Verfügbarkeit: Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis: Microsoft Excel 2013

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Carlberg, Conrad George 1948- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Indianapolis Que 2014
Schriftenreihe:	Always learning
Schlagworte:	Statistische Analyse Excel 2013
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XVII, 490 S.
ISBN:	9780789753113

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Table of Contents Introduction .............................................................................. xi Using Excel for Statistical Analysis ...........................................................................xi About You and About Excel ..............................................................................xii Clearing Up the Terms ..................................................................................xii Making Things Easier ..................................................................................xiii The Wrong Box? ......................................................................................xiv Wagging the Dog .....................................................................................xvi What s in This Book .......................................................................................xvi 1 About Variables and Values ..............................................................1 Variables and Values ........................................................................................1 Recording Data in Lists ...................................................................................2 Scales of Measurement ......................................................................................4 Category Scales .........................................................................................5 Numeric Scales .........................................................................................7 Telling an Interval Value from a Text Value .................................................................8 Charting Numeric Variables in Excel ..........................................................................10 Charting Two Variables .................................................................................10 Understanding Frequency Distributions .......................................................................12 Using Frequency Distributions ...........................................................................15 Building a Frequency Distribution from a Sample ...........................................................18 Building Simulated Frequency Distributions ...............................................................26 2 How Values Cluster Together ...........................................................29 Calculating the Mean ......................................................................................30 Understanding Functions, Arguments, and Results ..........................................................31 Understanding Formulas, Results, and Formats .............................................................34 Minimizing the Spread ..................................................................................36 Calculating the Median .....................................................................................41 Choosing to Use the Median .............................................................................41 Calculating the Mode ......................................................................................42 Getting the Mode ofCategories with a Formula ............................................................47 From Centrai Tendency to Variability .........................................................................54 3 Variability: How Values Disperse ........................................................55 Measuring Variability with the Range ........................................................................56 The Concept of з Standard Deviation .........................................................................58 Arranging for a Standard ................................................................................59 Thinking in Terms of Standard Deviations .................................................................60 Calculating the Standard Deviation and Variance ...............................................................62 Squaring the Deviations. ................................................................................65 Population Parameters and Sample Statistics ..............................................................66 Dividing by N — 1......................................................................................66 iv Statistical Analysis: Microsoft Excel 2013 Bias in the Estimate..... ...................................................................................68 Degrees of Freedom ....................................................................................69 Exceľs Variability Functions...... ...........................................................................70 Standard Deviation Functions ............................................................................70 Variance Functions .....................................................................................71 4 How Variables Move Jointly: Correlation .................................................73 understanding Correlation ..................................................................................73 The Correlation, Calculated ..............................................................................75 Using the CORRELO Function ......................·..................................................... 81 Using the Analysis Tools ................................................................................84 Using the Correlation Tool ...............................................................................86 Correlation Isn t Causation ..............................................................................88 Using Correlation ..........................................................................................90 Removing the Effects of the Scale ........................................................................91 Using the Excel Function ................................................................................93 Getting the Predicted Values ............................................................................95 Getting the Regression Formula ..........................................................................96 Using TRENĐ0 for Multiple Regression .......................................................................99 Combining the Predictors ...............................................................................99 Understanding Best Combination .....................................................................100 Understanding Shared Variance ........................................................................104 A Technical Note: Matrix Algebra and Multiple Regression in Excel .......................................... 1°6 Moving on to Statistical Inference .........................................................................107 5 How Variables Classify Jointly: Contingency Tables ....................................... W9 Understanding One-Way Pivot Tables ......................................................................109 Running the Statistical Test ...........................................................................112 Making Assumptions .....................................................................................117 Random Selection ....................................................................................118 Independent Selections ...............................................................................119 The Binomial Distribution Formula .....................................................................120 Using the BINOM.INVQ Function .......................................................................121 Understanding Two-Way Pivot Tables ......................................................................127 Probabilities and Independent Events ...................................................................130 Testing the independence of Classifications ..............................................................131 The Yule Simpson effect ..................................................................................137 Summarizing the Chi-Square Functions .....................................................................140 Using CHISQ.DISTO ................................................ ...................................140 Using CHISQ.DIST.RTO and CHIDISTQ ....................................................................141 Using CHISQ.INVQ ....................................................................................143 Using CHiSQ.INV.RTO and CHIINVQ .....................................................................143 Using CHISQ.TESTO and CHITESTQ ......................................................................144 Using Mixed and Absolute References to Calculate Expected Frequencies ....................................145 Using the Pivot Table s Index Display ...................................................................146 Contents 6 Telling the Truth with Statistics ........................................................149 A Context for Inferential Statistics .........................................................................150 Establishing Internal Validity ..........................................................................151 Threats to internal Validity ............................................................................152 Problems with Excel s Documentation ......................................................................156 The F-Test Two-Sample for Variances ......................................................................157 Why Run the Test? ...................................................................................158 A Final Point ........................................................................................169 7 Using Excel with the Normal Distribution ................................................171 About the Normal Distribution ............................................................................ 171 Characteristics of the Normal Distribution ............................................................... 171 The Unit Normal Distribution .......................................................................... 176 Excel Functions for the Normal Distribution ................................................................. 177 The NORM-DISTO Function ............................................................................177 The N0RM.INV0 Function ............................................................................. 180 Confidence Intervals and the Normal Distribution ............................................................ 182 The Meaning of a Confidence Interval ................................................................... 183 Constructing a Confidence Interval ..................................................................... 184 Excel Worksheet Functions That Calculate Confidence Intervals ............................................. 187 Using CONFIDEMCLNORMO and CONFIDENCEO ........................................................... 188 Using CONFIDENCE.^) ................................................................................ 191 Using the Data Analysis Add-In for Confidence Intervals ................................................... 192 Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Testing ............................................................. 194 The Central Limit Theorem ................................................................................194 Making Things Easier .................................................................................196 Making Things Better .................................................................................198 8 Testing Differences Between Means: The Basics ..........................................199 Testing Means: The Rationale .............................................................................200 Using a z-Test .......................................................................................201 Using the Standard Error of the Mean ...................................................................204 Creating the Charts ...................................................................................208 Using the t-Test Instead of the z-Test .......................................................................216 Defining the Decision Rule ............................................................................218 Understanding Statistical Power ....................................................................... 222 9 Testing Differences Between Means: Further issues ......................................227 Using Excel s T.DISTO and T.INV0 Functions to Test Hypotheses ................................................227 Making Directional and Nondirectional Hypotheses ....................................................... 228 Using Hypotheses to Guide Excel s t-Distribution Functions ................................................229 Completing the Picture with T.DISTO ...................................................................237 Using the T.TESTO Function ...............................................................................238 Degrees of Freedom in Excel Functions .......................................,.,........................238 Equal and Unequal Group Sizes ........................................................................239 The T.TESTO Syntax ............................·.....................................................242 vi Statistical Analysis: Microsoft Excel 2013 Using the Data Analysis Add-in t~Tests .....................................................................255 Group Variances in t-Tests. ............................................................................255 Visualizing Statistical Power, ..........................................................................260 When to Avoid t-Tests ................................................................................261 10 Testing Differences Between Means: The Analysis of Variance ..............................263 Why Not t-Tests? ........................................................................................263 The Logic of ANOVA ......................................................................................265 Partitioning the Scores ................................................................................265 Comparing Variances.. ...............................................................................268 TheFTest ...........................................................................................273 Using Excel s Worksheet Functions for the F Distribution ......................................................277 Using F.DISTO and F.DIST.RTO .........................................................................277 Using F.INV0 and RNVO ..............................................................................278 The F Distribution ....................................................................................279 Unequal Group Sizes .....................................................................................280 Multiple Comparison Procedures ..........................................................................282 The Scheffé Procedure ................................................................................284 Planned Orthogonal Contrasts .........................................................................289 11 Analysis of Variance: Further Issues .....................................................293 Factorial ANOVA .........................................................................................293 Other Rationales for Multiple Factors ...................................................................294 Using the Two-Factor ANOVA Tool ......................................................................297 The Meaning of Interađion ...............................................................................299 The Statistical Significance of an Interaction ............................................................. 300 Calculating the Interaaion Effect .......................................................................302 The Problem of Unequal Group Sizes .......................................................................307 Repeated Measures: The Two Factor Without Replication Tool .............................................. 309 Excel s Functions and Tools: Limitations and Solutions ........................................................ 31° Mixed Models .......................................................................................312 Power of the F Test ...................................................................................312 12 Experimental Design and ANOVA .......................................................315 Crossed Factors and Nested Factors ........................................................................315 Depicting the Design Accurately ........................................................................317 Nuisance Factors .....................................................................................317 Fixed Factors and Random Factors ............................................,............................318 The Data Analysis Add-ln s ANOVA Tools ................................................................319 Data Layout .........................................................................................320 Calculating the F Ratios ..................................................................................322 Adapting the Data Analysis Tool for a Random Factor .....................................................322 Designing the F Test ..................................................................................323 The Mixed Model: Choosing the Denominator ............................................................325 Adapting the Data Analysis Tool for a Nested Factor .......................................................326 Contents vii Data Layout for a Nested Design .......................................................................327 Getting the Sums of Squares ...........................................................................328 Calculating the F Ratio for the Nesting Factor ............................................................329 13 Statistical Power .....................................................................331 Controlling the Risk ......................................................................................331 Directional and Nondirectional Hypotheses ..............................................................332 Changing the Sampie Size .............................................................................332 Visualizing Statistical Power ...........................................................................333 Quantifying Power ...................................................................................335 The Statistical Power of t-Tests ............................................................................337 Nondirectional Hypotheses ............................................................................338 Making a Directional Hypothesis .......................................................................340 Increasing the Size of the Samples ......................................................................341 The Dependent Groups t-Test ..........................................................................342 The Noncentrality Parameter in the F Distribution ............................................................344 Variance Estimates ...................................................................................344 The Noncentrality Parameter and the Probability Density Function ..........................................348 Calculating the Power of the F Test ........................................................................350 Calculating the Cumulative Density Function .............................................................350 Using Power to Determine Sample Size .................................................................352 14 Multiple Regression Analysis and Effect Coding: The Basics ................................355 Multiple Regression and ANOVA ...........................................................................356 Using Effect Coding ..................................................................................358 Effect Coding: General Principles .......................................................................358 Other Types of Coding ................................................................................359 Multiple Regression and Proportions of Variance .............................................................360 Understanding the Segue from ANOVA to Regression .....................................................363 The Meaning of Effect Coding ..........................................................................365 Assigning Effect Codes in Excel ............................................................................368 Using Excel s Regression Tool with Unequal Group Sizes .......................................................370 Effect Coding, Regression, and Factorial Designs in Excel ......................................................372 Exerting Statistical ControJ with Semipartial Correlations ..................................................374 Using a Squared Semipartial to Get the Corred Sum of Squares .............................................376 Using TrendO to Replace Squared Semipartial Correlations ....................................................377 Working With the Residuals ...........................................................................379 Using Excel s Absolute and Relative Addressing to Extend the Semipartials ....................„............,. 381 15 Multiple Regression Analysis and Effect Coding: Further Issues .............................385 Solving Unbalanced Factorial Designs Using Multiple Regression ............................................... 385 Variables Are Uncorrelated in a Balanced Design .........................................................386 Variables Are Correlated in an Unbalanced Design ........................................................388 Order of Entry Is Irrelevant in the Balanced Design ........................................................388 Order Entry Is Important in the Unbalanced Design .......................................................391 About Fluctuating Proportions of Variance ...............................................................393 viii Statistical Analysis: Microsoft Excel 2013 Experimental Designs, Observational Studies, and Correlation .................................................394 Using All the LINESTO Statistics ...................................... ......................................397 Using the Regression Coefficients ......................................................................398 Using the Standard Errors .............................................................................398 Dealing with the Intercept ............................................................................399 Understanding UNESTO s Third, Fourth, and Fifth Rows ...................................................400 Getting the Regression Coefficients .....................................................................406 Getting the Sum of Squares Regression and Residual ......................................................410 Calculating the Regression Diagnostics ..................................................................412 How LINESTO Handles Muiticollinearity .................................................................416 Forcing a Zero Constant ...............................................................................421 The Excel 2007 Version ...............................................................................422 A Negative R2? ......................................................................................425 Managing Unequal Group Sizes in a True Experiment .........................................................428 Managing Unequal Group Sizes in Observational Research ....................................................430 16 Analysis of Covariance: The Basics ......................................................433 The Purposes of ANCOVA .................................................................................434 Greater Power .......................................................................................434 Bias Reduction .......................................................................................434 Using ANCOVA to increase Statistical Power .................................................................435 ANOVA Finds No Significant Mean Difference ............................................................436 Adding a Covariate to the Analysis ......................................................................437 Testing for a Common Regression Line .....................................................................445 Removing Bias: A Different Outcome .......................................................................447 17 Analysis of Covariance: Further Issues ...................................................453 Adjusting Means with LINESTO and Effect Coding ....................................................................................453 Effect Coding and Adjusted Group Means ...................................................................458 Multiple Comparisons Following ANCOVA ...................................................................461 Using the Scheffé Method .............................................................................462 Using Planned Contrasts ..............................................................................466 The Analysis of Multiple Covariance ........................................................................468 The Decision to Use Multiple Covariates .................................................................469 Two Covariates: An Example ...........................................................................470 Index ...............................................................................473
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title	Statistical analysis Microsoft Excel 2013
title_auth	Statistical analysis Microsoft Excel 2013
title_exact_search	Statistical analysis Microsoft Excel 2013
title_full	Statistical analysis Microsoft Excel 2013 Conrad Carlberg
title_fullStr	Statistical analysis Microsoft Excel 2013 Conrad Carlberg
title_full_unstemmed	Statistical analysis Microsoft Excel 2013 Conrad Carlberg
title_short	Statistical analysis
title_sort	statistical analysis microsoft excel 2013
title_sub	Microsoft Excel 2013
topic	Statistische Analyse (DE-588)4116599-8 gnd Excel 2013 (DE-588)1031919325 gnd
topic_facet	Statistische Analyse Excel 2013
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