. ROLE OF CONSUMER ASSOCIATIONS 575
F. POST-TRIAL PROCEEDINGS 575
1. DISTRIBUTION OF DAMAGES AWARD TO CONSUMERS 576
A. CHALLENGE TO THE AMOUNT OF DAMAGES 576
B. PROVING DAMAGES 576
I. OTHER INTERVENING MARKET ACTORS 576
II. CONSUMERS 577
C. FUND CREATION & MANAGEMENT 578
D. FUND OVERSIGHT 579
E. MINIMAL DAMAGES TO CONSUMERS 579
2. GROUP COUNSEL'S FEE ARRANGEMENT 579
A. GENERAL RULES ON COUNSEL FEES 579
B. PRACTICAL LIMITATIONS TO GENERAL RULES ON COUNSEL FEES 580
I. AUCTION-BUYBACK PROCESS' INFLUENCE ON COUNSEL FEES 580
II. DISCUSSION 580
3. ROLE OF CONSUMER ASSOCIATIONS 582
§ 22 MISCELLANEOUS EFFECTS OF THE PROPOSALS 583
A. MODIFYING THE SYSTEM OF APPEALS 583
1. APPEALS RESULTING FROM COMCO'S SECRETARIAT'S DETERMINATION THAT
THE CASE REQUIRES THE UNITARY PROCEDURE 583
A. CHART 583
B. EXPLANATION 584
2. APPEALS RESULTING FROM COMCO'S SECRETARIAT'S DETERMINATION THAT
THE CASE REQUIRES THE BINARY PROCEDURE 585
A. CHART 585
B. EXPLANATION 586
B. POTENTIAL NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES ON THE CURRENT SYSTEM 587
1. ADDITIONAL FINANCIAL COSTS 587
2. LONGER PROCEDURES 588
C. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FINES AND DAMAGES 588
XXXIV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SYNOPSIS
591
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
601
RESUME
615
APPENDIX A - AMERICAN CLASS ACTION (RULE 23 FRCP)
627
APPENDIX B - PRELIMINARY DRAFT OF ORIGINAL RULE 23 FRCP
633
APPENDIX C - MULTIDISTRICT LITIGATION (TITLE 28 U.S.C. SECTION 1407)
634
APPENDIX D - RULE 7.1 OF THE PANEL ON CONDITIONAL TRANSFER ORDERS
637
XXXV |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Reardon, James F. 1984- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1053008945 |
| author_facet | Reardon, James F. 1984- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Reardon, James F. 1984- |
| author_variant | j f r jf jfr |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042060206 |
| ctrlnum | (DE-599)DNB1051953928 |
| dewey-full | 346.494072 346.24072 346.73072 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 346 - Private law |
| dewey-raw | 346.494072 346.24072 346.73072 |
| dewey-search | 346.494072 346.24072 346.73072 |
| dewey-sort | 3346.494072 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| format | Thesis Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Schweiz (DE-588)4053881-3 gnd USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Schweiz USA |
| id | DE-604.BV042060206 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-02T11:47:19Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783725570362 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027501098 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M382 |
| owner_facet | DE-M382 |
| physical | LIV, 637 S. |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Schulthess |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Travaux de la Faculté de droit de l'Université de Fribourg Suisse |
| series2 | Travaux de la Faculté de droit de l'Université de Fribourg Suisse |
| spelling | Reardon, James F. 1984- Verfasser (DE-588)1053008945 aut Consumer collective redress mechanisms in competition law comparative analysis of Swiss, American and European Union laws & proposals for Switzerland James F. Reardon Genève [u.a.] Schulthess 2014 LIV, 637 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Travaux de la Faculté de droit de l'Université de Fribourg Suisse 337 Zugl.: Fribourg, Univ., Diss., 2013 Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 gnd rswk-swf Verbraucherschutz (DE-588)4117338-7 gnd rswk-swf Wettbewerbsrecht (DE-588)4121924-7 gnd rswk-swf Schweiz (DE-588)4053881-3 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Schweiz (DE-588)4053881-3 g USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Verbraucherschutz (DE-588)4117338-7 s Wettbewerbsrecht (DE-588)4121924-7 s Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 s DE-604 Travaux de la Faculté de droit de l'Université de Fribourg Suisse 337 (DE-604)BV021463079 337 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027501098&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Reardon, James F. 1984- Consumer collective redress mechanisms in competition law comparative analysis of Swiss, American and European Union laws & proposals for Switzerland Travaux de la Faculté de droit de l'Université de Fribourg Suisse Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 gnd Verbraucherschutz (DE-588)4117338-7 gnd Wettbewerbsrecht (DE-588)4121924-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4115712-6 (DE-588)4117338-7 (DE-588)4121924-7 (DE-588)4053881-3 (DE-588)4078704-7 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Consumer collective redress mechanisms in competition law comparative analysis of Swiss, American and European Union laws & proposals for Switzerland |
| title_auth | Consumer collective redress mechanisms in competition law comparative analysis of Swiss, American and European Union laws & proposals for Switzerland |
| title_exact_search | Consumer collective redress mechanisms in competition law comparative analysis of Swiss, American and European Union laws & proposals for Switzerland |
| title_full | Consumer collective redress mechanisms in competition law comparative analysis of Swiss, American and European Union laws & proposals for Switzerland James F. Reardon |
| title_fullStr | Consumer collective redress mechanisms in competition law comparative analysis of Swiss, American and European Union laws & proposals for Switzerland James F. Reardon |
| title_full_unstemmed | Consumer collective redress mechanisms in competition law comparative analysis of Swiss, American and European Union laws & proposals for Switzerland James F. Reardon |
| title_short | Consumer collective redress mechanisms in competition law |
| title_sort | consumer collective redress mechanisms in competition law comparative analysis of swiss american and european union laws proposals for switzerland |
| title_sub | comparative analysis of Swiss, American and European Union laws & proposals for Switzerland |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 gnd Verbraucherschutz (DE-588)4117338-7 gnd Wettbewerbsrecht (DE-588)4121924-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Rechtsvergleich Verbraucherschutz Wettbewerbsrecht Schweiz USA Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027501098&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV021463079 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT reardonjamesf consumercollectiveredressmechanismsincompetitionlawcomparativeanalysisofswissamericanandeuropeanunionlawsproposalsforswitzerland |