Diskoduratere i emporiite v Rimska Trakija:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Bulgarian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sofija
Avalon Păblišing
2014
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. izd. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Includes bibliographical references |
| Beschreibung: | 231 p. Ill., Kt. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789549704334 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Дискодуратере и емпориите в Римска Тракия
Съдържание
Предговор
5
Част Първа. Емпориум Дискодуратере
7
Глава Първа. Историческо развитие на емпориум
Дискодуратере
9
1.1.
История на проучванията.
9
1.2.
Името Дискодуратере
-
проблеми на тълкуването.
10
1.3.
Историческо развитие.
11
Глава Втора. Топография,
планировка и
архитектура
23
2.1.
Местоположение, топография и площ.
23
2.2.
Укрепителна система.
29
2.3.
Планировка и
архитектура.
40
2.4.
Пътища и улична мрежа.
50
2.5.
Водоснабдяване и канализация.
50
2.6.
Некрополи.
51
Глава Трета.
Стратиграфия и
археологически материали
53
3.1.
Стратиграфия.
53
3.2.
Археологически материали.
56
Глава Четвърта. Икономика
91
4.1.
Монетната циркулация в Дискодуратере.
91
4.2.
Производство и поминък.
95
Част Втора. Емпориите в Римска Тракия
105
Глава Първа. Поява и развитие на емпориите в
римска Тракия
107
1.1.
Терминологични бележки.
107
Илиян Боянов
1.2.
Емпориите в предримската епоха.
111
1.3.
Емпориите според авторите от римската епоха.
115
Глава Втора. Римските емпории в Тракия
121
2.1.
Общи положения.
121
2.2.
Емпориум Пизос.
123
2.3.
Емпориум Туида.
125
2.4.
Емпориум Пиретензиум.
134
2.5.
Циле.
137
2.6.
Паремболе.
138
2.7.
Емпории на територията на Пауталия.
139
Глава Трета. Етнически и социален статус на населението
143
3.1.
Правно положение на емпориите.
143
3.2.
Етнически състав на населението.
145
3.3.
Социален статус.
148
3.4.
Религиозен живот.
152
Глава Четвърта. Обща характеристика
159
4.1.
Емпориите и урбанизацията на провинциите
159
4.2.
Критерии за идентификация на емпории.
161
4.3.
Функции на емпориите в Римска Тракия.
163
Заключение
177
Summary
183
Епиграфска документация
189
Списък на съкращенията
217
Цитирана литература
219
Дискодуратере и емпориите в Римска Тракия
183
Summary
In this study I have tried to systematize and summarize the achieve¬
ments of research into the problem field related to Roman
emporta
in general
and those in the province of Thracia in particular. To this end, I put together
and studied the epigraphic, archaeological and historical sources relevant
to the objectives of the monograph. The analysis of these made it possible
to confirm or reject the opinions expressed so far in specialized literature,
as well as to provide arguments in support of new ones which will be sum¬
marized below.
At this stage of research, the historical development and nature of em¬
porium
Discodur
ater
ae in the first decades after it began to function can be
tracked down mainly on the basis of information from epigraphic monu¬
ments and partly on that of empirical archaeological material because there
are no archaeological structures from the first construction period of the
commercial hub (end of
2nd - mid-ßrd
century). The inscriptions from Dis-
coduraterae clearly show that the settlement was founded as an emporium
of Augusta
Trai
ana during the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius and it was
transferred to the administrative jurisdiction of Nicopolis ad Istrum at the
time of Aurelian at the latest. Archaeological finds show that Discoduraterae
suffered considerably in the Gothic invasions of
250 - 251,
its normal op¬
eration being restored only in the last third of the same age when the second
construction period began. From the end of the
3rd
century onwards there is
no epigraphic evidence about the historical development of Discoduraterae.
Only the results of archaeological research allow this to be followed until
the end of its existence. A new construction period began at the end of the
3rd -
the beginning of the 4th century, at which the settlement was forti¬
fied, probably also in relation to a change in its status. In spite of the lack of
sources, it can be assumed that, from the end of the
3rd —
the beginning of
the 4th century onwards, Discoduraterae probably functioned as
a
φρούριον,
by analogy with another well-known emporium in Thracia, Pizus, which has
called precisely
φρούριον.
It seems Discoduraterae was not damaged much
at the Gothic invasion of
376 - 382,
since traces of fire have been registered
only in separate sectors along the two faces of the fortification wall and in the
towers, but not in the interior of the fortified core. The last construction period
(end of the 4th
-
beginning of the 5th century) again reveals an uplift of life in
the settlement, as evidenced by the erection of a number of buildings.
Илиян Боянов
184
The history of Discoduraterae in the last decades of its existence is
related directly to that of Nicopolis ad Istrum. The results of archaeologi¬
cal research of both Discoduraterae and Nicopolis ad Istrum in the last two
decades shed light on some aspects of the historical fate of the Nicopolis
ad Istrum micro-region and of the emporium of Discoduraterae in the 5th
century in particular. Besides the definitely proven destruction of the city in
the 440s, it also seems to have been subjected to an earlier attack at the end
of the first quarter
ofthat
century, judging by a collective find of
127
copper
coins discovered at the
odeon,
the latest of which were minted by Emperor
Honorius. Coin circulation in Discoduraterae reveals a nearly identical situ¬
ation. The latest coins from the site were of the same emperor which pro¬
vides a terminus post quern for the time it was abandoned. At this stage there
is no definitive evidence that it was functioning at the time of the invasion
of
447
in which Nicopolis ad Istrum suffered considerable damage. Thus
Discoduraterae was most probably abandoned because of the danger of the
Huns soon after
423
from when the latest coins discovered at the site date.
The change in the status of Discoduraterae is also illustrated by the
formal repertoire of the pottery complex found at the site. Table pottery,
represented mostly by bowls and cups, prevails in the first two construction
periods at Discoduraterae, followed by the pots of the site s kitchen pottery.
Storage pottery, registered in all four construction periods at Discoduraterae,
does not reveal a large variety of forms, the latter being only single samples.
A change of the formal repertoire is observed in the third and fourth con¬
struction periods, the insignificant number of bowls and cups among table
pottery being evidence of Discoduraterae residents unpretentious require¬
ments to the way food was served. This change was probably related to
the change in the status of the settlement and the people who lived there: it
seems that from the beginning of the 4th century it no longer functioned as
an emporium, but rather as a military fortification with a small garrison.
A review of the usage of the term emporium in Roman age sources
shows that Greek sources continued to use it in the way their predecessors
in the 5th-4th century
ВС
did, both for certain trade areas in a city and for
entire settlements functioning as hubs of foreign trade. The same term was
also used to describe cities which were not only commercial centres but
were also economic ones for concrete regions. On the other hand, Latin au¬
thors used the term emporium very rarely, preferring to use others which
designated different types of wholesale and retail markets.
Emporium trade in its purest form was a process through which ex-
Дискодуратере и емпориите в Римска Тракия
185
change between local and foreign merchants was regulated. The physical
institution which engaged in this activity in Classical and Hellenistic Greece
-
the emporium
-
had a much broader meaning in the Roman Age. In the
age of the
Principate
it was no longer limited to settlements called emporia.
Because of the strong Greek influence on the eastern provinces of the Ro-
¡
man Empire, it was precisely there that emporia continued to exist in a form
close to the initial one. Elements of this institution, however, such as control
over foreign merchants and trade in general, can also be found in the western
provinces, although the very institution of the emporium is not discernible
there mostly because trade in the border regions was frequently related to
the military formations.
The text of the Pizus inscription gives valuable information about the
way in which the wholesale markets in Thracia were established. It desig¬
nates clearly two types of settlers: some who went there on the orders of the
provincial governor and others who were attracted at their own volition by
the benefits they were promised. The core of the population of the newly-
established trading hubs on whom Roman authority wanted mainly to rely
was recruited from the upper crust of the rural population.
The Greek inscriptions discovered in the eastern provinces of the
Roman Empire, mainly in Thracia and Bithynia, are evidence that a large
number of commercial settlements explicitly called emporia were estab¬
lished in the
3rd
century. These are usually interpreted as fortified markets
in rural areas intended to host seasonal markets and fairs, and in turn provid¬
ing access to various goods for the population in the remote regions. It is
also traditionally assumed that they did not differ from the known fora and
conciliabula in the western provinces. These observations led to the notion
that, on the one hand, implanting of emporia in Thracia in Roman times was
an expression of the concern of Roman governance to create nuclei for
the foundation of cities and, on the other, that emporia also had a military
character, conditioned by the circumstance that the emperors of the end of
the
2nd
and the
3rd
century tried to militarize the rural population precisely
by the establishment of such special settlements.
The fact that, according to the Pizus inscription, one of the privileges
which the settlers in the newly-founded commercial centre were granted was
that they were relieved of tax in kind
(annona,
fructus) to the cities on whose
territory they lived, as well as of the obligation to provide draught animals
for state transport and, last but not least, that they were compensated with
lands, give a number of authors grounds to think that the emporia were not
Илиян Боянов
186
only commercial hubs but also agrarian colonies. From a structural point of
view they really do have similarities with the villages, but nevertheless are
clearly distinguished by the stress on their economic functions. Archaeologi¬
cal excavations at Discoduraterae, as well as of the presumed
emporta
by
Kocherinovo village and the town of Radomir, for example, established the
lack of farming tools but an enormous number of coins.
The interpretation of
emporta as
nuclei for the foundation of cities, as
well as the assumptions about their military or mainly agrarian character, are
not quite satisfactory and are not confirmed by written sources, epigraphic
monuments or the results of archaeological research. In view of this I would
take the liberty to offer my formulation of this type of settlement structures.
Analysis of our sparse information about them shows that the emporium
in Roman times was a place where trade operations took place, organized
internally by representatives of the city officials of the
polis
under whose
jurisdiction it was placed who administrated the trade according to the laws,
taxes and fees established for that purpose. In this sense, the emporium pro¬
vided an apparatus to ensure and increase commodity circulation between
the residents of the
polis
and the rural population within its territory, as well
as trade with neighboring poleis and provinces. In the cases when an empo¬
rium stood on an external economic border it provided a protectorate for Ro¬
man merchants and exercised control over foreign trade. Located along the
borders of urban or provincial territories, these centres had a fundamental
role in the distribution of commodities and the increase of coin circulation in
the regions which were most distant from the city. In this way and by means
of collecting fees the cities could increase their revenue. The fiscal motiva¬
tion for increasing city revenue at the establishment of
emporta,
however, is
not definitive as we should also add the guaranteeing of the city s supply by
expanding its market.
The establishment of this type of settlements which provided con¬
siderable opportunities for market activity can also be discussed from an
economic point of view, ascribing to them the following functions: provid¬
ing an opportunity for horizontal trade, i.e. exchange of goods between the
population of the villages in the zone allotted to each emporium; movement
of goods, more particularly foods, to the areas with a deficit in this respect
—
in other words towards the cities; and, finally, the distribution of exotic
foods and more expensive handicraft products from the dominant
polis
to
the population in rural areas.
Дискодуратере и емпориите в Римска Тракия
187
The founding of
emporta
in the province of Thracia was not aimed
at the exploitation of land. On the contrary, the objective was to generate
monetization of these market places and the zones within their scope. The
step from supporting economy to a market one can be taken much easier on
these territories. In this way, the development of larger territories thanks to
an emporium can be seen as a definitive factor for the widespread monetiza¬
tion in the age of the
Principate
and after that, too.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| geographic | Discoduratera (DE-588)1060421011 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Discoduratera |
| id | DE-604.BV042054751 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:11:32Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789549704334 |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027495762 |
| oclc_num | 891112805 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 231 p. Ill., Kt. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Avalon Păblišing |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Bojanov, Ilijan 1978- Verfasser (DE-588)1057902489 aut Diskoduratere i emporiite v Rimska Trakija Ilijan Bojanov 1. izd. Sofija Avalon Păblišing 2014 231 p. Ill., Kt. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Includes bibliographical references Romans / Bulgaria / Excavations (Archaeology) / Inscriptions Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd rswk-swf Inschrift (DE-588)4027107-9 gnd rswk-swf Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 gnd rswk-swf Discoduratera (DE-588)1060421011 gnd rswk-swf Discoduratera (DE-588)1060421011 g Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 s Inschrift (DE-588)4027107-9 s Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027495762&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027495762&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Bojanov, Ilijan 1978- Diskoduratere i emporiite v Rimska Trakija Romans / Bulgaria / Excavations (Archaeology) / Inscriptions Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd Inschrift (DE-588)4027107-9 gnd Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4076769-3 (DE-588)4027107-9 (DE-588)4181216-5 (DE-588)1060421011 |
| title | Diskoduratere i emporiite v Rimska Trakija |
| title_auth | Diskoduratere i emporiite v Rimska Trakija |
| title_exact_search | Diskoduratere i emporiite v Rimska Trakija |
| title_full | Diskoduratere i emporiite v Rimska Trakija Ilijan Bojanov |
| title_fullStr | Diskoduratere i emporiite v Rimska Trakija Ilijan Bojanov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Diskoduratere i emporiite v Rimska Trakija Ilijan Bojanov |
| title_short | Diskoduratere i emporiite v Rimska Trakija |
| title_sort | diskoduratere i emporiite v rimska trakija |
| topic | Romans / Bulgaria / Excavations (Archaeology) / Inscriptions Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd Inschrift (DE-588)4027107-9 gnd Siedlungsarchäologie (DE-588)4181216-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Romans / Bulgaria / Excavations (Archaeology) / Inscriptions Römerzeit Inschrift Siedlungsarchäologie Discoduratera |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027495762&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027495762&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bojanovilijan diskoduratereiemporiitevrimskatrakija |