Novi krajevi Srbije: (1912 - 1915)
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Beograd
Filozofski Fak., Univ.
2013
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. izd. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sparche |
| Beschreibung: | 601 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9788688803175 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804152468955725824 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | с
адржа]
9
|
ПРЕДГОВОР
15
I
ДИПЛОМАТИЈА
И РАТОВИ
27
27
33
36
38
44
56
58
58
62
67
70
72
73
74
80
82
86
90
91
91
94
95
95
98
99
100
ПРАВНИ
ОКВИР
Уредба
о
уређењу ослобођених
предела од
27.
децембра
1912
Уредба
о
уређењу ослобођених
области од
31.
августа
1913
Присаједињење ослобођених крајева Краљевини Србији
Предлог закона о
присаједињењу
Старе
Србије Крал>евини
Србији
и
о управи у
њој
Закони
Краљевине Србије уведени
у живот за
присаједињене
области
Прописи Устава Крал>евине
Србије
уведени у живот
за
присаједињене
области
Посебне уредбе
Уредба
по струци
грађевинској
Уредба
о
јавној безбедности
Уредба
по струци
шумарској
Уредба
о
средњим школама
Уредба
о
граничној
трупи
Рударска уредба
Поре
ска уредба
Уредба
о
протоколисању
и
регистровању радња
Уредба
о
уређењу
судова
и судском поступку
Уредба
о
насељавању
Уредба
о повластицама привредних
предузећа
Уредба
о организацией Привредног инспектората
Уредба
о повластици Српско-Француског Друштва за
подизање
и
експлоатацију
хотела у
новим
крајевима
Уредба
о
уређењу
варошке трошарине у Скошъу и Битсиъу
Уредба
о куповини и
препродаји
соли и петролеума
Уредба
о
јавним апотекама
Уредба
о трговачким школама
Привремена
уредба
о
уређењу
духовних судова
Уредба
о
Српској Земљорадничкој банци
103
I
АДМИНИСТРАТИВНА ПОДЕЛА
115
I
СТАНОВНИШТВО
153
I
ПОЛИЦИЈСКИ
ЧИНОВНИЦИ
169
I
ОПШТИНЕ
185
I
СУДСТВО
193
193
197
208
227
227
238
246
281
299
299
308
341
341
348
353
357
357
377
380
388
390
392
398
BOJCKA
Добровољци
у Другом балканском рату
Организација
и
регрутација
1913-1914
У Првом светском рату
ИЗАЗОВИ БЕЗБЕДНОСТИ
Разоружање
Одметници
Упади из
Албаније
Бугарски
комити
МИГРАЦИЈЕ
Исељавање
Насељавање
319
I
АГРАРНИ ОДНОСИ
САОБРАЋАЈ
Путеви
Железница
Пошта,
телеграф, телефон
ПРИВРЕДА
Земљорадња
Шумарство
Сточарство
Риболов
Занати и
индустрија
Банке
Трговина
409
|
ЦАРИНА
419
I
ПОРЕЗ
443
I
ЦЕНЕ
453
453
473
477
479
479
502
510
ПРОСВЕТА И
КУЛТУРА
Школе
Културне и научне установе
Становање, одевање, исхрана, здравље
ВЕРСКЕ
ОРГАНИЗАЦИЈЕ
Православна црква
Муслиманска
верска
заједница
Католичка црква
515
|
ЗАКЉУЧАК
531
|
SUMMARY
547
|
ИЗВОРИ
И ЛИТЕРАТУРА
557
|
ИЛУСТРАЦИЈЕ
569
| ИМЕНСКИ РЕГИСТАР
583
I
ГЕОГРАФСКИ
РЕГИСТАР
531
Summary
In the First Balkan War, Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece joined their forces
to complete the liberation process from the Turks on the Balkans. A dispute
among the allies about the distribution of the territories was resolved in the
Second Balkan War and Bulgaria, the principal instigator, saw its defeat. The
Peace Treaty of Bucharest and bilateral settlement of the boundaries established
new borders in accordance with a principal of balance between the Balkan
countries. As the Balkan Alliance fell apart, the former member states, each
for itself, settled their peace treaties with Turkey. Serbia did it in March
1914.
In the newly gained territories, there were no significant military operations
from the beginning of the First World War until the autumn
1915,
when the
Austro-Hungarian, German and Bulgarian armies occupied the whole country.
A few months earlier, in the spring
1915,
the Serbian army had made a pre¬
emptive strike, occupying the border areas of Albania, in order to secure its
south-western boundary.
During the Balkan Wars, the newly gained regions of Serbia were
under the Supreme Command, among others, consisting of civilian administration
of the police, judicial, financial and educational sectors. By adopting a Decree
on Administering the Liberated Areas from
27
December
1912,
which was
actually a slightly changed version of the Interim Act of Administering the
Liberated Areas from
15
January
1878,
uniform bylaws were defined for the
state administration and the civil courts in the liberated regions. When the
Supreme Command was removed, after demobilisation in
1913,
the civil and
532
I
Нови
крајеви Србије
(1912-1915)
the military power was officially separated, so a new order was passed, a
Decree on Administering the Liberated Areas from
31
August
1913.
The basic
goal of the bylaws, as well as of the civil authorities prior to annexation, was
to provide for the personal and property safety of the population, the overall
order and equality of everyone before the law, regardless of their religious or
national affiliation. The territories were annexed to the Kingdom of Serbia by
a Proclamation that King Peter issued on
7
September
1913,
based upon the
international treaties and the Constitutional royal prerogatives. The Serbian
government held that the new regions did not need to, have to or should be
included in the Constitutional order which governed within the old boundaries
of the kingdom. So the government without the Assembly was ruling in the
new regions: it was introducing certain laws, some parts of the Constitution
and was passing certain decrees. Their view was that the people in the new
territories were not ready to adopt at once all the rights and duties deriving
from the Serbian Constitution and that they should be prepared gradually. There
were no municipal, regional or district self-governing bodies there, the people
were not yet been granted the right to vote, they were deprived of certain
constitutional rights and freedoms (freedom of the press, speech, free gathering
or association); the courts of law and the taxation systems were different from
those in the old lands, and certain rules of the criminal law were more serious
than the Criminal Code prescribed. In all other legal aspects, a series of newly
introduced laws rendered the new territories equal to the pre-war Serbia.
Special decrees were passed only when the existing ones could not be applied
or when they did not correspond to the extant circumstances. Apart from the
Oecree on Public Safety, in general, they were much more in favour of the
population than the analogue ones that had been in force in the said territories
before the war. Such an exceptional regime was supposed to last for six years, the
period that the government deemed as sufficient for the population of the
emancipated regions to get used to living in Serbia and become equal citizens.
Although imposed in a manner contrary to the constitutional principles, such a
limited extraordinary regime was necessary due to objective circumstances in the
newly gained lands. The reasons were the following:
1)
distrust in the loyalty of
the part of population to the state;
2)
non-existent awareness of the civil equality
among the population;
3)
inherited mutual religious and national animosities
which could result in abuse of the local self-governing bodies;
4)
a need to resolve
an agrarian issue in favour of the serfs and
5)
an impossibility of immediate
implementation of certain laws, like the ones of taxation or the Civil Code.
The lands integrated into Serbia, after the borders with the neighbouring
countries had been finally defined, covered an area of approximately
39,309
square kilometres, or
81.4%
of the pre-war state territory. Permanent
Summary
[ 533
administrative division into
12
counties and
46
districts was established in the
early
1914.
According to the
1913
census, the newly gained territories had the
population of
1,481,614,
or
50.9%
of the population in the Kingdom of Serbia
in
1910.
An approximate population density in the new lands of
36.8
people per
square kilometre was actually a pretty low one and corresponded to the lowest
density counties in the old country. Gender structure was the same in both the
new and old parts of the country
(1
male
: 0.9
female), while an average
number of family members in a household was approximately the same
(6.5
in
the new lands and
6.2
in the old parts). One quarter of the population in the new
lands lived in towns. Unlike the pre-war Serbia, where in
1910
the Orthodox
Serbs made
95.5%
of the population, the religious, ethnic and national structure
in the new parts was quite heterogeneous. The Prijepolje and
Raska
counties
were populated with Orthodox Serbs and Muslims of Serbian ethnic origin,
speaking Serbian mother tongue, but who did not consider themselves as Serbs
but as Turks. In Zvecan, Kosovo and Prizren counties, the majority of the
population were the Muslims, Albanians (and the Albanised Serbs) and Turks,
whereas the Orthodox Serbs were the minority there. Until the liberation of
1912,
the Serbs living south of
Sar
Mountain were the majority on the territory
of latter established Tetovo, Kumanovo and Skopje counties; but in other areas
there were few Serbs. In the Bregalnica, Tikves,
Bitola
and
Ohrid
counties, the
majority of the Slavic population prior to the First Balkan War belonged to the
Bulgarian Exarchate; there were also Exarchists in other counties south of
Sar
Mountain. They declared themselves as Bulgarians. The Bulgarian national
consciousness was much stronger among the urban population than in the rural.
Albanian Muslims lived in the south-west, while the Turks lived in the towns,
and in the south-east areas they also lived in villages. In the new lands, there
were some minor groups of Jews, Kucovlachs, Greeks and Roma. By
annexation of the new territories, Serbia became a multi-religious and
multinational state. Developing Serbian patriotic and even national feelings in
the population who did not have them prior to
1912
was a long-term strategic
goal of the state, which had to be worked on gradually and patiently. The first
step was certainly an establishment of true and visible equality among all, upon
which the authorities were insistent and persistent. In those terms, their
intention was quite honest and there were no reasons which would point to the
contrary. The generation that led Serbia into the Balkan Wars had never
experienced Turkish rule in and over Serbia, or were there any unresolved
issues between Serbia and Turkey after
1913.
Chiefs of counties and districts as well as the lower ranking police
officers were usually selected from the lower or the retired ranks in the old
regions to be the higher ranking officers in the new ones. However, they were
534
I
Нови
крајеви Србије
(1912-1915)
reluctant in accepting their positions due to a difference in a way of life from
what they had already been used to. The intention of the authorities was mainly
to send honest men to the new districts. The few unprofessional and negligent
police officers, who were abusing their position, were simply dismissed.
Immediately upon establishment of the Serbian authorities in the new
regions, municipalities were formed, as basic administrative and judicial units,
quite independent in conducting their internal affairs. Since no election
principle was introduced, the municipal officers were being appointed by the
district authorities. The institution of a municipality, upon which the
government administration in Serbia was founded, was a complete novelty for
the population in the new regions. The situation where a part of the Albanian
and Turkish population did not understand Serbian language, the extent of
illiteracy and a general ignorance with regard to the Serbian laws, resulted in
a need for the municipal staff to be made of the officers coming from the old
parts of the country. According to the existing records, in
1914,
in eight
counties, there were up to even
83%
of such officers. But they posed the biggest
problem in the new regions administration, as they were abusing their position
for personal gain.
Serbian courts were established immediately upon adopting a Decree
on the Liberated Regions Administration on
27
December
1912.
County courts
covered the counties, and in Skoplje there was the Great Court with appellate
and cassation powers. As with the police officers, in appointing judges, a
principle of lower ranks in the old regions to higher ones in the new parts was
applied. As far as it could be concluded from the incomplete statistical data, in
1913
and
1914,
the county courts were pretty efficient in clearing the civil and
criminal cases. In
1913,
the Great Court had
101
and in
1914, 639
civil
litigations and
208
criminal cases, while in
1914
there were only
70
criminal
ones. It is a clear sign that the safety conditions in the new regions improved
in
1914,
as the Court, by virtue of office, acted in all the criminal cases
according to the penal Decree on Public Security. The
sharia
courts in the new
regions were operating all the time during the Balkan Wars, by the consent of
the Serbian authorities, without any particular legal rule, though. In this regard,
only the Serbian-Turkish Peace Treaty defined the competencies of the mufti
in the marriage and inheritance laws.
On the eve of the Second Balkan War, volunteers from the new regions
were registered for the Serbian Army. A Volunteer Brigade was formed, which
participated in the Battle of Bregalnica. The military-territorial division of the
new regions, established in August
1913,
formed five regional divisions: Ibar,
Kosovo,
Vardar,
Bregalnica and Bitolj. A reformed Frontier Troop started to
operate in March
1914,
having under the same command both the military and
Summary j
535
the customs border protection. Most of the soldiers were deployed towards
Bulgaria. The first class of recruits coming from the new regions was sent to
the military service in April
1914.
They were all deployed to garrisons in the
old parts of the country. When the First World War broke out, the Ibar region
division became a part of the Active Army, while the other units in the new
regions were under the command of the New Regions Troops, which was under
the Defence Minister until enemy offensive in the autumn
1915,
instead of the
Supreme Command. The Christian conscripts in the new regions had been
drafted from the beginning of the war and after the training service were sent
to the Operational Army units and to those under the command of the New
Regions Troops. In the battles against the Austro-Hungarian army in the second
half of
1914,
there were about
14,500
soldiers from the territories of Kosovo,
Vardar, Bregalnica
and Bitolj regional divisions. Since Turkey also entered the
war joining the Central Powers, the Constantinople Peace Treaty was rendered
ineffective on
1
December
1914.
In January
1915,
according to a government
resolution, drafting of Muslim, conscripts of the first category for call-up
started. The draft process was going on smoothly and without any opposition
only in the Ibar regional division. The Muslims had their own priest in the units
and the religious dietary laws were observed. However, the commanding
officers did not trust them enough. They were of an opinion that the four
Muslim battalions, which were undergoing the training, should be disbanded
when it was time to be sent to the front and the soldiers deployed to other units.
From the beginning of the First World War until
28
July
1915,
the total of
69,984
conscripts were sent to the Operational army and the New region troops,
all from the Kosovo,
Vardar,
Bitolj and Bregalnica divisions, out of which
12,274
were non-fighters and logistic personnel. In that period,
29,509
conscripts from all over the new regions managed in various ways to avoid
drafting. The information on draft evasion shows a gradual decline of loyalty
towards Serbia among the population in a north-south direction: the fewest
conscripts evading draft were in the Ibar divisional region, and the most in the
Bitolj one. The units under the command of the New Regions Troops consisted
mostly of the Christians of the new regions, and in the spring
1915
they
successfully, as a preventive measure, occupied the areas around the Albanian
border. However, due to a generally small number of men and an overall low
morale, the soldiers belonging to the units under the command of the New
Regions Troops defending the border against a Bulgarian attack in the autumn
1915,
did not prove out, and the enemy quickly and easily occupied a major
part of the southern counties.
Serbia was facing several security challenges in the new regions. In
order to secure the Operational Army background in the First Balkan War and
536
I
Нови
крајеви Србије
(1912-1915)
to be able to guarantee personal and property safety and order, the first thing
to be done was to disarm the general population. The activity of seizing
weapons was being done to some extent simultaneously with the advancing of
the army in
1912,
and in the spring
1913
an extensive action was undertaken in
the counties north of
Sar
Mountain. The
1913
activity of disarming the general
population was being done according to an already prescribed, publicly
announced and strictly followed procedure. On the most part, it went down
without any resistance or incidents, but without yielding the expected results, as
the people hid the weapons very well. The activity was repeated in the south¬
western areas in the autumn
1913,
after a raid carried out by squads from Albania.
Although the results of the seizure were not fully satisfactory, such actions were
justified and useful. The seized weapons and the decisiveness of the authorities
certainly helped, and from autumn
1913
to autumn
1915,
in the new regions,
there were no significant movements against the state, although at that time
Serbia was going through some critical periods of the First World War.
In close connection with the seizure of weapons, there was a problem
of Albanian outlaws and their groups operating north of
Sar
Mountain. It was
not a new thing as there had also been such groups in the area in the Turkish
times. But there were not many of them in
1913
and in the first half of
1914
their number and the number of skirmishes decreased. Only in the autumn
1915,
when it became clear that the Serbian enemies were winning, the number
of outlaws increased. Although they were hindering and disturbing the efforts
to establish order in the new regions, they could not prevent the process,
particularly when the Balkan wars operation ceased.
Raids of squads coming from Albania and the paramilitary companies
from Bulgaria posed a serious threat to the public safety in the new regions. The
greatest raid wave from Albania occurred in September
1913,
just before the
International Boundary Commission started to operate. The raiders took over
Debar,
Struga
and
Ohrid
and Prizren was under threat. In order to curb the
Albanian raiding squads, which were being joined by the Albanian Muslim
population of the Debar and Prizren counties, Serbia started with a limited
mobilisation. In early October, in a massive counterattack, the army managed
to push back the raiders from the Serbian soil and to move the fights into
Albania. However, the army soon retreated behind the boundary line set at the
London Ambassadors Conference in
1913,
under a pressure of an Austro-
Hungarian ultimatum. The south-western Serbian counties, where the battles
were fought, suffered considerable damage. In order to prevent any similar
incidents in the future, the Serbian government endeavoured and for the most
part was successful in maintaining friendly relations with the Albanian
chieftains in the areas along the border. It was a significant element in the
Summary |
537
policy of keeping the public safety in the new regions. However, a new raid into
the Prizen county, although of lesser proportions, occurred in the spring
1914,
at the time when the International Boundary Commission was to resume its
activities that had been stopped in late
1913
because of the winter. When the
First World War broke out, the circumstances changed. Austria-Hungary
provided its political and financial support to certain Albanian leaders so that
they could organise raids into Serbia, trying to instigate an uprising of the
Albanian population in the country, to destabilise the background of the
Operational Army, thus weakening its defensive power at the main, northern
front. But in
1914
the plans did not yield the expected results due to Austro-
Hungarian defeats and a fact that the Albanian clans along the border did not
want to participate or to let anyone else use their clan territory as a springboard
for the raids. However, seeking a somewhat better deal, the Serbian
government gave support to one of the Albanian chieftains, Essad Pasha
Toptani, aiding him to take over the power in his country in the autumn
1914.
It soon turned out that the solution was not fully satisfactory, as Essad Pasha
failed to defeat his enemies within the country. The only one raid coming from
Albania in the First World War occurred in the early
1915
near Prizren. It was
a weak one and the attackers were immediately defeated and pushed back.
However, a latent danger of further attacks and a potential opening of a side
front at the Albanian border made the Serbian government decide for a pre¬
emptive action. In agreement with Essad Pasha, in the spring of
1915,
the
Serbian army occupied parts of Albania, thus firmly securing the state territory
against any potential danger coming from the Albanian side.
Dissatisfied with results of the Second Balkan War, Bulgaria feared
that the population in the Serbian southern districts, which it considered as
Bulgarian, would gradually adopt the Serbian national identity, which would
infinitely dash any grounds for the Bulgarian territorial pretensions. So the
main task of the Bulgarian paramilitary troops, pertaining to the IMRO, was to
sabotage, in the widest sense of the word, the Serbian authorities activities, so
as to keep the faith among the population that Bulgaria had not forgotten them,
and by causing trouble, to keep the so called Macedonian Issue continuously
open before the Great Powers and the European public. The final goal of the
activities was a revision of the Treaty of Bucharest, i.e. Bulgaria gaining
territories. And although there had been some minor actions in the late
1913,
Bulgaria had some real chances only after the First World War broke out.
Although formally neutral, Bulgarian government made an agreement with
Austria-Hungary on engaging in diversions in Serbia, with a goal to destroy the
Salonika
—
Belgrade railway. In the second half of
1914,
the Bulgarian
paramilitaries mined the railway several times, but the damage was minimal.
538
I
Нови
крајеви Србије
(1912-1915)
The biggest action was undertaken in early April
1915.
A massive attack was
made on
Vaiando
vo
and the Strumica railway station, aiming at bringing down
the railway bridge. The operation was supposed to be a diversion at the
background of the recently formed Gallipoli front, but owing to a devoted
commitment and many casualties of much weaker Serbian forces, the action
failed. The Bulgarian paramilitary raids then started again only in June
1915.
Their frequency later on clearly showed that Bulgaria was in preparations to
enter the war on the side of the Central Forces. But as before, they stayed
limited to the
Vardar
River left bank. The Serbian Supreme Command and the
government were persistently sending requests to the Entente Powers to be
given a permission to start a pre-emptive war against Bulgaria, which would
secure Serbia from the east just before the joined German and Austrian-
Hungarian offensive in
1915,
but to no avail.
It was the Muslim population that was mostly emigrating from Serbia
and there were two categories of emigrants. The first one was those who
emigrated during the military operations in
1912
and in the autumn
1913,
at the
time of raids coming from Albania. The Albanian chieftains and their men,
who fought in the War of
1912
as part of the Turkish paramilitary units,
retreated to Albania before the advancing Serbian army. The most important
chieftains and some of the men stayed there, later on participating in an
orchestrated raid on Serbia. When in
1913
the raiders were retreating from the
Prizren and Debar counties, the local population fled with them as they had
joined them in the raid, but also those who did not participate, fearing the
Serbian army. In October
1914,
the Serbian government allowed those who
did not participate in the attack to return. According to an International Control
Commission estimate, there were about
10,000
refugees from Serbia to Albania
in early
1914.
During the wars, Serbia did not put pressure on the Muslim
population to emigrate. One of the best proofs was a dominant Muslim majority
in the
Pristina
and Prizren counties, as was shown by the census results in the
spring
1913.
The other group of emigrants was mostly the Turks from the towns
and the Muslim colonists from Bosnia and Herzegovina, settled by the Turks
after
1878
and
1908.
They were not emigrating during the military operations
but when they ceased. Reasons for such emigration were most of all personal
ones: they did not wish to live in a Christian country. For them, the civil
equality with the Christians, established and observed in Serbia, was a sort of
degradation, since in Turkey, the Muslim were the privileged ones. In that
regard, the Serbian government policy was clear: neither the Turks were
encouraged to emigrate nor they were prevented from doing so. There are no
precise Serbian statistics on the number of emigrated Muslims, but the numbers
certainly reached tens of thousands.
Summary
¡
539
A relatively vast and sparsely populated territory of the new regions
made it possible for Serbia to conduct an extensive colonisation. The activities
started in the spring of
1914
by adopting the appropriate bylaws. The planned
colonisation was supposed to be primarily internal
—
priority was given to the
Serbian citizens from both the old and new regions. Each colonising family
was supposed to get a plot of land of at least five hectares. The colonisation
comprised only the land owned by the state. In this way, people who did not
own the land or owned very small parcels, were able to get it. For the
population of the new regions, the plan could partially solve an issue of
agrarian relations; on the other hand, it was supposed to resolve the
overpopulation issue in the pre-war parts of the country. In
1897
in Serbia,
there were
34,952
rural households not owning any land and another
67,669
households with minimal land properties of up to
2
Vz hectares. Since small
and underdeveloped Serbian towns could not absorb such a great number of
people, it is not surprising that from
1890
mechanical population increase was
showing negative figures. Of course, besides the economic, there was also a
national reason for the colonisation, as it was the way to increase the Serbian
population in the regions. Interest for colonisation was really great. People
from Serbia applied, but also the Serbs from Austria-Hungary and the
emigrants from the USA. Applications from the non-Serbian citizens were
denied as a rule. But as the First World War broke out, colonisation was never
conducted. The demographic catastrophe that Serbia suffered in the Great War
rendered the colonisation plans of
1914
totally senseless.
The agrarian issue was a key one in the new regions. The country had
to find a way for the peasants who did not possess land, the serfs who just did
the land that was in hands of the landowners (agas and beys) who collected a
portion of the yield in kind, to somehow become owners of the land they
worked on. The agrarian issue had several aspects: social, economic, religious
and national
—
a status of a peasant who owned the land was certainly much
better than the status of a peasant who did not have any land; the serfs were not
interested in improving the economy as they were not the landowners; agas
and beys were mostly the Muslims, the serfs were the Christians; Serbia could
have expected to win over the serfs, who by
1912
considered themselves as
Bulgarians, thus facilitating their assimilation if the agrarian issue was
resolved. The
Ohrid
county chief was quite right when he said that the day the
serfs became landowners would be the day of their true liberation from the
Turkish rule. Serbia did not undertake any radical measures in resolving the
agrarian issue. The authorities prevented the serfs from looting the estates
belonging to agas and beys, but they did not force them to perform any duties
towards them. In cases, which actually occurred quite often, when the peasants
540
I
Нови
крајеви Србије
(1912-1915)
refused to share a part of the harvest with the agas and beys, the authorities
referred both sides to resolving their dispute in regular courts, which was
neither a simple nor a quick way to do so. In this way, the actual position of the
peasants improved. The publicly declared position of the Serbian government
was to resolve the agrarian issue in favour of the peasants, in the way that they
would, with a help of the state, buy out the land they were cultivating. The first
step was to inventory the total of the real property, along with taking the proper
agricultural land measures, so that they would have exact records of the extant
situation and the structure of the estates. The land records commissions started
to be formed in the first half of
1914.
But as the First World War broke out, the
agrarian issue was postponed until after the war.
The existing road infrastructure in the new regions was a modest one.
There were
1,487
km of earth roads, out of which
245
km in the districts north of
Sar
Mountain. Furthermore, those were mostly in a west-east direction, as Turkey,
and north-south, as Serbia. The traffic was running in caravans, on horses and
donkeys, oxcarts and carriages. Some new roads of strategic importance were built
by the common people engaged in forced labour and the Serbian army engineering
units at the time of the Balkan Wars, and in
1914
the Military Headquarters devised
an engineering plan and schedule for a road network construction. For strategic
reasons, priority was given to the area on the right
Vardar
River bank and to the
north of
Sar
Mountain. Some of the works started before the First World War and
were continued even after it had broken out, but in general, very little was realised
of what had been planned. The main railroad in the new regions was a single-track
Mitrovica-Salonika railway, in Serbia running from Mitrovica to Gevgelija along
286
km. There were another two railroads: Ristovac (an old Serbian-Turkish
border)-Skopje (93km) and a very short stretch from Bitolj to the Greek border, and
on to Salonika. The Mitrovica-Salonika railroad, with its Ristovac-Skopje section,
was owned by a private company, the East Railroad Engineers Company. The
Serbian government started negotiations with the Company about buying them
out, but everything was stopped at the beginning of the
1914
war. Throughout the
1912-1915
period, the railroad was managed by the state. And like in the case of
the road network, the Military Headquarters devised an engineering plan and
schedule of building new ones. A stretch from Skopje to Bitolj on the
Vardar
River
right bank was a priority. By the beginning of the First World War, the preparation
works for building several short stretches were completed, and in December
1914,
a Bill was drafted on building new railroads based upon some sections of the
Military Headquarters plan. By the
1915
occupation, the Bill was never put through
or any work on its realisation.
Agriculture was the principal occupation of the majority of the new
regions population. Due to a sparse population and the circumstances in
Summary |
541
Turkey, the percentage of the cultivated land in the Kosovo, Bitolj and Salonika
vilayets in
1910
was just
8%,
while in
1904
in Serbia it was
29%
of the total
land area. In economic terms, the greatest value of the new regions lied in the
unused land resources. The mostly cultivated crops were wheat, corn, barley,
rye and oats. The farming tools were rather primitive (a mould-board plough,
a wooden plough, a sickle and a hoe), but still well suited to the local needs and
conditions. The grain yield per hectare was greater than in the old parts of the
country. Generally, grape cultivation, vegetable crops and fruit growing did
not have a great share in the farming, but the cultivation of industrial plants did.
Tobacco was being grown all over the new regions, as well as poppy in the
Vardar
River valley. Both species of plants, poppy in particular, were earning
high incomes for the farmers. In southern areas, around Gevgelija and Dojran,
silkworm was grown. As the agrarian issue and the roads infrastructure were
of the utmost importance for a general betterment of agriculture, it was clear
that Serbia could not do much in that aspect in a short interwar period of
1913-
1914.
However, each county had a clerk appointed for economic affairs,
provided with the funds for handing out the grain seeds and fruit tree saplings
to the population, and for subsidising the purchase of farming tools and for
establishing the farmers co-ops. Also, a metric system was introduced in the
new regions, thereby unifying the hitherto variety of measures. It was quite
significant when the state decided to build a tobacco factory in
Veles,
which
would have been just the second one in the country had there not been for the
First World War.
The most numerous and important livestock breeding species in the
new regions were sheep, goats and cattle. Large animals (horses, donkeys,
cattle) stockbreeding was underdeveloped, but still quite well suited to the
climatic conditions, manner of breeding and the population needs. Sheep, as a
primary source of meat and dairy, did not feature any particular characteristic
(meat, fine fleece, milk), but they served the purpose. Pig farming was
practically
non-
existent because of the religious dietary rules in Turkey. Like
in the case of agriculture, the state could not do much about the farming and
livestock breeding. The
1914
state budget allocated the funds for the breeding
of animals and for establishing the breeding stations, while the population was
handed out free clover for fodder. Also, each county had an established state
veterinary service.
The crafts in the new regions were just servicing the local population
and nothing more, while industry was practically non-existent. With a poor
road infrastructure and a general Turkish duty of
11%
on the imported goods,
industry could not be developed. And even after the Serbian rule had been
established, not much changed in that respect. The banking sector, however,
542
I
Нови
крајеви Србије
(1912-1915)
was somewhat more optimistic. In
1913
and in the first half of
1914,
there were
nine banks established in the new regions towns, in a form of holding companies
of modest capital assets, up to
halfa
million dinars. The majority of the founders
were the domestic merchants. Serbia took over the branch offices of a former
Turkish state owned Ziraat Bank, a quite important one for its engagement in
agriculture, and in
1915
established the Serbian Agricultural Bank.
Trade in those regions was based more on import than on export. The
mostly imported goods were textiles, flour and metal ware, while tobacco,
opium and poppy seeds, grapes, silkworm cocoons and leather were exported.
The trade operated mostly via Salonika, with their merchants as middlemen. By
the Balkan Wars, the traffic between Serbia and the new regions was rather
slow, but the shift of the commercial activities routes from Salonika to Belgrade
was already visible in
1913.
In order to establish connections between the
merchants from the old and new parts of the country, Serbia arranged trade
delegation visits from various towns in the new regions to the capital. In
Belgrade they were received by the representative of the Ministry of National
Economy, Chamber of Commerce and the private trade companies. In early
1914,
the state lowered the railway transport fares in order to boost the
commercial traffic. New boundaries had a negative effect on the commercial
situation of Bitolj, Gevgelija, Prizren and
Ohrid,
whose commercial
background actually belonged to the neighbouring countries.
By
9
September
1913,
Serbia was implementing the Turkish tariff
rates, and from that date the state started implementing its own. A network of
new permanent customs offices was established when the boundaries with the
neighbouring countries were finalised. Unlike Turkey, Serbia collected duty
on a type and amount of the imported goods and it was in accordance with the
existing interstate trade agreements. A minimal rate was implemented towards
Greece, which was important because of the import from Salonika. However,
the tariff rates certainly caused a rise in prices of some goods, but we cannot
say to what extent exactly.
The Serbian tax act could not be implemented in the new regions, as
the property characteristics subject to taxation (e.g. the exact area, quality and
ownership structure of land) were unknown. So, in
1914,
a special decree was
introduced of tax repartition, according to a number of the population and an
estimate of the financial means. The total of the projected budget revenue from
a direct state tax in the new regions was almost the same as in the Turkish
times, but the distribution was more just. A peasant had half as much
obligations, but the town residents, where the greatest landowners lived (agas
and beys) already, had more tax to pay. Besides the direct state tax, the local
ones were introduced: the municipal, district and county, the same as in the
Summary 1
543
old parts. There were indirect levies, like a luxury goods tax and a monopoly
tax, among other things, on salt.
Due to an increase in demand during the Balkan Wars, disruptions in
the railway traffic, commercial speculations, Serbian customs duties and indirect
taxes, there was a rise in prices in the new regions. Statistics on the prices
oscillations are not preserved, so the available information is insufficiently
systematic or precise. The rise in prices affected mostly the civil servants and
the urban population who did not have any share in farming. On the other hand,
the peasants, i.e. the majority of the population, benefited from the rise in prices
of agricultural produce, particularly the self-sufficient households producing
surplus of goods for the market. The only thing that affected them was the price
rise of salt. In order to pay an average of
90
dinars of the annual direct state tax
in the autumn
1914,
a farmer had to sell half a ton of wheat to the army, which
was a little more than a third of a gross yield from one hectare.
In the new regions, Serbia saw an extensive network of
954
primary
schools. Most of them were the Turkish state schools
(334),
Bulgarian ones
(290)
and the Serbian ones
(250),
while there were much fewer of Greek,
Rumanian and other schools. The national primary schools curricula were
above all of national-propaganda character and only then of educational one.
The number of schools in the new regions was greater in relation to the number
of population than in the old parts. There were
74
secondary schools (grammar
schools, schools for teachers and religious seminaries). Most of them were the
Bulgarian secondary schools, while only six Serbian ones. And here as well the
main task was the national propaganda. During the Balkans wars the schools
in the new regions were closed. They started again in the autumn
1913,
but the
1913-1914
school year was more of a part-time nature. The Rumanian and
Catholic primary schools retained their autonomy, while all the others were
declared the Serbian state schools. However, their number decreased: in March
1914,
only
302
primary schools were open. The former Turkish and Bulgarian
teachers who wished to continue their work, were accepted in the state service.
In early
1914,
a preparatory course was arranged in Belgrade for the Bulgarian
teachers so that they could learn Serbian literary language and other specific
subjects. In general, they were not employed in the districts south of
Sar
Mountain. The former Turkish teachers and also the local imams taught the
Muslim children religion and Turkish language. In October and November
1913, 380
teachers from the old parts were sent to the new ones. There was
neither a uniform teaching curriculum nor it could have been devised in the
1913-1914
school year due to a population diversity the state encountered
there. The focus was primarily on teaching Serbian language, then
mathematics, geography and history. And while the primary school first graders
544
I
Нови
крајеви Србије
(1912-1915)
easily learnt the literary language, the older ones, particularly those in the
secondary schools, who had previously had lessons in Bulgarian, found it rather
hard. The Muslim children were not obliged to attend the state schools, but the
education authorities endeavoured in drawing them to schools, as many as
possible. The number of lessons and the timetable, particularly in religion and
Turkish language, were adjusted to the parents wishes. The main goal of the
education authorities was to please the Muslims, while their children would
start learning Serbian language and be brought up in the spirit of loyalty to
their new homeland. Serbia could not retain the original number of secondary
schools and there was no need to do so. In the autumn
1913,
there were
19
operating secondary schools, mostly the grammar schools. Their curriculum
was the same as in the old parts. The state fund for grants and scholarships for
the new regions was quite substantial, and getting a scholarship was easier than
in the old parts. In the
1913-1914
school year, there were excursions organised
for students in the secondary school of nationally-
integrative
significance.
In spite of the war and a host of other everyday problems, the work in
the cultural and scientific field in the new regions was not neglected. Skoplje
had the central role in the activities. The National Theatre was opened, a
scientific Society for the New Regions Studies was established and the
National Museum was planned. The first steps in protecting the cultural and
historic monuments were undertaken and the Serbian Royal Academy was
planning to conduct extensive field investigations in the new regions,
comprising several different disciplines. Apart from the National Theatre, little
of what had been planned was realised as the First World War broke out.
Setting up the position of the Orthodox Church in the new regions was
not only a religious issue of utmost importance, but also a significant state and
national one. By the Balkan Wars, there was a parallel existence of the
Ecumenical Patriarchate eparchies, whose bishops were Serbs and Greeks, and
the Bulgarian Exarchate. In the summer
1913
the Bulgarian Exarchate was
abolished, and the priests of the rival church were taken under the wing of the
Serbian church. During the First World War, in certain regions, such a high
level of tolerance turned out to be counterproductive. The Greek and the
Kucovlach local priests were kept in their positions. The church and monastery
property was inventoried and listed as protected, and the proper church
administration was introduced. Material position of the clergy somewhat
improved. But the most important thing, the canonical unification of the
Ecumenical Patriarchate eparchies with the Serbian Church and the renewal
of the Serbian Patriarchate, although started in the first half of
1914,
remained
an unfinished business because of the First World War, to be completed only
in
1919-1920.
Summary j
545
Finding a solution for the Muslim community, which was quite
numerous in the new regions, was something totally new for Serbia and an
issue it had not encountered before. It was a significant question, above all
because the state endeavoured to conduct a gradual integration of the Muslims.
In Serbia, in both the old and the new part, the freedom of faith was guaranteed
by the Constitution, while proselytism was forbidden. Through professional
advice and help from certain Muslim officials, under the Ministry of Education,
in
1913
a Waquf Board was formed with a task to take care of the waquf
property which was in the meantime inventoried in detail. The district and
county mufti titles were established and they received a monthly income from
the state. Duty of the Kingdom of Serbia s Chief Mufti was performed by the
Nis
mufti. Based on a peace treaty between Serbia and Turkey, in
1914
Muslim
religious municipalities were established taking upon themselves the duties
about the waquf property and the autonomous Muslim schools. In early
1915,
the activities started on reopening the secondary Muslim religious schools,
madrasa,
but they were discontinued because of the war.
The number of Roman Catholics in the new regions was rather small
in comparison to the Orthodox and the Muslims, while the position of the
Catholic Church, in political terms, was rather a sensitive one for Serbia, as it
enjoyed the protection from Austria-Hungary. From the very start, the Serbian
authorities showed high tolerance towards the Catholics, even when it was
more than obvious that some of the clergy were acting against the interests of
the state. Nevertheless, the Austrian-Hungarian press propaganda presented
Serbia as an intolerant country, taking advantage of the proselytic acts of the
Montenegrin authorities. In order to avoid interventions of a neighbouring
power into internal affairs, under a pretext of protecting the Catholics, Serbia
started negotiations on a concordat with the Vatican. The agreement was made
in June
1914,
although the Holy See never ratified it because of the war.
For the new regions to be completely integrated in the state and the
social organism of the Serbian Kingdom there had to be enough time; the Prime
Minister, Nikola Pasic, thought it could take twenty five to thirty peaceful
years. But the historical circumstances allowed only three years. The process
that had just started was nipped in the bud by the First World War, whose
outcome turned it in a completely different direction. In
1918
the Kingdom of
Serbia ceased to exist, so the regions liberated in the Balkan Wars were actually,
under new circumstances, integrated in the new state, the Kingdom of Serbs,
Croats and Slovenes.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Jagodić, Miloš 1975- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1056901411 |
| author_facet | Jagodić, Miloš 1975- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Jagodić, Miloš 1975- |
| author_variant | m j mj |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042041799 |
| classification_rvk | NP 4410 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)890277300 (DE-599)BVBBV042041799 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| edition | 1. izd. |
| era | Geschichte 1912-1915 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1912-1915 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Serbien |
| id | DE-604.BV042041799 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:11:12Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788688803175 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027483034 |
| oclc_num | 890277300 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 601 S. Ill., Kt. |
| psigel | BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Filozofski Fak., Univ. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Jagodić, Miloš 1975- Verfasser (DE-588)1056901411 aut Novi krajevi Srbije (1912 - 1915) Miloš Jagodić 1. izd. Beograd Filozofski Fak., Univ. 2013 601 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sparche Geschichte 1912-1915 gnd rswk-swf Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd rswk-swf Staatsgebiet (DE-588)4182646-2 gnd rswk-swf Balkankriege 1912-1913 (DE-588)4359504-2 gnd rswk-swf Verwaltung (DE-588)4063317-2 gnd rswk-swf Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 gnd rswk-swf Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 g Balkankriege 1912-1913 (DE-588)4359504-2 s Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 s Staatsgebiet (DE-588)4182646-2 s Verwaltung (DE-588)4063317-2 s Geschichte 1912-1915 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027483034&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027483034&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Jagodić, Miloš 1975- Novi krajevi Srbije (1912 - 1915) Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd Staatsgebiet (DE-588)4182646-2 gnd Balkankriege 1912-1913 (DE-588)4359504-2 gnd Verwaltung (DE-588)4063317-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4079163-4 (DE-588)4182646-2 (DE-588)4359504-2 (DE-588)4063317-2 (DE-588)4054598-2 |
| title | Novi krajevi Srbije (1912 - 1915) |
| title_auth | Novi krajevi Srbije (1912 - 1915) |
| title_exact_search | Novi krajevi Srbije (1912 - 1915) |
| title_full | Novi krajevi Srbije (1912 - 1915) Miloš Jagodić |
| title_fullStr | Novi krajevi Srbije (1912 - 1915) Miloš Jagodić |
| title_full_unstemmed | Novi krajevi Srbije (1912 - 1915) Miloš Jagodić |
| title_short | Novi krajevi Srbije |
| title_sort | novi krajevi srbije 1912 1915 |
| title_sub | (1912 - 1915) |
| topic | Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd Staatsgebiet (DE-588)4182646-2 gnd Balkankriege 1912-1913 (DE-588)4359504-2 gnd Verwaltung (DE-588)4063317-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Erster Weltkrieg Staatsgebiet Balkankriege 1912-1913 Verwaltung Serbien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027483034&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027483034&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jagodicmilos novikrajevisrbije19121915 |