Research methods: concepts and connections
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
New York
Worth Publ.
2014
|
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | getr. Zählung |
ISBN: | 0716776812 9780716776819 |
Internformat
MARC
LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
---|---|---|---|
001 | BV042036394 | ||
003 | DE-604 | ||
005 | 20141030 | ||
007 | t | ||
008 | 140821s2014 |||| 00||| eng d | ||
020 | |a 0716776812 |9 0-7167-7681-2 | ||
020 | |a 9780716776819 |9 978-0-7167-7681-9 | ||
035 | |a (OCoLC)885441161 | ||
035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV042036394 | ||
040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakwb | ||
041 | 0 | |a eng | |
049 | |a DE-739 | ||
084 | |a QC 010 |0 (DE-625)141236: |2 rvk | ||
100 | 1 | |a Passer, Michael W. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
245 | 1 | 0 | |a Research methods |b concepts and connections |c by Michael W. Passer |
264 | 1 | |a New York |b Worth Publ. |c 2014 | |
300 | |a getr. Zählung | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027477756&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027477756 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804152460429754368 |
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adam_text | Contents
Preface
Part I Foundations
Chapter
1
Science and Psychology
ι
HOW DO WE KNOW?
2
The Three-Door Problem
2
Tenacity: Knowing by Force of Habit
4
Authority: Knowledge Gained From Others
4
Reason: Relying on Logic and Rationality
6
Empiricism: Knowledge Based on Experience
7
Science: Relying on Systematic Empiricism
8
Concept Check
1.1
How Do We Know?
9
GOALS OF SCIENCE
9
Description
10
Explanation
10
Prediction
12
Control
13
Concept Check
1.2
Goals of Science
14
CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENCE
14
Science Involves Assumptions
14
Science Is Empirical and Systematic
15
Science Focuses on Testable Questions
15
Science Strives for Accuracy and Objectivity
1 7
Science Requires Clear Definitions and Operationism
1 7
Science Involves Public Reporting
18
Scientific Knowledge is Tentative, Not Absolute
19
Scientific Is Self-Correcting
19
Science Has Limitations
20
Concept Check
1.3
Characteristics of Science
20
BASIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH
20
Concept Check
1.4
Basic and Applied Research
22
BENEFITS OF LEARNING ABOUT RESEARCH METHODS
22
Concept Check
1.5
Benefits of Learning About Research Methods
SKEPTICISM, SCIENCE, AND EVERYDAY
UFE
25
What Is Skepticism?
25
Evaluating Claims
26
Concept Check
1.6
Skepticism, Science, and Everyday Life
27
CHAPTER SUMMARY
27
Chapter
2
Conducting Psychological Research
31
THE INITIAL OBSERVATIONS AND QUESTIONS
33
Personal Experience and Daily Events
33
Prior Research and Theory
34
25
x
Contents
Real-World Problems
35
Serendipity
35
Concept Check
2.1
The Initial Observations and Questions
35
GATHERING BACKGROUND INFORMATION
36
Searching Scientific Databases
36
Obtaining Articles
39
Reading Research Articles
40
Reading Review Articles
41
Concept Check
2.2
Gathering Background Information
42
FORMING A HYPOTHESIS
42
Forming Hypotheses Inductively
42
Forming Hypotheses Deductively
43
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
43
Concept Check
2.3
Forming a Hypothesis
44
DESIGNING AND CONDUCTING A STUDY
45
Approaches to Conducting Research
45
Planning and Performing the Study
50
The Role of Sampling
51
Concept Check
2.4
Designing and Conducting a Study
52
ANALYZING DATA AND DRAWING CONCLUSIONS
52
Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis
52
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
54
Drawing Conclusions
57
Concept Check
2.5
Analyzing Data and Drawing Conclusions
58
REPORTING THE FINDINGS
58
Concept Check
2.6
Reporting the Findings
59
BUILDING KNOWLEDGE AND THEORIES
59
Characteristics of a Good Theory
60
Proof and Disproof
62
Concept Check
2.7
Building Knowledge and Theories
63
CHAPTER SUMMARY
64
Chapter
з
Conducting Ethical Research
67
THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH ETHICS
68
Concept Check
3.1
The Importance of Research Ethics
69
CODES OF RESEARCH ETHICS
69
The Nuremberg Code
70
The Belmont Report and Federal Regulations
71
The American Psychological Association Ethics Code
72
Adhering to Ethics Codes: Ambiguities and Dilemmas
74
Concept Check
3.2
Codes of Research Ethics
75
ETHICAL STANDARDS IN HUMAN SUBJECTS RESEARCH
75
Institutional Review: The IRB
76
Assessing Risks and Benefits
76
Informed Consent
81
Deception
85
Debriefing
88
Concept Check
3.3
Ethical Standards in Human Subjects Research
89
ETHICAL ISSUES IN NONHUMAN ANIMAL RESEARCH
89
Animal Research in Psychology
89
Contents xi
Why Study Animals?
90
Ethical Perspectives and Attitudes
91
Animal Research and Animal Rights Activism
92
Does Animal Research Yield Benefits?
93
Humane Care and Use
94
Concept Check
3.4
Ethical Issues in Nonhuman Animal Research
95
SCIENTIFIC INTEGRITY
96
Avoiding False or Deceptive Statements
97
Reporting Research Results Ethically
97
Plagiarism
99
Concept Check
3.5
Scientific Integrity
100
CHAPTER SUMMARY
101
Chapter
4
Defining and Measuring Variables
105
TYPES OF VARIABLES
107
Qualitative and Quantitative Variables
108
Discrete and Continuous Variables
109
Independent and Dependent Variables
110
Constructs
112
Mediator and Moderator Variables
112
Concept Check
4.1
Types of Variables
114
DEFINING VARIABLES
115
Conceptual Definitions
115
Operational Definitions
116
Operational Definitions in Everyday Life
118
Concept Check
4Л
Defining Variables
119
SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
119
Nominal Scales
120
Ordinal Scales
121
Interval Scales
121
Ratio Scales
122
Concept Check
43
Scales of Measurement
123
MEASUREMENT ACCURACY,
RF.UABII
I7Y, AND VALIDITY
123
Accuracy of Measurement
124
Reliability of Measurement
124
Validity of Measurement
126
Some Final Thoughts
128
Concept Check
4,4
Measurement Accuracy, Reliability, and
Validity
129
CHAPTER SUMMARY
129
Part II Descriptive Research
Chapter
5
Correlation and Correlational Research
133
CORRELATION: BASIC CONCEPTS
134
Correlational Research
135
Positive and Negative Correlation
136
Measuring Correlations
138
Scatter Plots
140
Concept Check
5.1
Correlation: Basic Concepts
141
xii Contents
CORRELATION DOES NOT ESTABLISH CAUSATION
141
The Bidirectionality Problem
142
The Third-Variable Problem
1 42
Can We Gain a Clearer Causal Picture?
145
Media Reports of Correlational Research
150
Concept Check
5.2
Correlation Does Not Establish Causation
151
CORRELATION AND PREDICTION
151
Using One Predictor
151
Using Two or More Predictors
152
Concept Check
5.3
Correlation and Prediction
153
BENEFITS OF CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
153
Prediction in Daily Life
154
Test Validation
155
Venturing Where Experiments Cannot Tread
155
Hypothesis and Model Testing
156
Convergence With Experiments
157
Concept Check
5.4
Benefits of Correlational Research
158
SPECIAL ISSUES
158
Nonlinear Relations
158
Range Restriction
160
Associations Involving Qualitative Variables
161
Concept Check
5,5
Special Issues
163
CHAPTER SUMMARY
163
Chapter
6
Case Studies and Observational Research
167
CASESTUDIES
169
Basic Characteristics
169
Why Conduct Case Studies?
170
Concerns About Case Studies
171
Concept Check
6.1
Case Studies
173
OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH
173
Basic Characteristics
1 74
Why Conduct Observational Research?
175
Types of Observational Research
1 76
Recording Observations
184
Sampling Behavior
188
Concerns About Observational Research
188
Concept Check
6.2
Observational Research
193
UNOBTRUSIVE MEASURES AND ARCHIVAL RECORDS
193
Concept Check
6.3
Unobtrusive Measures and Archival Records
195
CHAPTER SUMMARY
195
Chapter/ Survey Research
199
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SURVEYS
201
Populations and Samples
201
Why Conduct Surveys?
202
Limitations of Surveys
203
Concept Check
7.1
Basic Characteristics of Surveys
204
SELECTING THE SAMPLE
204
Probability Sampling
205
Nonprobability Sampling
206
Contents xiii
Margin of Sampling Error and Confidence Level
209
Why Not Aim for More Precise Estimates?
210
Concept Check
7.2
Selecting the Sample
211
CONSTRUCTING THE QUESTIONNAIRE
211
Steps in Developing a Questionnaire
211
Types of Questions
212
Wording the Questions: It s Harder Than You Think
215
Placing the Questions in Order
216
Concept Check
7.3
Constructing the Questionnaire
216
ADMINISTERING THE SURVEY
21 7
Face-to-Face Interviews
21 7
Telephone Interviews
218
Mail Surveys
220
Online Surveys
220
Response Rate and
Nonresponse
Bias
222
Concept Check
7.4
Administering the Survey
223
BEING A SMART SURVEY CONSUMER
223
Thinking Critically About Survey Results
223
Being Aware of Bogus Surveys
224
Concept Check
7.5
Being a Smart Survey Consumer
225
CHAPTER SUMMARY
225
Part III Experiments: Core Designs
Chapter
8
Single-Factor Experimental Designs
229
THE LOGIC OF EXPERIMENTATION
231
Exercising Control Over Variables
232
Causal Inference and Experimental Control
232
Concept Check
8.1
The Logic of Experimentation
234
MANIPULATING INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
235
Varying the Amount or Type of a Factor
235
Determining the Number of Conditions
236
Examining Nonlinear Effects
237
Experimental and Control Conditions
238
Concept Check
8,2
Manipulating Independent Variables
239
BETWEEN-SUBJECTS DESIGNS
239
Advantages of Between-Subjects Designs
239
Disadvantages of Between-Subjects Designs
241
Types of Between-Subjects Designs
241
Random Assignment Versus Random Sampling
245
Concept Check
8.3
Between-Subjects Designs
247
WITHIN-SUBjECTS DESIGNS
247
Advantages of Within-Subjects Designs
247
Disadvantages of Within-Subjects Designs
248
The Need for Counterbalancing
249
Types of Within-Subjects Designs
250
Concept Check
8.4
Within-Subjects Designs
257
EXAMINING THE RESULTS: GENERAL CONCEPTS
257
Concept Check
8.5
Examining the Results: General Concepts
258
CHAPTER SUMMARY
258
xiv Contents
Chapter
9
Factorial Designs
263
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FACTORIAL DESIGNS
264
Describing a Factorial Design
267
Advantages of Factorial Designs
269
Limitations of Factorial Designs
271
Concept Check
9.1
Basic Characteristics of Factorial Designs
272
DESIGNING A FACTORIAL EXPERIMENT
272
Examining Nonlinear Effects
272
Incorporating Subject Variables
273
Examining Changes in a Dependent Variable Over Time
275
Concept Check
9,2
Designing a Factorial Experiment
275
UNDERSTANDING MAIN EFFECTS AND INTERACTIONS
276
Possible Outcomes in a
2
χ
2
Design
276
Interactions and External Validity
283
Analyzing the Results: General Concepts
284
Concept Check
9.3
Understanding Main Effects and
Interactions
286
EXPERIMENTS WITH THREE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
286
Concept Check
9.4
Experiments with Three Independent
Variables
288
CHAPTER SUMMARY
288
Chapter
10
Experimentation and Validity
291
CRITICAL THINKING, INFERENCE, AND VALIDITY
293
Categories of Inference
293
Inference in Tryon s Selective Breeding Project
294
Concept Check
10.1
Critical Thinking, Inference, and Validity
295
TYPES OF VALIDITY
295
Construct Validity
295
Statistical Conclusion Validity
297
Internal Validity
298
External Validity
299
Concept Check
10,2
Types of Validity
301
BASIC THREATS TO INTERNAL VALIDITY
302
Seven Sources of Threat
302
How Experiments Address These Threats
305
Concept Check
10.3
Basic Threats to Internal Validity
307
OTHER ISSUES CONCERNING EXPERIMENTAL CONTROL
307
Demand Characteristics
307
Experimenter Expectancy Effects
310
Placebo Effects and Placebo Control Groups
312
Yoked Control Groups
314
Ceiling and Floor Effects
315
Pilot Studies, Manipulation Checks, and Debriefing
316
Concept Check
10.4
Other Issues Concerning Experimental
Control
316
STRATEGIES FOR REPLICATING RESEARCH
31 7
Direct Replication
317
Conceptual Replication
318
Contents xv
Replication and Extension
318
Factorial Designs and External Validity
320
Concept Check
10.5
Strategies for Replicating Research
320
CHAPTER SUMMARY
321
Part IV Experiments: Specialized Designs
Chapter
11
Quasi-Experimental Designs
325
WHAT IS A QUASI-EXPERIMENT?
326
Quasi-Experi
ments
and Experimental Control
327
Advantages and Disadvantages
327
Diagramming Quasi-Experimental Designs
329
Concept Concept
11.1
What Is a Quasi-Experiment?
329
DESIGNS WITHOUT A CONTROL CROUP
330
Basic Threats to Internal Validity
330
One-Group Posttest-Only Design
330
One-Group
Pretest-Posttest
Design
331
Simple Interrupted Time-Series Design
333
Concept Check
11.2
Designs Without a Control Group
335
DESIGNS WITH
A
NONEQUIVALENT
CONTROL GROUP
335
Basic Threats to Internal Validity
336
Posttest-Only Design With
a
Nonequivalent
Control Group
336
Pretest-Posttest
Design With
a
Nonequivalent
Control Group
338
Simple Interrupted Time-Series Design With
a
Nonequivalent
Control Group
340
Concept Check
11.3
Designs With
a
Nonequivalent
Control
Group
343
SWITCHING REPLICATION DESIGNS
343
Pretest-Posttest
Design With Switching Replication
343
Switching Replication With Treatment Removal
345
Concept Check
11.4
Switching Replication Designs
347
PROGRAM EVALUATION
347
Benefits and Constraints of Program Evaluation
347
Types of Program Evaluation
349
Program Diffusion
352
Concept Check
11.5
Program Evaluation
353
CHAPTER SUMMARY
353
Chapter
12
Single-Case Experimental Designs
359
A SINGLE-CASE APPROACH TO EXPERIMENTATION
361
Key Features
361
Advantages
362
Use in Basic and Applied Research
364
Concept Check
12,1
A Single-Case Approach to
Experimentation
367
TYPES OF SINGLE-CASE DESIGNS
367
ABAB (Withdrawal/Reversal) Designs
367
Multiple-Baseline Designs
372
Changing-Criterion Designs
379
Combined Designs
380
xvi Contents
Concept
Check 12.2
Types of Single-Case Designs
381
EXTENDING SINGLE-CASE DESIGNS TO SOCIAL UNITS
381
Buckle Up! A Withdrawal Design
382
Slow Down! A Multiple-Baseline Design
382
Concept Check
12.3
Extending Single-Case Designs to Social
Units
384
ISSUES CONCERNING SINGLE-CASE DESIGNS
384
Ethical Issues
384
Internal Validity
385
Data Analysis
386
Examining Interactions
387
External Validity
388
Concept Check
12.4
Issues Concerning Single-Case Designs
388
CHAPTER SUMMARY
389
Part V Analyzing and Communicating the Results
Statistics Modules
393
MODULE
Τ
DESCRIPTIVE AND INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
394
1
Л
Descriptive Statistics
394
1.2
Inferential Statistics
395
MODULE
2
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS
397
2.1
Types of Frequency Distributions
387
2.2
Graphs of Frequency Distributions
400
MODULE
3
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
402
3.1
The Mode, Mean, and Median
402
3.2
Advantages and Disadvantages
403
MODULE
4
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
404
4.1
The Range, Variance, and Standard Deviation
404
4.2
Calculating Measures of Dispersion
406
MODULES CORRELATION
407
5.1
Common Correlation Statistics
407
5.2
Calculating a Pearson Correlation Coefficient
408
5.3
Regression Analysis
409
MODULE
6
THE NORMAL CURVE
411
6.1
Basic Concepts
411
6.2
Importance of the Normal Curve
412
6.3
Skewed Distributions
413
MODULE
7
ζ
SCORES
413
7.1
Basic Concepts
41 3
7.2
Calculating a z Score
414
7.3
ζ
Scores and the Normal Curve
414
MODULE
8
SAMPLING ERROR
415
8.1
Sampling Variability and Sampling Error
415
8.2
Standard Error of the Mean
416
MODULE
9
INFERENTIAL ANALYSIS: NULL HYPOTHESIS TESTING AND
STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE
417
9.1
The Null Hypothesis
417
9.2
Probability Values and Statistical Significance
419
9.3
Type I and Type II Error
420
Contents xvii
MODULE
Ί
0
THE CHI-SQUARE TEST FOR GOODNESS OF FIT
422
10.1
Basic Concepts
422
10.2
Performing a Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test
423
MODULE
1
Ί
THE
СНІ
-SQUARE
TEST FOR INDEPENDENCE
423
11.1
Basic Concepts
423
11.2
Performing a Chi-Square Test for Independence
424
MODULE
12
THE
ŕ
TEST
425
12.1
Basic Concepts
425
12.2
Performing
a ŕ
Test
426
MODULE
13
EFFECT SIZE
427
13,1
Basic Concepts
427
1 3.2
Calculating Effect Size
428
MODULE
14
POWER AND POWER ANALYSIS
429
14.1
Basic Concepts
429
14.2
Calculating Power and Sample Size
431
MODULE
15
CONFIDENCE INTERVALS
432
15.1
Basic Concepts
432
15.2
Calculating Confidence Intervals
432
MODULE
16
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)
434
16.1
The Purpose of Analysis of Variance
434
16.2
Underlying Principles
434
16.3
Performing a One-Way ANOVA
436
Appendix A Communicating Research Results A-1
АРА
-STYLE RESEARCH ARTICLES AND REVIEW ARTICLES A-2
STEP
1.
PLANNING YOUR REPORT A-3
Locating Appropriate Source Material A-3
Reading Source Material A-4
Constructing an Outline and Taking Notes A-5
STEP
2.
WRITING A FIRST DRAFT A-5
General Information About
APA-
Style Formatting A-5
The Title Page A-
7
The Abstract A-
7
The Introduction A-8
Citations and Avoiding Plagiarism A-
9
Method Section of a Research Article A-1
0
Results Section of a Research Article A-1
1
Discussion Section of a Research Article A-1
1
The References A-
12
STEP
3.
EDITING AND MAKING CORRECTIONS A-1
3
Grammar and Punctuation Rules for All Writing A-1
3
Concluding Thoughts About Writing a Manuscript A-1
4
POSTER PRESENTATIONS A-1
5
Poster Content A-1
5
Poster Layout A-1
5
Discussing Your Poster A-1
7
KEY TERMS A-1
7
SAMPLE ARTICLE A-1
9
xviii Contents
Appendix
в
American Psychological Association Ethical Principles of
Psychologists and Code of Conduct B-1
GENERAL PRINCIPLES B-1
STANDARD
3:
HUMAN RELATIONS B-2
STANDARD
4:
PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY B-2
STANDARD
5:
ADVERTISING AND OTHER PUBLIC STATEMENTS B-3
STANDARD
8:
RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION B-3
Appendix
с
Statistical Tables C-1
Appendix
d
Answers to Concept Check and
Thinking Critically Questions D-1
Glossary G-1
References
R
-Ί
Credits for Tables, Figures, and Quotes CR-1
Name Index Nl-l
Subject Index SI-1
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Passer, Michael W. |
author_facet | Passer, Michael W. |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Passer, Michael W. |
author_variant | m w p mw mwp |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV042036394 |
classification_rvk | QC 010 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)885441161 (DE-599)BVBBV042036394 |
discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
format | Book |
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id | DE-604.BV042036394 |
illustrated | Not Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:11:04Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 0716776812 9780716776819 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027477756 |
oclc_num | 885441161 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-739 |
owner_facet | DE-739 |
physical | getr. Zählung |
publishDate | 2014 |
publishDateSearch | 2014 |
publishDateSort | 2014 |
publisher | Worth Publ. |
record_format | marc |
spelling | Passer, Michael W. Verfasser aut Research methods concepts and connections by Michael W. Passer New York Worth Publ. 2014 getr. Zählung txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027477756&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Passer, Michael W. Research methods concepts and connections |
title | Research methods concepts and connections |
title_auth | Research methods concepts and connections |
title_exact_search | Research methods concepts and connections |
title_full | Research methods concepts and connections by Michael W. Passer |
title_fullStr | Research methods concepts and connections by Michael W. Passer |
title_full_unstemmed | Research methods concepts and connections by Michael W. Passer |
title_short | Research methods |
title_sort | research methods concepts and connections |
title_sub | concepts and connections |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027477756&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT passermichaelw researchmethodsconceptsandconnections |