Drevnee i srednevekovoe zemledelie v Kislovodskoj kotlovine: itogi počvenno-archeologičeskich issledovanij
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Russian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Moskva
Taus
2013
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Prehistoric and medieval agriculture in the Kislovodsk basin |
| Beschreibung: | 271, 16 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 30 cm |
| ISBN: | 9785906045027 5906045023 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Borisov, Aleksandr V. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Drevnee i srednevekovoe zemledelie v Kislovodskoj kotlovine |b itogi počvenno-archeologičeskich issledovanij |c A. V. Borisov ; D. S. Korobov |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Prehistoric and medieval agriculture in the Kislovodsk basin |
| 264 | 1 | |a Moskva |b Taus |c 2013 | |
| 300 | |a 271, 16 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |c 30 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 500 | |a In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Prehistoric and medieval agriculture in the Kislovodsk basin | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1000 v. Chr.-1700 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Agriculture (General) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Archaeology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Soils. Soil science | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Archäologie | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Korobov, Dmitrij S. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027472372&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Древнєє
и средневековое земледелие в Кисловодской котловине
·
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Содержание
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
ГЛАВА
1.
Описание физико-географических и климатических
условий в Кисловодской котловине
...................................................................................................................11
ГЛАВА
2.
Население Кисловодской котловины в древности
и Средневековье по данным археологии
.......................................................................................................19
ГЛАВА
3.
Очерк истории изучения земледелия в отечественной
и зарубежной литературе
..............................................................................................................................................33
ГЛАВА
4.
Методы почвенно-археологического исследования
следов земледелия в Кисловодской котловине
........................................................................................51
ГЛАВА
5.
Результаты почвенно-археологических исследований
следов земледелия в Кисловодской котловине
.......................................................................................6 7
ГЛАВА
6.
Эволюция форм земледелия и динамика почвенно-ландшафтных
и климатических условий в Кисловодской котловине
.................................................................165
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
.....................................................................................................................................................................................226
КРАТКИЙ СЛОВАРЬ ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМЫХ ТЕРМИНОВ
234
ENGLISH SUMMARY.......................................................................................................................................................................
240
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
............................................................................................................................................................................................259
Древнєє
и средневековое земледелие в Кисловодской котловине
·
ENGLISH SUMMARY
Α.
V.
Borisov,
D.S.
Korobov
PREHISTORIC AND MEDIEVAL AGRICULTURE
IN THE KISLOVODSK BASIN: SOME RESULTS OF
PEDOLOGICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES
English summary*
INTRODUCTION
When writing in
1969
about the achievements and potential of agricultural studies in Soviet ar¬
chaeology, Krasnov, one of the leading specialists in the area, noted that one of the promising
areas of study is investigation of traces of ancient fields, which can yield information on ancient
agriculture and its tools. He also regretted that fact that, due to objective reasons, on the terri¬
tory of the Soviet Union such traces would hardly be encountered outside Siberia and Central
Asia. He also expected that traces of ancient fields would be found in some of the Baltic regions
(Краснов,
1969.
С.
67).
Since the time of that publication, new data on ancient and medieval agriculture in the former
USSR has emerged. Studies of ancient land allotments are being conducted in the environs of
Classical settlements in the Crimea and the
Taman
peninsula
(Горлов, Лопанов,
1995;
Carter
et
al.
2000;
Паромов,
2000;
Гарбузов,
20036),
for which Remote Sensing data is used. Just as Kras¬
nov had assumed, traces of Early Iron Age ploughed plots have been found in the Baltic region,
and their analogies exist in Scandinavian archaeology (Lang,
1993—1994; 1994).
Active search
for ancient and medieval ploughed plots, the shape of which is not visible on the present-day
ground surface, is also being conducted in the forest zone of European Russia. Plowing horizons
have been discovered in the course of archaeological excavations and paleobotanical studies
(Александровский, Кренке,
1995;
Гунова и др.,
1996;
Алешинская и др.,
2008).
It is possible
that new information on the shape of land allotments shall be revealed, as it happened in the
forested territories of Central and Northern Europe, where medieval ploughlands have been pre¬
served intact. Much success has been achieved with
LIDAR
laser topographic scanning (Challis
et al.,
2008;
Crutchley, Crow,
2009.
P
33),
which is a promising direction of research for Russian
archaeology.
In the context of searching for agricultural landscapes which had escaped more recent an¬
thropogenic disturbance, the antiquities of the Kislovodsk basin have especial importance.
CHAPTER
1.
Geographical and climate conditions in the Kislovodsk
hasin
The microregion of investigation is part of the unique Caucasian Mineral Waters area. It includes
the modern town of Kislovodsk and its environs with the study area about
40
km in west-east
extent,
25
km north-south, and over
835
km2 in size. The Kislovodsk basin is bordered by the
Borgustan Ridge (up to
1200
m
a.s.1.) from the north and by the Dzhinal Ridge (up to
1500
m
a.s.l) from the east. These ridges are composed of the Late Cretaceous limestone and represent
the spurs of the Pastbishchnyi Ridge of the Great Caucasus. From the south and southeast, the
depression is bordered by
cuestas
of the Skalistyi Range: the Kabardinskii Ridge (up to I6OO
m
This text was partly translated from Russian by Tatyana Boricheva and prepared for publication (Korobov,
Borisov,
2013),
partly was published in
(Borisov
et al.,
2012).
~24Õ
_____________
Древнєє
и средневековое земледелие в Кисловодской котловине
·
ENGLISH SUMMARY____________
a.s.1) and the Bermamyt Plateau. This territory is composed of the Early Cretaceous sandstone. It
is strongly dissected by the valleys of the Alikonovka, Berezovaya, and
Oľkhovka
rivers (Fig.
1).
Mountains surrounding the Kislovodsk basin protect it from cold winds and ensure specific
climatic conditions. The climate is moderately continental with the mean annual temperature
of about +8°C. The number of sunny days is up to
300.
The mean annual precipitation reach¬
es
600
mm with the maximum amount in the spring and the beginning of summer. The aver¬
age air pressure in Kislovodsk is relatively low:
692
mmHg. The relative humidity of the air is
about
56-65%.
The winter season is moderately mild (the mean January temperature is -4°C)
and dry; the snow cover is unstable. The summer season (with daily temperatures above 10°C)
lasts for about five months; the mean July and August temperature is
19
С
Rainfalls are short
(Агроклиматические...,
1971).
The soil cover is composed of the thin and mediumdeep leached and typical soddy calcareous
(Rendzina) soils developed from the eluvium of limestone and by the shallow and mediumdeep
mountain chernozems developed from the colluvial derivatives of clays and sandstone of the
Lower Cretaceous period.
CHAPTER
2.
Archaeological evidence on the population of the Kislovodsk
basin in prehistoric and medieval time
The closed geography of the Kislovodsk basin, and the fact that it is relatively well-studied, al¬
lowed creating, for the first time in this country, an archaeological
GIS
for the microregion, which
currently includes data on over
900
archaeological sites, from the Aeneolithic to modern times.
At present the Kislovodsk basin is rightfully considered to be the best-studied microregion in the
North Caucasus from the point of view of archaeology
(Афанасьев и др.,
2004).
Preliminary analysis of the archaeological antiquities of the Kislovodsk basin, from the Ae¬
neolithic to modern times, has revealed several periods of very high population density and
several so far inexplicable periods of very low population figures, of which the most recent falls
on the
1
4th
— 1
8th cc. when the area was practically depopulated, until
1803
when the fortress of
Kislovodsk was founded
(Афанасьев и др.,
2004.
С.
69).
The above circumstance was especially
important for the preservation of archaeological monuments, which have survived in very good
condition due to the absence of anthropogenic impact. The settlement sites and ancient agricul¬
tural plots which are outside the areas of modern development have been preserved intact, and
hence it is possible to discover among them new structures, such as, for instance, the recently
discovered late Bronze Age settlements with symmetrical layout , which have been researched
by
Reinhold
and Belinsky
(Reinhold, Korobov.
2007.
P.
201-203;
Reinhold
et al.,
2007).
The chapter discusses evolution of archaeological cultures dated from the IVth Millenium
ВС
to
1803
and represented in several maps of the Kislovodsk basin (Fig.
4-11).
CHAPTER
3.
Selected history of investigation of agriculture
in Russian and European archaeology
Despite the long history of investigation of ancient agriculture the main attention in Russian
archaeology was concentrated on the study of agricultural tools and botanic remains, and
not on the prehistoric and Medieval allotments. European archaeology gives good examples
of such investigations since the beginning of 1920ties (Crawford,
1923; 1953;
Curwen,
1927;
1932; 1938; 1939;
van
Giffen,
1928;Joseph,
1945; Müller-Wille, 1965;
Brongers,
1976).
In our
Древнєє
и средневековое земледелие в Кисловодском, котловине
·
ENGLISH
SUMMARY
case the only exception is the study of numerous traces of terrace agriculture in the North¬
ern Caucasus, that have for decades attracted the attention of scientists.
Vavilov
(Вавилов,
1936.
С.
80)
was the first to draw attention to North Caucasian terrace agriculture, which
he compared to the highly-developed mountain agricultures of Asia and South America. In
later years, terrace agriculture was actively studied in Dagestan
(Котович В.Г.,
1965.
С.
11;
Агларов,
1986; 2007).
As for the Kislovodsk basin, traces of terrace agriculture have first been
found there in
1958
(Афанасьев и др.,
2004.
С.
67).
Investigations at agricultural terraces in
the Kislovodsk basin have been conducted since the
mid-1990s
and up to the present day
(Аржанцева и др.,
1998; 2004;
Arzhantseva
et aí.,
2001;
Turova
et al.
2003;
Скрипникова,
2004; 2007),
and include
aerial photography and
GIS
modeling
(Афанасьев и др.,
2002;
2004.
С.
69-77).
The above works gave rise to two main viewpoints concerning the time when terrace agricul¬
ture could have first appeared in the Kislovodsk basin. Some authors date its origins to the Early
Bronze Age on the basis of radiocarbon analysis of buried soils
(Скрипникова,
2004.
С.
181 -184;
2007.
С.
40),
whereas others date the emergence and functioning of the terraces to the early
Middle Ages, also on the basis of radiocarbon analysis of the soils
(Аржанцева и др.,
2004.
С.
8),
ceramic finds from buried soil (Arzhantseva
et al,
2001.
P.
120)
or the spatial association of the
terraces with fortifications which date to the time in question
(Афанасьев и др.,
2004.
С.
71 -85;
Коробов, 2004в).
CHAPTERS
Methods of pedological and archaeological studies of traces
of agriculture in the Kislovodsk basin
It should be noted that the above hypotheses on the time of emergence and existence of ter¬
race agricultural plots in the microregion have their vulnerable points. On the one hand, they
are based on field and desk observations which reveal that some of the terrace plots are asso¬
ciated with monuments from a certain period, and on the other hand on radiocarbon dating
of buried soils. Hence the authors decided to conduct a new interdisciplinary study of terrace
agriculture in the Kislovodsk basin, using
GIS
methods and archaeological soil studies in order
to identify the age of the phenomenon and the extent of its influence on the ecology and land¬
scapes in the region.
The investigations allowed identifying three main types of agrarian land plots which func¬
tioned in the Kislovodsk basin in different periods:
1)
single, double or triple large terraces with high banks from
1
to
10
m
and
différent
width
depending steepness of the slope, with the surface remain horizontal along the whole the length
of terraces reached by
300-400
m
(Fig.
12:1);
2)
cascades of long low-rise terraces on smoother slopes, which are plots
100
to
450
m long
and on average about 10 m wide. The height of the terrace walls is about
1.5
m
and does not
exceed
2
m. The plots curve following the relief of the terrain even the surface is not horizontal,
and some of them have a marked fluent S-shaped curve at the endings of the terraces (Fig.
12:2);
3)
sloping promontories with boundary walls that form allotments of rectangular form with
the area from
200-300
to
2 000-3 000
sq.
m
(Fig.
12:3).
The main issue in studies of ancient agriculture is to identify the time of emergence and ex¬
istence of different land plots. One of the ways to do that is through analyzing the spatial asso¬
ciation of the agricultural plots with the various settlement sites, for which
GIS
methods can be
used. We have conducted
GIS
mapping of the types of land plots described above, using aerial
photography. We have analyzed about
500
aerial photos from
1970-1975,
and also CORONA
space images (September
20, 1971,
mission
1115).
Древнєє
и средневековое земледелие в Кисловодском, котловине
·
ENGLISH
SUMMARY
Spatial positioning and Stereo Analysis of aerial photos allowed creating, for the first time, a
GIS
for the prehistoric and medieval terraced plots in the Kislovodsk basin (Fig.
13-17).
All the
traces of terraced works that were visible on the aerial photos were mapped and divided into
two types of terraces. The aerial photos revealed
131
plots of type
1
terraces (Fig.
18:
A) with an
overall area of over
635
ha, and
90
plots of type
2
terraces (Fig.
18:
Б)
with an area of over
688
ha.
The results of mapping the different types of terraces became the basis for their further analysis
through
GIS
methods.
The maps show quite clearly that terraces of the two types are encountered in different areas
(Fig.
52).
Terraces of the first type cover about
129
km2 and are distributed more or less evenly
throughout the eastern part of the basin, whereas terraces of the second type are located mostly
in its western part and occupy about
49
km2.
However, there is a third type of agricultural plot that we discovered in the Kislovodsk basin:
rectangular fields with boundary walls (Fig.
12: 3).
Barely visible on aerial photos, they can only
be discovered on-site when the light is favorable. At present we have discovered three plots with
traces of such land division, and yet another is visible on aerial photos (Fig.
33: 3; 46).
Hence in order to identify the origin of prehistoric and early medieval agricultural plots we
need data from pedological and archaeological field studies. In
2005-2012
we conducted larges-
cale investigations at terraces and other traces of ancient agriculture in the valleys of all the main
rivers in the basin (Figs.
58; 60; 61; 64;
6Є).
The investigations included mapping the visible con¬
tours of the terraces and the boundary walls using GPS and instrumental topographic mapping
of the present-day surface. We did
180
soil sections and
39
auger sampling points in different
landscapes and different types of agricultural plots. Much attention was given to the archaeolog¬
ical material from the sections, especially to the pottery which comprises over
3 750
fragments.
The mapping of the visible terrace bodies was performed with a GPS device; the poly¬
gons obtained during the field survey were plotted on the topographic base map on a scale of
1:25 000.
The leveling survey of the soil surface along the transects with fullprofile soil sections
was performed; the depth of the boundaries of the soil horizons was measured. The soil sections
were dug at the most informative places. Standard sampling for the analytical treatment was per¬
formed. The soil
pH;
the particle size distribution; and the contents of humus, carbonates, and
soluble salts were determined by routine methods. Auger sampling of the soils was performed
in places where no additional information on the soil-landscape conditions was required. The
thickness of the soil horizons, the degree of the humus accumulation, the soil texture, and the
content of gravelly material were estimated in these places.
The main results of our pedological and archaeological studies of the prehistoric and medie¬
val landscapes in the Kislovodsk basin are given below.
CHAPTERS.
Results of pedological and archaeological studies of the traces
of agriculture in the Kislovodsk basin
In the chapter we represent the results of pedological and archaeological studies of the traces of
agriculture obtained in different parts of landscape: large type
1
terraces on the steep slopes of
10°-
30°,
cascades of long low-rise type
2
terraces on smoother slopes, sloping promontories sometimes
with boundary walls that form allotments of rectangular form (type
3).
Slopes with
subhorizontal
bedrock outcrops and divides were also investigated.
Our investigation of traces of ancient agriculture began at
2005.
The first ancient agricultural
plot we studied was the terrace on the interfiuve between the Kabardinka and Berezovaya riv¬
ers (Fig.
21).
The example of description made below is based on the investigation of the type
1
terraces situated on the steep slopes on the left bank of the Kabardinka river (indexed as LBK).
243
____________
Древнєє
и средневековое земледелие в Кисловодской котловине
·
ENGLISH
SUMMARY____________
We surveyed three LBK plots in the areas with typical and the best preserved terrace complexes:
LBK-1, LBK-2, and LBK-3. Overall, key plot LBK1 was characterized by
8
fullprofile soil sections;
key plot LBK2, by
2
fullprofile soil sections and
14
auger sampling points; and key plot LBK3, by
15
fullprofile soil sections and
20
auger sampling points.
The areas occupied by terraces were determined during the visual survey of the territory of
the key plots with the help of a GPS device (Fig.
21).
As we moved up the slope from the lowest
terraces to the highest terraces tracking the routes with the GPS device, we obtained information
on the upper boundary of the terraced area. The areas of the terraces used for ancient farming
on the left bank of the Kabardinka river were calculated with the help of ArcGIS
8.3
software. It
reached
210
ha, or nearly
60%
of the total left bank catchment of the river
(360
ha). An analogous
situation was observed on the other side of the divide on the right bank of the Berezovaya river.
This situation is generally typical of the entire Kislovodsk basin, where slope terracing is usually
observed on the slopes of up to
30°
at heights from
900
to
1500
m
a.s.1. This gives us grounds to
consider the selected key plots to be representative of the entire region.
In
2005-2012
we did around
220
full-profile sections and auger sampling points, of which
47
sections and
33
probes on the type
1
terraces. The morphology of a
30
m
wide and more than
200
m
long terrace was examined at the plot of LBK1 (Fig.
19).
This terrace is characterized by
the lithological heterogeneity of the buried soil and the overlying colluvial sediments and repre¬
sents a vivid example of the activity of erosional processes. The terrace s surface corresponds to
the zone of contact between two different deposits composing the slope: the underlying gravelly
eluvium of calcareous sandstone and clay is covered by the loamy sandy and loamy colluvial
(slope) deposits. Several soil sections were examined on this terrace (Fig.
20).
Soil section
Б-88
was dug on the upper part of the terrace
1.0-1.5
m
away from the foot of the scarp of the next
(above lying) terrace. A thin chernozem developed from the derivatives of the clayey and calcar¬
eous sandstone was described in this core. In soil profile there are horizons (Fig.
20):
Al
(0—25
cm). Dark gray loamy sand with loose crumb structure; abrupt boundary.
В
(25-40
cm). Yellowish brown light loam with singe inclusions of pebbles; distinct smooth
boundary; the transition is seen from changes in the color, texture, and gravel content.
BCca
(40—50
cm). Velio
w
brown medium loam with whitish tint from the presence of car¬
bonates; a high content of gravelly material and small stones. At the depth of
50
cm, it is under¬
lain by the unaltered brownish yellow gravelly eluvium of calcareous sandstone.
Thus, the soil profile includes two different lithological layers. The upper layer
(Al
and
В
hori¬
zons) is composed of predominant sandy fractions and does not contain inclusions of stones and
gravels. The lower layer (BCca and
С
horizons) is represented by the highly skeletal residuum of the
calcareous sandstone and clay sediments (Table
1).
This situation cannot be explained by the ini¬
tial lithological heterogeneity of the bedrock. The recent surface soil is developed from the loamy
sandy colluvial deposits that covered the gravelly loamy residuum of the calcareous sandstone.
An analogous situation was also observed in soil section
Б-89.
A different soil properties was noted in section
Б-90
located
4
m
from soil section
Б-89
down the terrace s slope. A more complex morphology of the soil profile was observed in this
section.
The
Al
horizon
(0-21
cm) is generally analogous to the
Al
horizon in soil section
Б-88.
It
is underlain by the AC horizon
(21-32
cm) of yellowish brown color, light loamy texture, and
coarse angular
bločky
structure with single inclusions of stones and gravels.
The
Cdeľ
horizon
(32-42
cm) is brownish yellow light loam with a whitish tint from the
presence of carbonates. Effervescence is observed from the depth of
30
cm. The material of this
*
The studied soils are highly specific and do not have direct analogues among well known soils. The indices of the soil
horizons used in this paper do not always fit the existing diagnostic criteria. In this context, the use of a standard system of
indices is not quite correct. Thus, the small index del is used as a working index to indicate the colluvial (deluvial) nature of
the material of this horizon.
_
Древнєє
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ENGLISH SUMMARY
horizon is well sorted and does not contain inclusions of stones and gravel. The lower boundary
is slightly wavy; the transition is clearly seen from the appearance of stones and gravel attesting
to the different lithological nature of the underlying material.
The
C Idel
horizon
(42-62
cm) is yellow brown light loam with a grayish hue; the intensity
of the gray color increases downward the soil profile. Dispersed carbonates become visible upon
the soil drying. The horizon is rich in small stones and gravels. The lower boundary is slightly
wavy. The transition is seen from changes in the color, texture, and structure.
The
[Al]
horizon
(62-77
cm) is grayish brown light loam with a loose crumb structure and
with abundant inclusions of stones and gravel. It is underlain by the gravelly residuum of clayey
and calcareous sand stone. In this soil section, the recent surface soil (shallow mountainous
chernozem) is developed from the colluvial layer, which can be subdivided into two separate
lithological horizons.The colluvial layer overlies the
[Al]
horizon of the buried soil, in which
Table
1.
Physicochemical properties of soils at key plot LBK-1
Horizon; depth,cm
pH
Humus
СаСОЗ
Total Salts
Content of particles,
%;
size of particles, mm
%
1-0.25
0.25-
0.05-
0.01-
0.005-
<0.01
<0.001
0.05
0.01
0.005
0.001
Soil section
Б-88
Al,
0-25
6.8
5.1
-
0.03
22
43
21
3
9
14
2
В,
25-40
6.9
2.5
-
0.05
14
44
13
7
10
29
12
ВССз
40-50
7.9
не опр.
9.6
О.Об
10
48
10
5
12
32
15
С,
50-100
8.3
не опр.
18.0
0.06
10
44
11
5
12
35
18
Soil section
Б-90
Al,
0-20
6.6
4.2
-
0.01
18
52
14
1
8
16
7
AC,
20-32
6.5
2.1
-
0.01
10
47
12
10
10
30
11
С
del,
32-42
6.6
2.1
1.3
0.01
10
47
8
5
15
34
15
CI del
42-60
7.8
1.4
4.4
0.01
11
40
12
6
14
37
17
[Al],
60-77
7.8
1.6
3.2
0.01
11
42
9
9
12
38
17
С,
77-100
8.3
-
18.1
0.06
10
44
11
5
12
35
18
Soil section
Б-92
Al,
0-24
6.4
3.57
1.2
0.031
16
55
12
4
7
17
6
AC,
24-33
6.3
2.86
1.2
0.043
10
54
12
8
9
24
7
С
del,
33-67
6.5
2.30
1.1
0.040
8
49
14
4
10
29
15
CI del
67-94
8.2
1.25
3.6
0.051
10
45
8
7
11
37
19
[Al],
94-130
8.2
1.90
2.5
0.064
8
45
13
5
15
34
14
[В],
130-160
7.9
1.42
1.4
0.075
8
37
14
9
12
41
20
С,
160-200
8.2
-
18.0
0.062
10
44
11
5
12
35
18
Soil section
Б-94
Al,
0-34
6.3
4.1
-
0.061
9
53
11
7
11
27
9
AC,
34-50
6.4
2.0
1.2
0.045
8
40
20
6
18
32
8
С
del,
50-120
7.4
1.1
1.4
0.085
7
44
13
7
13
36
16
Cl del,120-160
7.9
0.9
1.9
0.066
7
48
11
7
16
35
11
[Al],
160-210
7.8
1.7
0.8
0.062
8
54
9
6
14
29
9
[B],
210-375
8.1
1.0
0.8
0.046
7
64
4
1
12
25
12
С, с
375
см
8.0
-
18.3
0.04
7
62
5
1
13
24
12
245
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·
ENGLISH
SUMMARY
the
В
and
ВС
horizons are absent; the humus horizon is directly underlain by the parent mate¬
rial. Pottery fragments of the
Koban
culture have been found in the
[Al] horizon .
Soil section
Б-91
was dug
1.5
m
apart from soil section
Б-90
down the terrace s slope. In this
section, the thickness of the upper wellsorted loamy sandy to light loamy colluvial layer reaches
50
cm. The modern surface soil is developed from this material. Below
50
cm, a gray tint appears
in the soil mass, and the content of gravels and stones sharply increases.
The
[Al]
horizon
(75—115
cm) of the buried soil is represented by grayish brown homoge¬
neous light loam with a loose crumb structure. In contrast to soil section
Б-90,
this horizon
forms a very distinct continuous layer with an abrupt lower boundary. It is underlain by the
gravelly residuum of sandstone. In some places at the contact between the
[Al]
horizon and
the parent material, there are small pocket shaped cavities that could have been cut by the
ancient tillage tools (hoes or spades). The material of the
[Al]
horizon is relatively homoge¬
neous and contains inclusions of pottery fragments and abundant stones and gravels.
Soil section
Б-92
was dug
4
m
apart from soil section
Б-91
down the terrace s slope. The soil
profile has the following morphology.
A light loamy upper colluvial layer
(0—67
cm) serves as the parent material for the modern
soil with the
Al
(0-24
cm) and AC
(24-33
cm) horizons. The
С
Idei
horizon below is slightly af¬
fected by the pedogenesis. The humus content in this horizon is very low. In terms of archeology,
this layer represents a colluvial subsoil. From the depth of
67
cm, the content of small stones and
gravels in the
С
Idei
horizon increases, and a gray tint appears in the soil color (analogous to that
in the Cldel horizons of soil sections
Б-90
and
Б-91).
The buried soil consists of the
[Al]
horizon
(94-130
cm) of light loamy texture with inclu¬
sions of stones, gravel, and pottery fragments. This horizon is slightly effervescent. In the lower
part, the effervescence has a fragmentary pattern. The [B] horizon below
(13 0-160
cm) is char¬
acterized by a gradual increase in the yellow hue and in the soil water content. No effervescence
is observed. Pottery fragments are present in considerable amounts. Mottles of yellow color are
distinguished in the lower part of the [B] horizon. It is probable that they represent fragments of
the underlying parent material admixed into the cultivated soil upon tillage. The boundary with
the underlying parent material is irregular with pocket shaped cuts that could have been left by
the ancient tillage tools. The transition is abrupt.
The Cldel horizon is clearly pronounced in this soil section. The material of this horizon is genet¬
ically related to the buried soil and contains considerable amounts of stones and gravels. The color
of this horizon changes from grayish brown in the lower part (above the
[Al]
horizon) to brownish
yellow in the upper part. It can be supposed that the development of this lithological layer took place
during the first stage of the activation of the erosional processes on the slope, when the upper soil
layer was removed from the plots adjacent to the scarp of the above lying terrace and redeposited
onto the central and lower parts of the terrace over the humus horizon (the buried soil).
As a result, the lower part of the Cldel horizon mainly consists of the soil material eroded from
the plots on the same terrace upslope and of the material of the deeper horizons (parent rock)
eroded from the plots at higher elevations. With the development of this layer, the portion of the
soil (humified) material in it decreased, and the portion of the nonhumified sediments (parent
rock) increased. This is clearly seen from changes in the color, texture, and humus content of this
horizon. The material of this layer can be referred to as humified colluvium.
The boundary between the layer of the humified colluvium and the buried soil is relative¬
ly smooth and gradual. As the buried soil is clearly differentiated into several genetic horizons,
we may suppose that it had a long history. This conclusion is also supported by Skripnikova
*
The presence of pottery fragments in the buried soils has been observed on all the terraces. It is highly probable that these
fragments entered the soil with organic fertilizers and domestic wastes of the ancient settlements
(Гаджиев,
1980.
С.
11 ;
Williamson,
1984;
Wilkinson,
1989;
Miller, Gleason,
1994.
P.
37-38;
Ford
et al,
1994;
Гунова и др.,
1996.
С.
119;
O Connor,
Evans,
2005.
P.
245).
246
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·
ENGLISH SUMMARY
(Скрипникова,
2004).
At the same time, we cannot exclude that the morphological and chemi¬
cal differences between the [A
1 ]
and [B] horizons of the buried soil may be the result of diagenetic
changes in the soil after it was buried by the colluvial layer. This seems to be probable. The activity
of soil water flows immediately above the contact with the underlying bedrock could provide for
the leaching of carbonates from the [B] horizon and its bleaching. As noted above, this horizon is
characterized by an increased water content and does not effervesce with HC1.
The soil examined in soil section
Б-93
(5
m
downslope from soil section
Б-92)
has a similar
morphology. The upper layer of the colluvial subsoil (nonhumified colluvium) has a thickness
of
75
cm. It is underlain by the
40
cm deep layer of humified colluvium overlying the buried soil.
Effervescence is observed in the upper soil at depths of
35-113
cm. The buried soil slightly effer¬
vesces to the depth of
160
cm. The [B] horizon is depleted of carbonates. Intense effervescence is
observed in the parent material (bedrock residuum) from the depth of
235
cm.
Soil section
Б-94
was dug in the lowermost part of the terrace close to its slope. The thick¬
ness of the upper
Al
and AC horizons reaches
50
cm. The colluvial subsoil layer slightly affected
by the pedogenesis is distinguished at the depth of
50-120
cm. The material of this layer is rel¬
atively homogeneous and does not contain stones and gravels. Gravelly material appears in the
humified colluvium layer from the depth of
120
cm. The intensity of the gray hue in this layer
increases down the soil profile. The upper boundary of the humus horizon of the buried soil is
found at the depth of
160
cm. This soil section was excavated to a depth of
250
cm. In the layer
of
160-250
cm, no clear differentiation into genetic horizons was observed. Additional auger
samples were taken from the bottom of the soil section (at
250
cm). In the layer of
250-300
cm,
these samples were characterized by the gradual attenuation of the gray color. Below
300
cm, the
soil color became grayish yellow: The entire profile of the buried soil and the underlying colluvial
layer were depleted of carbonates. The parent material (sandstone residuum) was found at the
depth of
345
cm.
Thus, the morphology of the entire terrace can be described as follows (Fig.
20).
The parent
material
—
residuum of the calcareous sandstone and clay
—
has a dip corresponding to the
slope surface. In other words, during the terrace construction, this material remained intact; it
was not cut, and no additional material was placed onto it in order to construct the terrace.
The buried cultivated soil containing abundant pottery fragments was developed from
this material. The buried soil is covered by the humified colluvial layer consisting of the
material of the soil and deeper horizons eroded from the upslope positions. The gray color
and the high content of gravel and rock fragments are typical of the lower part of this layer.
Its upper part has a lighter (yellowish) color, and the content of gravel and rock fragments
in it is small.
Thus, the humified colluvium layer is overlain by the layer of the nonhumified colluvium slight¬
ly affected by the pedogenetic processes. The loamy sandy material of this layer does not contain
gravels and stones. It represents the material eroded from the upslope positions. The modern soil
has developed in the upper part of the covering colluvial layer. Typical soil profiles described on
the terraces are shown in Fig.
28.
Below we consider the morphology and properties of the soils
at the other key plots.
Key plot LBK-3. At this plot, three distinct large terraces and several less pronounced small
terraces were described (Fig.
24).
The morphology of the soil profiles studied on all the terraces is
approximately the same. The surface humus horizon of the modern soil has a thickness of
20-30
cm and is underlain by the loamy colluvial layer of brownish yellow color and coarse crumb-
blocky structure. The thickness of the colluvial layer varies from
30
to
90-100
cm.
The properties of this layer on the different terraces are directly correlated with the proper¬
ties of the parent materials on the upslope positions. Their texture varies from loamy sand to
medium and heavy loams with different contents of the gravelly fractions. Therefore, the texture
2ÄT
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·
ENGLISH SUMMARY
Table
2.
Physkochemical properties of soils at
key plot LBK-3
Horizon;
depth,
cm
pH
Humus
Total
Salts
Content of particles,
%;
size of particles, mm
%
1-0.25
0.25-
0.05-
0.01-
0.005-
<0.01
<0.001
0.05
0.01
0.005
0.001
Soil section
Б-138
Al,
0-20
5.8
2.6
0.5
2.6
7
35
11
10
9
47
6
AC,
20-35
5.6
1.7
0.5
2.5
4
58
13
3
14
25
13
С
del,
35-70
5.9
0.7
0.5
0.6
4
54
8
4
13
33
17
[Al],
70-105
5.0
1.0
0.5
0.1
3
56
9
3
11
32
18
[В],
105-120
6.1
0.9
0.3
0.1
3
52
11
4
10
34
19
С,
120-130
6.3
0.4
0.3
0.1
3
50
11
4
9
36
23
Soil section
5-139
Al,
0-20
5.9
2.5
0.4
2.5
7
35
11
10
9
46
6
AC,
20-30
5.7
1.1
0.5
0.3
4
50
12
4
11
34
17
С
del,
30-55
5.8
0.9
0.6
0.2
4
50
13
5
10
34
19
CI del,
55-100
6.0
0.8
0.7
0.2
5
50
13
2
10
32
20
[Al],
100-160
6.2
1.1
0.6
0.3
4
50
8
5
9
33
20
[Bl],
160-190
6.3
0.8
0.5
0.2
3
54
12
6
10
36
20
С,
190-210
6.4
0.2
0.3
0.5
3
46
12
5
10
40
25
of the colluvial layer is also variable. The upper part of the colluvial sediments is colored with
humus; its lower part (near the boundary with the underlying buried soil) is also colored with
humus; a layer of humified colluvium is clearly distinguished immediately above the buried soil.
The humus horizon of the buried soil is clearly distinguished in the soil sections by its dark
brown-gray color, its high humus content, and its good structure. The thickness of the buried
humus horizon generally increases within the lower parts of the terraces. The horizonation of the
profiles of the buried soils is also better pronounced in the lower parts of the terraces.
The buried soil is underlain by the bedrock residuum (parent material); the boundary between
them is abrupt and smooth. The uppermost terrace is not pronounced in the surface topography.
However, the study of the soil sections showed the presence of some traces of the buried humus
horizon at the depth of
60-70
cm under the modern humus horizon. In particular, the lower
part of the loamy colluvium above the yellow calcareous loamy sand (the parent material) has a
distinct grayish brown hue. The upper boundary of the parent material (yellow calcareous loam)
is found at the depth of
70
cm.
Terrace
1
is more pronounced in the local topography. It has a gently sloping 15m wide sur¬
face. Three soil sections were dug on this terrace along the line from its upper to lower parts. In
the upper soil section
(Б-1
37),
only a thin layer of the buried soil was present. Its thickness was
about
10—15
cm. In soil section
Б-138,
the thickness of the buried soil reached
50
cm, and it
consisted of the
[Al]
and [B] horizons. In soil section
Б-139,
the thickness of the buried humus
horizon reached
900-100
cm. Data on some chemical properties of the soils from this terrace
are shown in Table
2.
An analogous morphology is typical of terrace
3.
Its main surface is slightly inclined, the thick¬
ness of the colluvial fan varies from
70
to
90
cm, and the thickness of the buried soil reaches
50-70
cm in soil section
Б-142
and
70-90
cm at sampling point Z-
12.
For this terrace, the max¬
imum thickness of the colluvial layer was observed.
Pottery fragments were found in all the soil sections in amounts of
10-20
items/m3. They
were present in the buried soil layer and in the lower part of the colluvial layer. No pottery frag¬
ments were found in the upper nonhumified colluvial layer.
248
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ENGLISH SUMMARY
No terraces were found at the lower heights on the slope. This part of the slope was tilled in
the Soviet time, which induced the intense soil erosion. At present, the soil profiles consist of a
plow horizon underlain by the parent material (sampling point Z-l
1-1).
However, at sampling
points Z-l
1-2
and Z-l
1-3,
a
10
cm thick grayish layer was present immediately above the par¬
ent material. It can be supposed that this part of the slope was also terraced and that this layer
represents the remains of the humus horizon of the buried soils of the former terraces destroyed
during the soil tillage.
Key plot LBK-2 (Fig.
25).
The terraces described on this plot are generally similar in their
morphology to the terraces on plot LBK-3. The humus horizon of the buried soil is covered by the
layer of colluvial deposits. A gray hue appears in the lower part of this layer, whereas its upper part
is only slightly transformed by the pedogenesis (except for the surface soil). In the lower part of
the terraces, the thickness of the humus horizon of the buried soil increases up to
100—120
cm,
and its differentiation into several
subhorizons
is observed.
The best degree of preservation of the buried soil is typical of the lower part of the ter¬
race, where the thickness of the covering colluvial layer reaches its maximum. As well as
on plot LBK-3, the soils examined on the terraces contain considerable amounts of pottery
fragments.
We do not describe the morphology and chemical properties of the modern background soils
of the key plots. As a result of the extensive slope terracing, there are virtually no places undis¬
turbed by the ancient anthropogenic impacts. Beyond the key plots, the areas unaffected by the
ancient farming are characterized by the development of natural mountainous chernozems of
different thicknesses. However, such areas are either far from the key plots or are characterized
by different landscape-geomorphic conditions, so their soils cannot be considered as direct
background analogues of the buried soils studied on the terraces.
The same methods and techniques were applied during pedological and archaeological inves¬
tigations in other parts of the Kislovodsk basin on different types of landscapes and agricultural
allotments. The main results of such investigation are discussed in following chapter.
CHAPTER
6.
Evolution of forms of agriculture and dynamics of soil, landscape and
climate conditions in the Kislovodsk basin
Spatial GIS-analysis of agricultural allotments
One of the main issue in our research is to identify the time of emergence and existence of
different land plots. It could be done through analyzing the spatial association of the agri¬
cultural plots with the various settlement sites, for which
GIS
methods can be used. We have
conducted
GIS
mapping of the types of land plots using Stereo Analysis of over
500
aerial
photos.
131
plots of type
1
terraces and
90
plots of type
2
terraces (Fig.
18)
became the basis
for the analysis of their spatial association with the settlements of different time and culture
through
GIS
methods (Fig.
52).
After juxtaposing the terraced areas within the basin and the location of the
13
hitherto
discovered Maikop culture settlements (Fig.
53),
we cannot agree with the high estimates
for the Early Bronze Age farmer population figures, nor with the assumption that almost
all the terraces are associated with settlements which date to the 4th
—
2nd millennia
ВС
(Скрипникова,
2004.
С.
183; 2007.
С.
40).
It is evident that at that time the Kislovodsk basin
was much less populated than in later periods. So we should hardly assume that the bearers
of the Maikop cultural tradition were the authors of such largescale transformations of the
landscape.
249
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·
ENGLISH SUMMARY
Comparison of the areas where terraces of the first type are encountered with settlement sites
of the
Koban
culture (Fig.
54)
appears to be much more substantiated. There are practically no
Koban
settlements in the lower reaches of the Eshkakon, where a small number of terraces of
the first type are located, which may be explained by insufficient investigations in the microre-
gion. Neither do
Koban
settlements match the areas where terraces of the second type are found,
which can hardly be deemed a coincidence.
The zones where the types of terraces are encountered are clearly correlated with early me¬
dieval Alanic fortifications, so it is possible to speak of a link between them (Fig.
56).
Thus it is
obvious that GIS-analysis does not give an adequate answer to the question of dating the agri¬
cultural allotments of different types. This question was solved with the help of pedological and
archaeological field investigations.
Analysis of pottery finds from the soil sections
As indicated above, Skripnikova analyzed the radiocarbon dates for the humus of the buried soils
and argued that the terraces were built
6400-5500
years ago during the Maikop cultural stage of
the Early Bronze Age
(Скрипникова,
2004.
С.
181-184; 2007.
С.
40).
This assumption is seems to
be supported by findings of pottery fragments of the Maikop culture in the buried soil.
It is possible that the most ancient terraces in the region have that age. However, the inter¬
pretation of the radiocarbon dates of the humic substances from the agrogenic soils is open to
argument, because it is possible that the radiocarbon age of the humus from their upper horizons
is exaggerated due to the admixture of the old humus from the deep soil layers during the soil
tillage. In this context, the dating based on the archeological artifacts
—
pottery fragments
—
seems to be more reliable. This is the main method of the archeological dating, and its accuracy
(for the Bronze Age) is estimated at
100-500
years.
In
2005-2012
we did around
220
full-profile soil sections and auger sampling points. The
buried cultivated soil (horizons [A] and [B]) above the bedrock contains a large amount of
Koban
pottery. From over
3 750
pottery fragments discovered in the buried soil horizons and
analyzed
59%
belong to the
Koban
culture (the 12th-7th centuries
ВС),
35%,
to the Alan cul¬
ture (the
1st
millennium AD), and
6%
could not be identified. On the basis of the analysis of
these data, we suppose that most of the type
1
terraces were constructed about
3000
years
ago during the
Koban
cultural stage
(Борисов, Коробов,
2009;
Коробов, Борисов,
2012).
We
should note that
Koban
pottery dominates in sections from several landscapes: on the type
1
terraces themselves, below the terraces on sloping promontories, and above the terraces at the
top of the watershed hills.
Besides ceramic in one case we obtained a radiocarbon data of the charcoal found in the
rests of dwelling that was covered by buried soil of terraced field (soil section
Б-
181).
It dated to
285O±5O, or
cal
1090-930
ВС
(1σ)
(LuS-91
12)
that well associated with functioning of the set¬
tlement of Early
Koban
culture situated on the place of agricultural terracing of Classical
Koban
period (Fig.
65).
Therefore, we do not reject the possibility of the construction of some of the type
1
ter¬
races about
6400-5500
years ago, though we argue that most of them were constructed
during the
Koban
cultural stage
(3200-2500
years ago). In our studies, pottery fragments
dating back to the Early Bronze Age were found in none of the
180
studied soil sections.
Taking into account the population density and labor resources during the Early Bronze Age,
it seems impossible that all the terraces were constructed in that time, there were only
13
settlements in this area during the Early Bronze Age (Fig.
53).
The extensive slope terracing
attests to the great population density, and this is another argument in favor of the younger
age of the terraces, which could have been constructed at the end of the Late Bronze Age
—
the beginning of the Early Iron Age, when hundreds of large settlements of the
Koban
culture existed in this area (Fig.
54).
_
Древнєє
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ENGLISH SUMMARY
Evolution of agricultural forms
and development of soil and landscape
Koban
culture. It is probable that the agricultural development of the slopes by ancient farm¬
ers began from terracing of their lower parts with the highest potential fertility of the soils and
with relatively small inclinations of the surface. Then, the terraces were constructed on the steep¬
er upslope positions.
The technology of the construction of the terraces could have been as follows (Fig.
68).
At
the first stage, the material of the upper soil horizons (down to the parent material) was cut and
removed downslope so that a horizontal step appeared across the slope. This was the initial
terrace. Its height and its width were relatively small. After this, no earthworks were performed.
To improve the soils on the terraces, tillage operations and fertilization were practiced. The ero-
sional processes on the upslope positions resulted in the deposition of eroded sediments on the
terraces. This newly deposited material was mixed with the existing soil, fertilized, and cultivated.
Thus, gradually, the thickness of the fertile soil layer on the terraces increased; the width of the
terraces also increased at the expense of the newly deposited material. These processes could
have lasted for several hundred years.
In other words, the ancient farmers of the
Koban
culture applied the process of controllable
erosion to develop their agricultural terraces. The annual deposition of the eroded sediments
on the terraces surfaces was relatively small, because the climatic conditions during the period of
the construction of the terraces were drier than those at present. This is proved by the predomi¬
nance of the pollen of grasses in the pollen spectra from the cultivated buried soils. The soils were
closer to the chestnut soil type and considerably differed from the modern chernozems.
However, the use of the terraces on the upper steep parts of the slopes required considerable
labor expenses to sustain the soil fertility, because the colluvial sediments deposited on the terraces
surfaces every year were characterized by low fertility. To improve it, regular application of manure
and domestic wastes from the settlements was practiced. This explains the high content of pottery
fragments of the
Koban
culture in the buried soils of all the terraces. The possibility of the entering
of pottery fragments into the soil together with organic fertilizers has been discussed in the archeo-
logical literature
(Гаджиев,
1980.
СП;
Williamson,
1984;
Wilkinson,
1989;
Miller, Gleason,
1994.
P.
37-38;
Ford
et al.,
1994;
Гунова и др.,
1996.
С.
119;
O Connor, Evans,
2005.
P.
245).
The results of the phytolith analysis of the buried soils of the terraces and the background sur¬
face of soils point to a significant increase in the total number of phytoliths in the formerly culti¬
vated buried soils. This fact attests to the much higher input of plant material into the paleosoil.
This situation is only possible in the case of fertilized plots. In the absence of organic fertilizers,
the total content of phytoliths in the cultivated soils is usually lower than that in the soils of nat¬
ural cenoses because of the removal of the phytomass from the fields with the harvest. The high
content of cuticles in the biomorphic spectrum of the buried soils also points to the application
of manure, because the cuticles in the plant tissues in the natural cycle (not eaten by cattle) are
usually broken into separate phytoliths.
It should be noted that analogous soil profiles with buried agrogenic horizons containing pot¬
tery fragments were described by Romashkevich on the terraces of the Teberda and Kuban rivers
(Ромашкевич,
1988.
С.
38).
The final stage of
Koban
agriculture in the Kislovodsk basin could be probably dated to the 6th
century
ВС
as the sites of Late
Koban
culture are practically unknown in the area. Such chronology is
well supported by the ornamentation of ceramic finds from the soil sections (Fig.
59)
characteristic
to the western variant of the
Koban
culture of the pre-Scythian stage
(Козенкова,
1989-
С.
14,66).
Koban paleoecological
disaster . With the gradual expansion of the terrace construc¬
tion onto higher positions on the slopes and onto the
interfluvial
plateaus during the
Koban
cul¬
tural stage, the anthropogenic transformation of the landscapes in the Kislovodsk basin reached
251
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SUMMARY____________
its critical stage by the middle of the first millennium
ВС.
In that period, terraces covered all the
slopes and plateaus at the heights from
900
to
1500
m a.s.1.
Under the most favorable conditions
for agriculture, the area under the terraces reached up to
60-70%
of the total area of the slopes
and
interfluvial
plateaus.
At a certain moment, the ancient people ceased to use the terraces for crop growing. This could
have been due to both social factors (the migration or death of the local population or a change
in the economy) and ecological factors. The following data point to the importance of the latter.
The time between
2800
and
2500
years ago corresponded to the cooling stage in northern
Europe (at the end of the Subboreal period
—
the beginning of the Subatlantic period), which
was related to a decrease in the solar activity (Van
Geel
et al.,
2000.
P.
659-644).
In that period, the
advancement of glaciers took place in the European mountains (Grove,
2004.
P.
498; Holzhäus¬
er
et al.,
2005.
P.
255—266).
In the North Caucasus, the last third of the Subboreal period was
characterized by a decrease in temperatures, an increase in precipitation
(Александровский,
2002.
С.
109-119;
Александровский, Бирина,
1987.
С.
28-39),
and the activation of alluviation
processes
(2700-2400
BP)
(Александровский, Александровская,
2005.
С.
187).
In the neigh¬
boring regions, this was the period of the propagation of forest vegetation onto the steppe areas
(Герасименко,
1997.
С.
3-64)
and of the rise in humidity of the steppes
(Кременецкий,
1997.
С.
30-47;
Демкин и др.,
2010.
С.
65-71).
Under these conditions, the amounts of colluvial sediments deposited onto the terrace sur¬
faces increased, and the controllable erosion process became uncontrollable. A sharp
activation of erosion took place. The intensity of its annual deposition was high, so the colluvial
material could not be significantly transformed by the pedogenesis. As a result, by the end of the
first millennium
ВС,
virtually the entire area of the Kislovodsk basin at
900-1500
m a.s.1.
was cov¬
ered by a thick layer of colluvial sediments. This period can be considered the zero moment for
the modern stage of the soil formation in the region.
However, owing to the terraced slopes and the regulation of the surface runoff, the erosional
processes did not lead to the development of typical erosional
landforms
(hollows, ravines, etc.).
Water flows carrying colluvial sediments partly eroded the fertile soil layer within the upper parts
of the terraces, where the velocity of the flows gained its maximum. In the central and lower parts
of the terraces, the velocity of the flows decreased, and the material was deposited onto the soil
surface producing the layer of humified colluvium overlying the buried soil. Pottery fragments
of the
Koban
culture are still present in this layer, which attests to the continuing attempts of
ancient farmers to sustain the fertility of their croplands under the conditions of the sharp activa¬
tion of the deposition of colluvial sediments. The overlying colluvium does not contain pottery
fragments.
As for the well-preserved horizontal orientation of the terrace surfaces along the slopes, we
suppose that the reason for this stability is related to the specificity of the erosional processes on
the slopes. Figure
71
displays the sections of terrace complexes at key plots LBK-2 and LBK-3 and
their morphometric characteristics.
It can be seen that the steeper the slopes (a angles) and the longer the catchment segments
(L), the more horizontal position is occupied by the terrace s surface. The surface flows down the
slope reach their maximum velocities in the lower parts of the scarps, where their erosive effect
is most pronounced. The further movement of the flow along the
subhorizontal
terraced surface
leads to its deceleration. The deposition of the material eroded upslope takes place. This mech¬
anism sustains the shape of the terraces. The larger the
α
angle and the longer the
L
segment, the
smaller the
γ
angle, which means that the terrace s surface is close to the horizontal position.
Considering the data on terrace
5
at LBK-2, the
α
angle reaches
35°,
and the length of the
catchment segment
L
is
30
m, so the
γ
angle is equal to
180°,
and the terrace s surface is horizon¬
tal. Almost the same length of the catchment segment (L
= 29
m) is observed for terrace
3.
The
slope angle (a
)
is smaller (25°)> and the
γ
angle is
185°,
which means that the terrace s surface is
___________
Древнєє
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·
ENGLISH SUMMARY____________
not strictly horizontal. In the cases when the slope s angle
α
is less than
20°,
independently from
the length of the catchment segments L, the accumulation of colluvial deposits is observed at the
foot of the scarps and the
γ
angle increases.
Figure
71
also shows the position of the
N
segments (the distance between the terrace joint
and the preserved buried humus horizon) for different terraces. The length of these segments
characterizes the intensity of the destruction of the terraces and the erosion of their scarps. Its
analysis is important to answer the question about the sources of the considerable volumes of
the colluvial material covering the buried soil.
Below a hypothetic scheme of the temporal changes in the terrace complexes is considered.
At the moment of abandoning of the terraces, the length of the
N
segments
(N1)
was minimal
and the thickness of the colluvial layer HI (letter
6
on the Fig.
72)
laying on the buried humus
horizon (letter a ) was equal to zero (Fig.
72: 1).
With time (Fig.
72: 2-3),
the length of the
N
segments increased due to the active erosion in
the place of the terrace joints, and the eroded material was deposited on the lower parts of the
terraces forming the recent colluvial layer. Its modern thickness is designated as H4 (Fig.
72: 4).
Thus, the terrace joints retreated toward the slope (incised in the slopes) preserving their initial
shape, so that the terraced topography was generally preserved.
In this scheme, the position of the upper boundary of the buried humus horizon on the slope
can be considered as benchmark allowing us to judge the distance of the retreat of the terraces
(their scarps) inside the slope.
At present, we do not have sufficient data to characterize the dependence of the length of the
N
segments on the slope angle and on the length of catchment segments (L). It is interesting that
we often observed situations when the buried soil was not preserved on the terrace, and the col¬
luvial layer could not be distinguished on it in the case of
L
> 50
m
and the slope of the scarp of
more than
30°.
However, the horizontal position of the terrace s surface was preserved, and the
terrace joint was clearly pronounced. In some cases, the inverse angle of the terrace s surface was
observed in the area of the joint (Fig.
73).
Modern state of the type
1
terraces. We suppose that some stabilization of the erosional
processes took place in the second half of the first millennium
ВС,
which coincided with the
next stage of aridization of the climate and attenuation of the runoff flows
(Александровский,
Александровская,
2005.
С.
187).
After the terrace surfaces were covered with vegetation, the
intensity of the erosional processes drastically decreased. Since that time, erosion has not been
active on the terraced slopes, because these slopes were never plowed afterwards. This conclu¬
sion is proved by the ethnographic studies and by our own data.
We have calculated the possible volumes of the erosional redeposition of the soil material dur¬
ing the rainfalls for that period on the basis of the equations suggested in
(Инструкция...,
1979.
С.
49)·
The layer of rainfall runoff (bp%) with probability
P
%
is calculated as follows:
where H1% is the daily runoff layer with
P
=
% (mm),
φΐ
is the volumetric runoff coefficient,
and
λρ%
is the transitional coefficient from probability
Ρ
= 1%
to other probability values.
The modulus of the sediment discharge with the runoff (Ms p%) during the rainfall period (t/
ha) exceeding the probability P% is calculated as follows:
where aj is a parameter depending on the pattern of rills on the slope and on the surface
conditions,
b
is the coefficient that takes into account the effect of the surface conditions on the
washout of the sediments, kx is the coefficient that takes into account the slope s steepness (kl
=
0.01
at/CK >100%o kl
=0.01
/ек,
and kx
= 1.0
at
Іск
<100%o).
253
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ENGLISH SUMMARY
The volume of the eroded soil
(Ws~),
m3,
is calculated as follows:
*
(3)
where
r
is the soil density, t/m3, and
F
is the catchment area, km2. Finally, the thickness of the
washed off soil layer
(ł )
(mm) is estimated:
s
K=w3~F,
(4)
These calculations were performed for the
1%
likelihood of heavy rainfalls. The volumes
of the potential erosion were calculated for
1
ha of the terraces. The morphometric param¬
eters of the model terrace were taken from the results of the measurements at LBK-3 with
the average length of the terrace scarps equal to
25
m
and their average slope of
25° =
438%o.
According to the map of the daily runoff layers, H1% in this region equals
120
mm. Then,
φΐ
= 0.28,
λρ%=1,
and h %=
120
x
0.28
x
1 = 34
mm. To calculate the modulus of the flow, ax
= 3.0
x I O3, b
= 0.8
and kx
= 0.01;
then, Ms, 1% =
34
x
3.0
IO3
0.8
x
4.38 = 0.36
t/ha. The volume
of the eroded soil Ws
= 1
02 x
0.36/1
x
0.01 = 0.36
м3 (г
= 1.0
t/m3).
The layer of the eroded soil
bs=
IO3
x
0.36/0.01
«0.04 mm.
Thus, tentative calculations indicate that, in the case of the runoff layer of the
1%
probability
(34
mm), the layer of the annually eroded soil from the terrace scarps could reach
0.04
mm. The same
amount of sediments was deposited on the flat terrace surfaces. This means that the erosional pro¬
cesses acting from the middle of the first millennium
ВС
up to the present time could have deposited
about
10
cm of sediments onto the flat terrace surfaces.
This value is in good agreement with the average thickness of the upper humus horizon
Al
of the
modern soils on the terraces. On all the terraces, the thickness of this horizon does not exceed
20-30
cm;
10
cm represent the recently deposited material, and the remaining
10-20
cm are the result of
the pedogenic transformation of the formerly deposited colluvial layer.
Thus, we suppose that the soil cover within the larger part of the Kislovodsk basin was completely
destroyed by the middle of the first millennium
ВС
The age of the modern soil cover of this territory
does not exceed
2500
years. The available literature data on the age of the soils in the Kislovodsk ba¬
sin confirm this conclusion. Thus, according to Kozyreva and Rubilin
(Козырева, Рубилин,
1980.
С.
65 -72),
the age of the surface humus horizon of the local soils is about
15 00-1700
years. At the same
time, in one of the soil section studied by them, the age of humus at the depth of
30-40
cm exceeded
8000
years. It is probable that, in this case, the modern soil has developed from the colluvial layer that
buried the lower part of the humus horizon of the ancient soil.
Romashkevich also pointed to the relatively shallow position of the horizons with ancient radiocar¬
bon dates. She considered this feature to be a distinctive feature of the chernozem-like mountain mead¬
ow soils in contrast to the chernozems on plains and supposed that the shallow occurrence of the hori¬
zons with ancient humus in these soils could be due to the erosion of the topsoil horizons followed by
the burial of the remaining ancient humus horizon under recent sediments
(Ромашкевич,
1988.
С.
41).
Our observations confirm this conclusion and make it possible to specify the time of activation
of the erosional-depositional processes for the Kislovodsk basin·, the middle of the first millennium
ВС.
It should be noted that all the radiocarbon dates have been obtained for the sous on the gently
inclined parts of the slopes. On the steeper slopes, the attenuation of the erosional processes and
the intensification of the pedogenesis could have taken place later. We obtained a radiocarbon date
for the humus in the lower part of the modern surface soil developed from the colluvial layer cov¬
ering the buried soil horizon on a slope of
10° — 760
±
60
BP (Ki-18046:
1δ
AD
1155-1316;
2δ
AD
1059-1389)
(Fig.
65).
~254
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ENGLISH SUMMARY_____________
The world experience in terrace farming is based on the principle of the horizontal position of the
terrace s surface both along and across the slope, which ensures the maximum accumulation of wa¬
ter and prevents the development of erosional processes. In the terrace complexes of the Kislovodsk
basin, the horizontal position of the terrace surfaces is often disturbed; there are many hollows and
bends of the surface, and the terrace bodies are often discontinuous. At the same time, the surface of
the terraces is horizontal or
subhorizontal
with respect to the direction along the slopes; as for the
direction across the slope, the horizontality of the surfaces is rarely observed;
i.e.,
they do not follow
the contours. Just the separate terraces are strictly horizontal in both directions; the well-fixed ter¬
races on the
subhorizontal
bedrock outcrops are also horizontal, but these cases are few in number.
Here we consider the data on the modern state of the terrace complexes on the left bank of the
Alikonovka river (Fig.
26).
The slopes in this area are composed of the loamy colluvium; there are no
outcrops of the hard bedrock layers. In some places, water springs are found on the slopes. No defi¬
nite regularity is observed in the arrangement of the terraces. There is an opinion that the reason for
this irregularity and the asymmetry of the terrace surfaces across the slope is related to the intention
of the ancient farmers to construct their terraces with due account for the local geological and hy-
drological features of the slopes in order to discharge excessive water, or vice versa, to retain water
in the soils of the terraces
(Скрипникова,
2004.
С.
183).
We agree with the opinion about the high
level of indigenous knowledge concerning the construction of the terraces. However, there may be
simpler reasons for the observed irregularity of the modern state of the terrace complexes. From our
point of view, this irregularity may be the result of slope movements analogous to creep movements
of the soil. The slow and uneven downslope movement of the artificially filled soil masses of the
terraces proceeds with different intensities depending on the slopes steepness, the volume of the
terrace s body, the length and width of the terrace, the material composing it, and the underlying
material. It is probable that the ground water discharge immediately under the terrace s body should
accelerate this movement and, in some case, might contribute to the complete destruction of the
terrace. However, at present, this is only a hypothesis. Additional instrumental studies of the veloci¬
ties of the slope movements are necessary to confirm it. We have established a long-term experiment
with metal rods fixed in the terrace bodies; the coordinates of these rods have been measured with
high accuracy. Observations over their future positions on the slope during several years will make it
possible to determine the velocities of movement of the soil material on different parts of the slope.
Thus probably the situation in the Kislovodsk basin has stabilized in the beginning of the second
half of the first millennium
ВС.
In this period a sharp decrease in the number of settlements took
place. Just a few archeological sites are known for the period from the 5th century
ВС
to the 4th
century AD. The next stage of the active development of the territory by the Alan tribes took place in
the 4th-8th centuries AD. The farmlands during this period were concentrated on the lower gently
inclined parts of the slopes, where the natural soil fertility had been restored by that time.
Post-Koban agriculture. Thus, we can see that the
Koban
population widely used the land¬
scapes in the Kislovodsk basin for agriculture. Our calculations are that over
120
km2 were cultivated
during that time. In the absence of a natural vegetative cover, the ecosystems in the region became
destabilized. The consequences of such agriculture came to light in the middle of the 1st millennium
ВС,
when the climate in Northern Europe became colder.
During the period in question erosive processes became generally more active, however, in the re¬
gion of our study they were especially intense due to an almost total absence of meadow vegetation.
The terraces received much greater amounts of barren diluvial deposit, and the process of control¬
lable erosion that the
Koban
farmers had launched became uncontrollable. As a result, by the
middle of the 1st millennium
ВС
practically all the territory of the Kislovodsk basin was covered by a
barren diluvial layer. We suggest that the phenomenon be called the
Koban paleoecological
dis¬
aster . It became the starting-point for a new stage of soil formation in the region. Only the lower
flat parts of the slopes, where diluvial accumulation was the least intense and the incoming erosional
255
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Древнєє
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·
ENGLISH
SUMMARY____________
material was processed in the course of soil formation, were available for agricultural activities. They
were the areas where type
2
terraces and plots with boundary walls were discovered.
Studies of type
2
terraced fields used several key plots in the valley of river Perepryzhka. The
plots are cascades of terraces on smooth slopes with an inclination of about
5°
(Figs.
32,35).
Fortified
settlements are located nearby (Figs.
33:1-2; 37).
We used GPS to map
36
terraces with an overall area
of
7.7
ha; most of them are within the terraced area revealed through remote sensing (Figs.
34; 36; 37).
The terraces are plots
100
to
450
m long
and on average about 10 m wide. The height of the ter¬
race walls is about
1.5
m
and does not exceed
2
m. The plots curve following the relief of the terrain,
and some of them have a marked fluent S-shaped curve at the endings of the terraces (Figs.
3 3:1
В, 2В;
35:
A). It is very similar to strip lynchets described rather well in some British, French and German
publications (Crawford,
1923;
Raistrick, Chapman,
1929;
Curwen,
1932; 1946;
Bowen,
1961;
Wood,
1961;
Taylor,
1966; 1975;
Fowler, Evans,
1967;
Hall,
1994;
Fowler,
2002).
We investigated the terrace complex in question through a series of sections which revealed two
buried cultivated soils from different periods. Directly above the bedrock, which is calcareous sand¬
stone, lies a dark eroded soil which was cultivated in the Late Bronze
—
Early Iron Ages, as indicated
by the large amount of
Koban
pottery in all the layers. That must have been the time when the plot
underwent terracing. In post-Koban times, when erosive processes became more active, all the traces
of terracing were destroyed, the surface leveled out and covered with a layer of diluvium. We have
described a similar scenario for type
1
terraces. As a result of these processes, in the first centuries AD
the territory had become a level slope with no traces of terracing and several areas where buried soil
from the
Koban
period was preserved under a cover of humified diluvium (Fig.
39:1),
which could
have been overlaid by a less humified one.
In the succeeding period, type
2
terraces were cut on the slope, partly in the diluvial layer and part¬
ly in the layer of
Koban
buried soil (Fig.
39: 2).
As a result, the soil profile acquired its present-day ap¬
pearance (Fig.
39:3).
The position of the
Koban
buried soil allows assuming that initially it had evenly
covered the entire slope, whereas its thinning in the upper part of the terrace could have been caused
by plowing in more recent times. The layer of second plowable soil developed alongside with the
accumulation of diluvial material, and hence horizon
AB
is of a lighter color. Thus, the investigations
clearly show that terraces of the second type belong to a more recent time than the
Koban
period.
The pottery fragments from the eight soil sections near river Perepryzhka date to different periods:
we have found over
160
fragments which belong to the
Koban
culture of the pre-Scythian stage (9th
—
6th
ее. ВС),
and
59
fragments from the Ist millennium AD. The pottery from the Ist millennium AD that
was found in the sections is analogous to the fragments discovered in trial shafts at nearby fortified sites,
which yielded over
150
fragments dating mainly to the same period. The information can be made
more precise through radiocarbon analysis of animal bone dated to
1680
±
60
BP, or
cal AD
250-430
(Ki-
16940)
(Fig.
65).
Thus, it becomes clear that type
2
terraces are correlated with the small fortified
settlements which existed in the first half of the 1st millennium AD, most probably in the 3d
—
4th cc. If
further studies can substantiate the date, we shall be able to list the fortified sites in question among the
earliest monuments of Alanic culture which appeared in the Kislovodsk basin before the Hun invasion.
The third type of agricultural plot that we have identified in the Kislovodsk basin is rectangu¬
lar plots marked by boundary walls, for which the stones were taken from the tilled soil. Such
type of allotment is well-known as Celtic fields in North-Western European archaeology (Craw¬
ford,
1923; 1953;
Curwen,
1927;
Joseph,
1945; Müller-Wille,
19б5;
1979;
Taylor,
1975;
Bradley,
1978;
Klamm, 1993;
Fries,
1995).
As it has already been mentioned above, such plots are difficult to identify
on aerial photos (Fig.
33: 3).
However, they can be discovered in the course of fieldwork if the light is
favorable. At present we have mapped three areas of such plots, whereas survey indicates that similar
plots can be found near several other early medieval fortified sites.
At present, the best-studied region is the left bank of Zubchikhinskaya
Balka,
where we mapped,
using GPS,
106
plots of regular geometric shape which occupy a total of
16.7
ha. The area of the
plots varies from
360
to
4 880
m2, however, most of them are
0.1
to
0.3
ha. Soil sections (Fig.
47)
~256
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·
ENGLISH
SUMMARY
inside the plots and near the boundary walls revealed pottery from the 5th
—
8th cc. AD only. Other
agricultural plots of the same type that were used in earlier times have yielded fragments of
Koban
pottery. However, slightly over one-half of the
163
pottery fragments from
15
sections are early me¬
dieval, and about twenty are unidentifiable. Finds of
Koban
pottery at land plots of this type account
for
37%
at the most.
Thus, it is highly probable that the regular enclosed fields which are the third type of agri¬
cultural plot in the Kislovodsk basin date to the Early Middle Ages. They appear to be the main
form of allotment associated with Alanic fortified settlements of the 5th
—
8th cc. There is every
reason to assume that in early medieval times such agricultural allotments could be found in the
vicinity of any Alanic fortified settlement. Field observations confirm the assumption, since in al¬
most every case one can find, within a radius of
1
km from the settlements, flattened areas on the
slopes which yield considerable amounts of Alanic pottery (Figs.
44; 48; 50; 51).
However, when
the layer of loamy diluvium is thick and contains no rocks, the allotments may not be visible on-
site or on aerial photos.
Paleoclimatic modeling of the area of prehistoric and medieval agricultural
activity in the Kislovodsk basin
The last part of the Chapter
6
is devoted to the results of using a special GIS-module of the analysis of
climatic changes in the Kislovodsk basin that was elaborated on by a group of geographers and cli-
matologists, with Afanas ev as a head
(Афанасьев и др.,
2002.
С.
74-75; 2004.
С.
78-84;
Афанасьев,
Коробов,
2007; 2008.
С.
219-224;
Коробов,
2007) (Fig. 3).
The main principle of its use is a comput¬
er simulation of the conditions of the microclimate in the grid cells of
500
by
500
meters, dependent
on the spatial and temporal changes of the global climatic process. Every grid cell has information
about the monthly data of modern climate (temperature, humidity, thermals etc.) in respect of abso¬
lute height and relief. Further, the developers of the module simulated the elevation of temperature
of the Atlantic ocean approximately on 0.8°C that lead to the climatic changes most probably char¬
acteristic for the Kislovodsk basin during the Early Middle Ages. These changes have different values
in every grid cell of the module that gives the potential to measure the monthly data of disturbed
climate for every portion of landscape with archaeological sites.
The analysis of climatic peculiarities has been made for the Late Bronze Age and Early Medieval
settlements of the region as well as for terraced plots of different types using the evidence of previous
research. More than
6 900
measurements of climatic values
(14
variables for every of
493
points)
were made by means of this GIS-module. The settlements were combined with groups with similar
climatic characteristics with the help of cluster analysis (Figs.
77; 81).
As a result, three groups of sites
of modern and disturbed climatic situation were divided and their climatic values were analyzed
with a procedure of Box-and-Whisker Plot, and the results of the cluster analysis were mapped with
GIS.
Mapping the climatic characteristics of three clusters of the sites allowed the definition of three
main landscape zones of habitation in the Kislovodsk basin depending on their differing height (Figs.
79; 80; 83; 84).
The main result of the simulation is a hypothesis that in the Early Middle Ages populated zones
of the basin were fit for agriculture beside cattle farming. The same processes are observed for the
settlements of the Late Bronze Age as well as for the spatial distribution of terraced agriculture of
different periods.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of pedological and archaeological investigations we argue that the most of the type
1
terraces were constructed during the
Koban
cultural stage
(3200-2500
years ago) and also the parts
of landscape below the terraces on sloping promontories, and above the terraces at the top of the
watershed hills were included into the tillage (probably by means of hoeing
—
Fig.
85: 1).
Thus we
257
____________
Древнєє
и средневековое земледелие в Кисловодской котловине
·
ENGLISH
SUMMARY____________
can state that the
Koban
culture population of the Kislovodsk basin had a highly-developed agri¬
culture and, apparently, an agricultural economy. Such assumption is in contradiction with the cur¬
rent interpretations of
Koban
culture as primarily a cattle-raising one
(Крупнов,
I960.
С.
315-316;
Козенкова,
1989.
С.
65;
Марковий,
Мунчаев,
2003.
С.
166-168).
We cannot exclude that the
Koban
culture in the Kislovodsk basin differed from the outer
Koban
environment due to its unprecedent¬
ed agricultural activities in the extremely favorable soil and climate conditions.
The more research we do on traces of
Koban
agriculture in the region, the more we see that the
plowed areas appear to be somewhat redundant, even considering the presumably high population
figures. It is quite possible that the above fact is linked to extensional development of the plowlands,
which inevitably became depleted notwithstanding the use of organic fertilizers. The topic doubt¬
lessly calls for a more detailed study.
The agricultural activities of the
Koban
culture population were taking place at the peak of pal-
eoenvironmental changes, and brought about catastrophic consequences, as a result of which the
territory fell into disuse for about five hundred years
(Reinhold, Koroboy,
2007.
P.
196;
Березин,
2011).
The Alanic population which arrived into the area in the early 1st millennium AD was able to
create cascades of terraces in the lower parts of the slopes and in watersheds only in the areas which
had escaped widespread
Koban
agriculture (western part of the Kislovodsk basin and the environs
of Rim-Gora). The Alanic population which came to settle in the areas where
Koban
agriculture had
caused active erosive processes was able to use only the rather small arable areas on promontories
in the lower part of the slopes. Traces of Alanic agriculture have survived in the form of Celtic fields
up to the present day. On the whole it appears that in the early Middle Ages the scope of agricultural
activities had decreased in comparison with the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages, even though the
density of the Alanic population in the area was quite high. Shortage of arable land could be one of
the reasons.
To sum up, we have identified that in the
1st
millennium AD the Alanic population used two types
of agricultural plot. The first type was worked heavy mouldboard ploughs pulled by several pairs of
oxen (Fig.
85: 2).
This technique of land use created long narrow terraces on slopes, which in our
classification are the second type of agricultural plot in the Kislovodsk basin. The terraces have anal¬
ogies in European literature where they are called strip lynchets (Raistrick, Chapman, 1929- P-
173;
Wood,
1961.
P.
453;
Fowler, Evans.
1967;
Taylor,
1966;
Bradley,
1978.
P.
267;
Fries,
1995.
P.
134,152).
We assume that the Alans may have used this form of agricultural plot during the first half of the
1st
millennium AD when they were moving into the Kislovodsk basin, where such terraces are located
mainly in the lower reaches of the river Eshkakon where it flows into the Podkumok. However, most
of the agricultural plots in question are within
6
km of Rim-Gora, a major settlement from the 10th
— 1
2th cc. (Fig.
57),
hence we cannot exclude that it were its inhabitants who practiced the style of
tillage described above.
The second type of plot is small rectangular or square areas enclosed with low stone walls. Such
fields could have appeared after cross-plowing with an
ard
pulled by two oxen (Fig.
85:3).
The plots
with stone boundaries are evidently related to the fortified settlements which date to the 5th
—
8th
cc.
ВС.
That is the period to which we should provisionally date the plots of this type, which have
numerous analogies among the so-called Celtic fields (Brongers,
1976.
P.
18-24;
Bradley,
1978.
P.
267; Klamm, 1993.
S.
9-16, 27;
Fries,
1995.
S.
16-19; Fries-Knoblach, 2001.
S.
222-224).
Instead of
indicating a regression, the more primitive tillage tools and simpler tillage techniques that appeared
in the middle of the 1st millennium AD appear to reflect the specific traits of Alanic settlement in a
new landscape.
The new types of agricultural plots in the environs of Kislovodsk have direct analogies in Europe,
and this is the first such case in studies of prehistoric and medieval agriculture in this country. The
new data on North Caucasian agriculture in the 1st millennium
ВС
—
1st millennium AD shows that
the chances of discovering traces of similar or other types of agricultural activity are higher than Kras-
nov, over four decades ago, estimated them to be
(Краснов,
1969-
С.
67).
258
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Borisov, Aleksandr V. Korobov, Dmitrij S. |
| author_facet | Borisov, Aleksandr V. Korobov, Dmitrij S. |
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| era | Geschichte 1000 v. Chr.-1700 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1000 v. Chr.-1700 |
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| id | DE-604.BV042030929 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:10:58Z |
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| isbn | 9785906045027 5906045023 |
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| spelling | Borisov, Aleksandr V. Verfasser aut Drevnee i srednevekovoe zemledelie v Kislovodskoj kotlovine itogi počvenno-archeologičeskich issledovanij A. V. Borisov ; D. S. Korobov Prehistoric and medieval agriculture in the Kislovodsk basin Moskva Taus 2013 271, 16 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 30 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Prehistoric and medieval agriculture in the Kislovodsk basin Geschichte 1000 v. Chr.-1700 gnd rswk-swf Agriculture (General) Archaeology Soils. Soil science Archäologie Ackerbau (DE-588)4000395-4 gnd rswk-swf Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd rswk-swf Kislowodsk Region (DE-588)4736379-4 gnd rswk-swf Kislowodsk Region (DE-588)4736379-4 g Ackerbau (DE-588)4000395-4 s Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 s Geschichte 1000 v. Chr.-1700 z DE-604 Korobov, Dmitrij S. Verfasser aut Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027472372&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027472372&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Borisov, Aleksandr V. Korobov, Dmitrij S. Drevnee i srednevekovoe zemledelie v Kislovodskoj kotlovine itogi počvenno-archeologičeskich issledovanij Agriculture (General) Archaeology Soils. Soil science Archäologie Ackerbau (DE-588)4000395-4 gnd Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4000395-4 (DE-588)4034402-2 (DE-588)4736379-4 |
| title | Drevnee i srednevekovoe zemledelie v Kislovodskoj kotlovine itogi počvenno-archeologičeskich issledovanij |
| title_alt | Prehistoric and medieval agriculture in the Kislovodsk basin |
| title_auth | Drevnee i srednevekovoe zemledelie v Kislovodskoj kotlovine itogi počvenno-archeologičeskich issledovanij |
| title_exact_search | Drevnee i srednevekovoe zemledelie v Kislovodskoj kotlovine itogi počvenno-archeologičeskich issledovanij |
| title_full | Drevnee i srednevekovoe zemledelie v Kislovodskoj kotlovine itogi počvenno-archeologičeskich issledovanij A. V. Borisov ; D. S. Korobov |
| title_fullStr | Drevnee i srednevekovoe zemledelie v Kislovodskoj kotlovine itogi počvenno-archeologičeskich issledovanij A. V. Borisov ; D. S. Korobov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Drevnee i srednevekovoe zemledelie v Kislovodskoj kotlovine itogi počvenno-archeologičeskich issledovanij A. V. Borisov ; D. S. Korobov |
| title_short | Drevnee i srednevekovoe zemledelie v Kislovodskoj kotlovine |
| title_sort | drevnee i srednevekovoe zemledelie v kislovodskoj kotlovine itogi pocvenno archeologiceskich issledovanij |
| title_sub | itogi počvenno-archeologičeskich issledovanij |
| topic | Agriculture (General) Archaeology Soils. Soil science Archäologie Ackerbau (DE-588)4000395-4 gnd Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Agriculture (General) Archaeology Soils. Soil science Archäologie Ackerbau Landwirtschaft Kislowodsk Region |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027472372&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027472372&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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