Narod će im suditi: zemaljska komisija za utvrđivanje zločina okupatora i njihovih pomagača za Zagreb 1944. - 1947.
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Croatian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Zagreb
Hrvatki Inst. za Povijest
2013
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Biblioteka Hrvatska povjesnica
Monografije i studije ; 60 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Land commission for establishing the crimes of the occupiers and their collaborators for Zagreb 1944 - 1947 |
| Beschreibung: | 388 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9789537840204 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 cb4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV042029006 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20140911 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 140818s2013 d||| |||| 00||| hrv d | ||
| 020 | |a 9789537840204 |9 978-953-7840-20-4 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)867910880 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)GBV77448067X | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a hrv | |
| 049 | |a DE-12 | ||
| 084 | |a 7,41 |2 ssgn | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Grahek Ravančić, Martina |d 1978- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1055934251 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Narod će im suditi |b zemaljska komisija za utvrđivanje zločina okupatora i njihovih pomagača za Zagreb 1944. - 1947. |c Grahek Martina Ravančić |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a The Land commission for establishing the crimes of the occupiers and their collaborators for Zagreb 1944 - 1947 |
| 264 | 1 | |a Zagreb |b Hrvatki Inst. za Povijest |c 2013 | |
| 300 | |a 388 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Biblioteka Hrvatska povjesnica : Monografije i studije |v 60 | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Land commission for establishing the crimes of the occupiers and their collaborators for Zagreb 1944 - 1947 | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1944-1947 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit |0 (DE-588)4124385-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Strafgericht |0 (DE-588)4183460-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Völkerstrafrecht |0 (DE-588)4188481-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Kriegsverbrechen |0 (DE-588)4033151-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Jugoslawien |0 (DE-588)4028966-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Jugoslawien |0 (DE-588)4028966-7 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Kriegsverbrechen |0 (DE-588)4033151-9 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit |0 (DE-588)4124385-7 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Strafgericht |0 (DE-588)4183460-4 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 4 | |a Völkerstrafrecht |0 (DE-588)4188481-4 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 5 | |a Geschichte 1944-1947 |A z |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 830 | 0 | |a Biblioteka Hrvatska povjesnica |v Monografije i studije ; 60 |w (DE-604)BV010859037 |9 60 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027470497&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027470497&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
| 940 | 1 | |n oe | |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027470497 | ||
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 355.009 |e 22/bsb |f 09044 |g 4972 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 340.09 |e 22/bsb |f 09044 |g 4972 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804152451342794752 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SADRŽAJ
Predgovor
9
Uvod
11
Historiografija i metodologija istraživanja
15
Političke i društvene okoinosti
23
Normativno-zakonodavni okviri
29
Pojam ratni zločin
29
Konferencije i suđenje ratnim zločincima
33
Pravno-zakonodavni okviri
35
Represija kao sastavni dio vlasti
61
Teorijska podloga
61
Represivni sustav zemalja narodne demokracije
64
Represivni sustav na Zapadu
72
Represivni sustav novog jugoslavenskog režima
80
Ustrojavanje organa nove jugoslavenske vlasti
85
AVNOJ
-
ZAVNOH
85
Razvitak organa pravosuđa
89
Državna komisija
—
zemaljske komisije
91
Propaganda i iistovi
о
djelovanju Zemaljske komisije za ratne
zločine okupatora i njihovih pomagača i procesuiranju zločina
125
Značenje javnosti i medija
125
Uloga listova
127
Rad Državne komisije za ratne zločine okupatora i njihovih
pomagača/Zemaljske komisije za ratne zločine okupatora
i njihovih pomagača u medijima
128
Zemaljska komisija za ratne zločine okupatora i
njihovih pomagača
пз
području Zagreba
161
Zagreb i nova vlast
161
Organizacija i struktura Zemaljske komisije za ratne
zločine okupatora i njihovih pomagača na području Zagreba
165
Djelatnici Centralne gradske komisije
171
Djelovanje Centralne gradske komisije
184
Okružna komisija za ratne zločine okupatora i njihovih
pomagača za Okrug Zagreb
197
Anketna komisija za utvrđivanje zločina kulturnom
suradnjom
s
neprijateljem
209
Odsjek za neprijateljsku imovinu
222
Slučajevi Zemaljske komisije za utvrđivanje zločina okupatora
i njihovih pomagača na području Zagreba
238
Zemaljska komisija za ratne zločine okupatora i njihovih
pomagača i njezin rad između parole sloboda narodu
i represije
332
Zaključak
339
Izvori i literatura
347
Summary
367
Životopis
377
Kazalo imena
379
Summary
THE LAND COMMISSION FOR ESTABLISHING THE CRIMES OF THE
OCCUPIERS AND THEIR COLLABORATORS FOR ZAGREB
1944 - 1947
The intensity of suffering and destruction inflicted on humanity during the
six years of the Second World War transformed European society to the core.
Reconstruction in
1945
thus could in no way be similar to reconstruction
during the
1920s
following the First World War. Wartime losses tore apart the
fabric of society, awoke bitter memories, and sometimes explosions
oranger,
but
on the other hand presented new challenges and opportunities. Even while hos¬
tilities were still raging, the Allies had determined to punish those guilty of
atrocities committed during the war as war criminals. The criteria and measures
used to determine war crimes derived from existing international agreements
(The Hague and Geneva conventions). The position of the Allied governments
was confirmed at the Moscow Conference
(19-30
October
1943)
by their joint
Declaration on atrocities committed by the Axis powers during the war. It per¬
tained to all the countries occupied by the Third Reich and encompassed Ger¬
many s allies and the collaborators who assisted occupiers in carrying out war
crimes. This declaration was confirmed at the Tehran Conference as well as the
Yalta and Potsdam Conferences, and it became the basis of the international law
to which war criminals were held accountable after the war. Meanwhile, the
United Nations War Crimes Commission, inaugurated in London on
20
Octo¬
ber
1943,
invited all the nations who were members of the Anti-Hitler Coalition
to form their own national commissions.
On
30
November
1943
in
Jajce,
at the Second Session of
AVNOJ,
the su¬
preme legislative and representative body of Yugoslavia, the Plenum brought
forward a decision to form the State Commission for establishing the crimes
of the occupiers and their collaborators. Subsequently, due to the organization
of the new state system into federal units, the Presidency of ZAVNOH (the
supreme legislative and executive national representative body in Croatia) es¬
tablished the Land Commission for establishing the crimes of the occupiers
and their collaborators in Croatia on
18
May
1944.
Then following bodies
were in turn established to support this Land Commission: District Commis¬
sions
-
attached to district NOOs, as well as other regional and municipal
368
M.
Grabek
Ravandc
| NAROD
CE IM
SUDITI
commissions. The District Commission
for the Zagreb region was formally
established in March
1945,
but its actual work probably began in July
ofthat
year. City commissions were created in cities with populations greater than
200,000,
and thus at the end of May
1945
the Central Commission for the city
of Zagreb began its work. To this Central city commission were further subor¬
dinated seven zone commissions for the city of Zagreb. According to regula¬
tions, all public bodies were required to assist the Commission, which an¬
swered directly to the NKOJ, then following the NKOJ, the Provisional gov¬
ernment of the DFJ, that is, the government of Yugoslavia.
Dr.
Dušan Nedeljković
was selected to be president of the State Commis¬
sion, while Dr.
Vlada Jokanović
was chosen to be secretary. Following the de¬
parture of
Jokanović, Ivan Grgić
took over as secretary. The Presidency of
ZA-
VNOH appointed the members of the Land Commission for Croatia, so Dr.
Ante
Mandić
was named as president and
Simo
Eror
as secretary of the Com¬
mission. The leader of the District commission was Dr.
Josip Beganić,
who
was selected by the executive committee of the district NOO, and this choice
was confirmed by the Land Commission. The Central city commission was
led by a chief who was confirmed by the district commission, which also con¬
firmed the head of the local community commission. In the city commissions
the executive committees of the NOO chose their two members and a mem¬
ber or secretary of the city or other people s court from the region. Regional
commissions were set up according to the same principle and these were led
by the central city commissions. Dr.
Aurel
Krstulović
was chosen to head the
Central city commission, while Dr.
Filip Smolčić
was named as secretary, but
he later assumed the position of head of the Central city commission. Dr.
Dra¬
gan Kasti
replaced him in the former position. At the end of
1944
the Com¬
mission employed
120
people. At the end of
1945,
this number grew to
439
people, but by the end of the following year it fell to
229.
During
1947
only
96
remained, but this number too decreased systematically until the Commis¬
sion was disbanded.
The Land Commission for war crimes of the occupiers and their collabo¬
rators was located in
Margaretska
street number l/II in Zagreb. The District
commission had its offices in Nikola
Jurišić
s
street number
9.
The Central city
commission was at first housed in
Grga
Martie
s
street number
4,
but was later
moved to
Juraj Žerjavić
s
street number
12/1.
With the reduction in the number
of people employed and the conclusion of overall work, the District and Cen¬
tral city commissions were combined, and following that the Land Commis¬
sion and the Central city commission were joined together at the
Margaretska
street location.
SUMMARY
369
The work of the Land/State Commission can in principle be divided into
three phases. First, from the creation of the Commission to the end of military
operations during which time the work of the Commission was rather limited
and for the most part revolved around organization of the sub-commissions
(especially district commissions) and the overall system. The second phase
began with transfer to Zagreb and relates to the period of intensive work (from
the middle of
1945
to the middle of
1946),
which was primarily of an investi¬
gative character. During the most intensive period of work (from the end of
the war until mid
1946),
there were
65
district,
229
local and
1210
municipal
commission at work. Besides this,
28
enquiry commissions were formed,
which were given the task of investigating and confirming certain crimes of a
larger scale or specific character. Following this a gradual reduction in the
intensity of activity occurred, with special emphasis on the extradition of
criminals, which remained the chief task, right until the dissolution of the
Commission.
The District committee for Zagreb stopped its work on
31
December
1946,
and its activities were taken by the Central city committee until it was dis¬
banded
31
July
1947.
The State commission was dissolved
12
April
1948.
The
remaining work fell under the responsibility of the public prosecutor of the
FNRJ. Though consideration was given to prolonging the existence of the
Commission, it seems that even at the international level there was no longer
interest in the question of war crimes (especially in the question of extradition
war criminals). Alongside this, in Yugoslavia, according to some interpreta¬
tions, there was a desire to overcome national tensions and suppress the mem¬
ories of wartime atrocities.
The Commission consisted of several departments and services
-
legal,
investigative, propaganda, executive, registration, and personnel. The legal de¬
partment prepared decisions on the basis of established evidence, created re¬
ports and thematic papers on individual categories of war crimes, compiled
schematics, looked over the decisions of the Land Commissions and suggest¬
ed the same for approval. Along with this it carried out investigative activities
such as holding hearings, generating lists of confirmed war criminals and trai¬
tors, and preparing trials at home and abroad. The investigative department
functioned only during
1945-1946,
when for the most part all investigative
duties were completed, while the remaining work was taken over by the legal
department. The propaganda department, which likewise functioned during
1945-1946,
was responsible for issuing various statements and publications.
The executive department was established due to the ever increasing growth
of bureaucratic process around the extradition of criminals from abroad and
370
M.
Grahek
Ravancić | NAROD
CE IM
SUDITI
the continuous increase in international tensions around this issue. In partic¬
ular, it oversaw the maintenance of ties between the State Commission with
delegations abroad. The registration service was required to document all cas¬
es underway, while the personnel department was responsible for all matters
related to the Commissions staff.
The Commission also had its own missions in Germany, Austria, and Italy
(attached to Allied headquarters), and they were responsible for providing in¬
formation and carrying out investigative work, while the responsibility for com¬
munications with the United Nations War Crimes Commission in London fell
to a special delegation. This Commission in its work utilized various Yugoslav
missions, delegations, and liaison officers attached to the Allied armies and
states as well as the personnel of the Yugoslav Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
The State Commission played the role of organizer and coordinator of the
whole body, but it also worked on some of the most important tasks (prepar¬
ing materials on prominent criminals). Special praise is always given to its
work on the international level. The Land Commission consisted of several
departments: general department, the department for enemy property, the
survey commission, and the department for investigating enemy archives.
The main task of the Commission was to collect information and evidence
to assist in establishing the existence of and responsibility for war crimes, its
execution, type, time and place of occurrence, the manner of the crime, and
the degree of responsibility of those involved, in order that they could, after
due process, be punished in properly constituted courts of law. A complaint
was registered orally or in writing, regardless of whether the individual was
harmed by the said crime. From the reported complaint it was important to
see who made the complaint, who was the complaint made against, why was
the complaint made, the manner, place, and time of the offense, who suffered
as a result of the offense, where the perpetrator is now located, who all took
part in the offense, or who benefitted from the crime. A certified copy of all
the evidence pertaining to the crime had to be submitted along with the com¬
plaint. The Commission was responsible for carrying out a classification of
war crimes and compiling a list of war criminals and their collaborators. A
decision was based on the evidence collected
(prima
facie evidence sufficed).
The decisions contained: the personal information of the perpetrator of
the crime; the names of the victims, a brief description and legal comment on
the act, description of the crime scene, the time and manner in which the
crime was committed, followed by a list of the evidence, the names of the per¬
petrators and an estimation of the value of the enforceable. But the final legal
nature of the decision as an act was only declaratory The decision acted as a
SUMMARY
371
suggestion, according to which the public prosecutor would bring charges (to
military courts until August
1945,
and district courts thereafter). After charg¬
es were accepted by the courts the public prosecutor would begin legal pro¬
ceedings before the courts. Accordingly, as was mentioned, the legal nature of
the decision was only declaratory, and judicially the decision was unreco¬
gnized until the matter was before the court. Thus the Commission was not a
sui
generis organ. The State Commission was not created as a judicial organ
and it was not tasked with directly carrying out the functions of bringing
charges, trial or punishment.
The cooperation of the Commission with military courts, which were in
operation until August
1945,
is impossible to discuss in any detail because the
documents concerning the work of the Commission, prior to the liberation of
Zagreb, are fragmentary and do not allow for any concrete conclusions to be
reached. Organized work by the city and regional commissions begins only at
the end of May and beginning of June and for the most part relates to the col¬
lection of statements and evidence, on the basis of which decisions were later
formulated. Henceforth processing of cases came under the responsibility of
the public prosecutor and the district courts. The State Commission and its
branches was not the only state instrument for pursuing war criminals and
quislings, this methodologically and legally unique system acted as a coordi¬
nated and integrated part of the organizational structure of the new state. The
task of the State Commission and its branches overlapped with the work of
organs of state security, but it is difficult to determine the delineation between
the two bodies. The quality of the completed decisions, as indicated by the
correspondence within the Commission, was quite uneven. Those that were
made in the early phase of the operation of the Commission were deficient,
though they were subsequently amended. Looked at as a whole, the most ac¬
curate decisions were those which related to individual cases (of the lowest
civil servants up to the very top of government). By their inclusion with the
entirety of the cases, the principle of collective responsibility is carried into the
whole, whereby individual cases, without further verification are then as¬
sumed into the whole. The concept of collective responsibility was broadly
applied, particularly in the case of people employed by the administrative ap¬
paratus of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH). As a result, considerable
ideological bias, one-sidedness and lack of systematic process are evident in
the existing documents. The various commissions moved forward case by
case, yet they were faced with great and extensive tasks. The
timeframe
within
which they were expected to work out their tasks were unfeasible. Conse¬
quently it is sufficient to note that one of the most important duties of the
372
M.
Gfahek
Ravanot
| NAROD
СЕ їм
suditi
commissions, a
statistical analysis of the total number of victims, remained
only partly completed. The same problem existed in the overall work of the
Commission, so it is emphasized that uneven standards were applied in the
determination of guilt for crimes. Persons were treated differently for the same
actions by the various commissions and this introduced political subjectivism
into the overall work of the Commission.
The Land Commission for Croatia began its work on
1
August
1944.
Dur¬
ing the course
ofthat
year it focussed its work on collecting data about crimes
committed by the Italian occupation forces in
Dalmaţia,
Gorski kotar, Kordun
and Lika.
From the beginning of its work the Commission struggled with ma¬
terial difficulties and a general lack of direction, and partly with a lack of ini¬
tiative on the part of regional commissions. Most often the work of local units
was criticized as lacking the spirit of activism however; this problem was
interpreted rather bureaucratically. The deficiency of personnel who were
serving in other areas was also noticeable. Furthermore, only a small portion
of the personnel were properly qualified and expert, and as a result the amount
of criticism directed at the quality of the work of the Commission is not sur¬
prising, especially that portion which related to the investigatory apparatus,
because a large number of the letters sent to the State Commission had to be
corrected and added to. These corrections had mostly to be done by the legal
team which according to their qualifications (for the most part) satisfied the
needs of the work of the Commission. These were individuals who most often
were not party members, given that at this time there were not many qualified
experts to choose from.
Disappointment was constantly expressed at the poor propaganda efforts
made for the important task accorded to the Commission. In the published
texts the main task was the mobilization of public opinion, according to which
the punishment of war criminals was a precondition for healing the wounds
inflicted by wartime actions, but it was also a condition for the construction of
a new system, in which an unpunished criminal was seen as a constant threat.
According to the politically charged language of the time, the interests of the
state were presented as the views of the majority, and thus texts dealing with
the enforcement of the law, as well as reports from the post-war trials, had a
highly
propagandistic
character, in which revenge was certainly not the sole
motive, but it was a sufficient and justifiable one. The propaganda activity of
the Commission was significant, and was above all directed toward the print¬
ing of reports and publications translated into numerous foreign languages.
Nevertheless, many at the time complained about the lack of public presence
of the Commission (and its meaning) in the print media.
SUMMARY
373
At the beginning of
1945
the work of the Commission was expanded given
the decision of the Presidency of
AVNOJ
about the takeover of enemy prop¬
erty by the state, about the administration of vacated property, and about the
sequestration of property which the occupiers confiscated. A special division
for enemy property concerned itself with these questions; it was organized
at the end of May or the first days of June
1945,
but its purpose was to establish
the property of wartime criminals and their assistants and to work out the
propositions for preparing the takeover of property under the administration
and control of DUND, with special attention paid to industrial, commercial
and
artisanal
businesses. In June
1946
the division completed its work, and the
summary results included
685
completed surveys and reviews of businesses.
Later
486
proposals were made for sequestration,
315
proposals were made
for initiating criminal charges, and
294
reports to the public prosecutor con¬
cerning surveys carried out at the request of the applicants. Due to negative
results in
77
cases, no suggestion was made, that is the case was disqualified.
In terms of property, the Commission only succeeded in working through a
small portion of the property that was confiscated during the war. The aim of
this division was stated to be the rational utilization of resources for recon¬
struction of the land and compensation for war damages. Confiscation had a
revolutionary import and a class basis. Disabling the economic basis of fa¬
scism, the goal of the new government, and the punitive confiscation of pro¬
perty in a broader context, contributed to the creation of the socio-economic
base of the new system.
From
6
June
1945
to mid May
1946
an enquiry commission was created to
determine crimes committed by cultural collaboration with the enemy. Dur¬
ing the course of its work, this enquiry committee collected
432
records. As a
result,
176
decisions were brought down, in turn,
54
applications were filed
with the public prosecutor for violations of national honour. In addition, re¬
ports were made on the activities of five scientists in Croatia, five were written
about camps
(Đakovo,
Lobor,
Sisak, Slano, Jastrebarsko),
and five on the mili¬
tary vicarage, as well as fourteen other reports. The main task of the enquiry
commission was: To find and identify as criminals those who have given their
intellectual abilities to the service of the enemy, and thus best aided the enemy
in the enslavement and division of our people. Therefore, it was necessary to
examine all persons who had worked in the public sphere during the NDH,
whether journalists, publicists, writers, editors and editorial board members,
artists, musicians, radio announcers, university professors, actors or singers. It
was a loyalty test of all intellectuals and a suppression of any kind of demo¬
cratic or civil resistance, while simultaneously creating space for its own
374
M.
Grahek
Ravanćic
|
NAROD ĆE
¡M
SUDITI
followers. These crimes were qualified under the provisions of the Law of pro¬
tection of the national honour of Croats and Serbs, which was applied in this
case (and in terms of economic cooperation) because the Commission was
not responsible for these types of crimes but according to the terms that estab¬
lished the Commission, it dealt with war crimes and collaboration with the
enemy (political, propaganda, cultural, artistic, economic, legal, administra¬
tive and any other cooperation with the occupation regime came under the
responsibility of the court for protection of the national honour), as was
defined in the Regulation on military courts and later in the Law on crimes
against the people and the state. An additional problem was the fact that the
criminal law was as yet only starting to emerge. The Law on crimes against the
people and the state was adopted in August
1945
which clearly showed that
the wartime and post-war phases were indistinguishable and that they were
connected by the enmity of the new government to all potential opponents. In
this regard, a broad interpretation of the concept of war crimes provided
enough room for interpreting political actions as criminal.
According to the incomplete records of the State Commission, including
all of its investigative organs,
938,828
accusations of war crime were registered
with the Commission. Thus
548,902
reports were compiled with witnesses
and associated statements, over
20,000
documents were discovered, over
5,000
photographs, and numerous exhumations were performed. Besides this, the
commissions prepared
166
reference and thematic works. As well, about
70
schematics of the occupation and quisling political organizations and military
and other formations were made. In addition, hundreds of press releases and
many books and pamphlets were published, and exhibitions in about fifty cit¬
ies were organized. According to the archival material collected,
116,239
deci¬
sions were issued resulting in the registration of
66,420
war criminals and
collaborators (enemies of the people).
The State Commission for establishing the crimes of the occupiers and
their collaborators, just as its subordinate federal units (land commissions),
were formed and began their work at a time when the liberation struggle and
the civil war were still underway. The complexity of the situation in Yugoslavia
at the time of the war and the impossibility of setting up uniform criteria for
the work of the republican commissions were reflected in the uneven meas¬
ures adopted for establishing war crimes. It seems that despite the collection
of numerous documents and the support of several institutions, the State
Commission was unsuccessful in reaching the goal of bringing all the accused
before the courts. This task was made more difficult by the fact that newly aris¬
ing international relations were increasingly tense and this became apparent
SUMMARY
375
in the issues surrounding the extradition of individuals accused of war crimes
who were living abroad. However, an essential component of the war was the
revolution which established communist rule, so the Commission, alongside
punishing with war criminals, was also keen on consolidating the new regime.
Therefore, the stability of the state was contingent upon its effectiveness which
was judged by its ability to maintain public order and enable economic growth
as well as through its ability to ensure legitimacy which in turn would provide
a guarantee of loyalty and strengthens the faith and commitment of the people
to the states political institutions. In terms of confirming legality, this had
mainly to do with the legal system, which was confirmed by the laws of the
new government, thus giving it the stamp of legality and legally constituted
authority. The criminal justice system was given a secondary task
-
trying and
punishing war crimes, more precisely, war criminals, as well as those who co¬
operated with the occupying powers
-
in order to fully discredit their legiti¬
macy. Furthermore, their prosecution was portrayed as a necessity to ensure
the supremacy of democratic values and norms, so that the public would have
faith in them. The same rigour and caution was expected in the evaluation of
economic cooperation with the old regime, which is why the material aspect
of the crime was separated from moral culpability as a prerequisite in deter¬
mining the degree of guilt. In addition to this, restrictive and generalized in¬
terpretations of the Law concerning criminal actions against the people and
state, the Law on combating illicit speculation and sabotage, as well as the Law
on confiscation, and a broad definition of accusations for collaboration or dis¬
honourable conduct during the war were applied, by which individuals of op¬
posing political views, undesirable social class, and those employed in the ad¬
ministration of the occupation regimes then found themselves afoul of the
new Communist government. The separation of legislative and executive
power in Yugoslavia, although generally prescribed, was not implemented in
practice. In order to maintain the system, it was important to ensure the rights
of those on which the system relied. In conditions of material poverty, the
toleration for a poorly functioning legal system and lack of legality was on the
rise, and in conjunction with this, the perception of the rigour of the criminal
justice system changed.
The decisions of the State and Land commissions certainly included a large
number of confirmed war criminals (who because of their activities should
have found themselves before the courts of any democratic land), but there
were also those who suffered because society was being purged of remaining
political and class enemies. In short, the main challenge to the new justice
system, on which the work of the Commission greatly depended, was to
376
M.
Grabek
Ravanćic | NAROD
CE IM
SUDITI
reconcile ethical imperatives and the need for legitimacy, but also political
demands which above all were expecting/demanding effective action. The
overall task was not easy, especially given the fact that there were many
opponents from the past (the inherited social and economic structure), and a
part of the process was carried out at the time of continuing military opera¬
tions, which contributed to the revenge element that was an essential part of
justice at the time. State Commission president Dr.
Dušan Nedeljković
him¬
self said that in absolute terms not all crimes were investigated, rather all the
serious war atrocities remembered by the people. In summation, he stated:
alongside all the deficiencies in our work which are a reflection of objective
and sometimes subjective conditions, the general and total results of our
service are nevertheless great and satisfactory. Given the conditions in which
we worked I doubt they could have been any better. Without undue self-
congratulation I think we can say that we gave everything of ourselves and
that we can with pride stand before our people and our state leadership which
entrusted this important national and state task to us. The degree to which
justice was served remains even today an open question, but it seems that the
memories of this period are incomplete and of a rather localized character, if
indeed they are not entirely repressed somewhere or have passed into the
realm of nostalgia.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Grahek Ravančić, Martina 1978- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1055934251 |
| author_facet | Grahek Ravančić, Martina 1978- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Grahek Ravančić, Martina 1978- |
| author_variant | r m g rm rmg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042029006 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)867910880 (DE-599)GBV77448067X |
| era | Geschichte 1944-1947 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1944-1947 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>02755nam a2200529 cb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV042029006</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20140911 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">140818s2013 d||| |||| 00||| hrv d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9789537840204</subfield><subfield code="9">978-953-7840-20-4</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)867910880</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)GBV77448067X</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">hrv</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">7,41</subfield><subfield code="2">ssgn</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Grahek Ravančić, Martina</subfield><subfield code="d">1978-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1055934251</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Narod će im suditi</subfield><subfield code="b">zemaljska komisija za utvrđivanje zločina okupatora i njihovih pomagača za Zagreb 1944. - 1947.</subfield><subfield code="c">Grahek Martina Ravančić</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="246" ind1="1" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">The Land commission for establishing the crimes of the occupiers and their collaborators for Zagreb 1944 - 1947</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Zagreb</subfield><subfield code="b">Hrvatki Inst. za Povijest</subfield><subfield code="c">2013</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">388 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">graph. Darst.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Biblioteka Hrvatska povjesnica : Monografije i studije</subfield><subfield code="v">60</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Land commission for establishing the crimes of the occupiers and their collaborators for Zagreb 1944 - 1947</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1944-1947</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4124385-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Strafgericht</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4183460-4</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Völkerstrafrecht</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4188481-4</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Kriegsverbrechen</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4033151-9</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Jugoslawien</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4028966-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Jugoslawien</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4028966-7</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Kriegsverbrechen</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4033151-9</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4124385-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Strafgericht</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4183460-4</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Völkerstrafrecht</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4188481-4</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="5"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1944-1947</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="830" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Biblioteka Hrvatska povjesnica</subfield><subfield code="v">Monografije i studije ; 60</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-604)BV010859037</subfield><subfield code="9">60</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027470497&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027470497&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Abstract</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">oe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027470497</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">355.009</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09044</subfield><subfield code="g">4972</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">340.09</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09044</subfield><subfield code="g">4972</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| geographic | Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Jugoslawien |
| id | DE-604.BV042029006 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:10:55Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789537840204 |
| language | Croatian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027470497 |
| oclc_num | 867910880 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 388 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Hrvatki Inst. za Povijest |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Biblioteka Hrvatska povjesnica |
| series2 | Biblioteka Hrvatska povjesnica : Monografije i studije |
| spelling | Grahek Ravančić, Martina 1978- Verfasser (DE-588)1055934251 aut Narod će im suditi zemaljska komisija za utvrđivanje zločina okupatora i njihovih pomagača za Zagreb 1944. - 1947. Grahek Martina Ravančić The Land commission for establishing the crimes of the occupiers and their collaborators for Zagreb 1944 - 1947 Zagreb Hrvatki Inst. za Povijest 2013 388 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biblioteka Hrvatska povjesnica : Monografije i studije 60 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Land commission for establishing the crimes of the occupiers and their collaborators for Zagreb 1944 - 1947 Geschichte 1944-1947 gnd rswk-swf Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit (DE-588)4124385-7 gnd rswk-swf Strafgericht (DE-588)4183460-4 gnd rswk-swf Völkerstrafrecht (DE-588)4188481-4 gnd rswk-swf Kriegsverbrechen (DE-588)4033151-9 gnd rswk-swf Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 gnd rswk-swf Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 g Kriegsverbrechen (DE-588)4033151-9 s Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit (DE-588)4124385-7 s Strafgericht (DE-588)4183460-4 s Völkerstrafrecht (DE-588)4188481-4 s Geschichte 1944-1947 z DE-604 Biblioteka Hrvatska povjesnica Monografije i studije ; 60 (DE-604)BV010859037 60 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027470497&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027470497&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Grahek Ravančić, Martina 1978- Narod će im suditi zemaljska komisija za utvrđivanje zločina okupatora i njihovih pomagača za Zagreb 1944. - 1947. Biblioteka Hrvatska povjesnica Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit (DE-588)4124385-7 gnd Strafgericht (DE-588)4183460-4 gnd Völkerstrafrecht (DE-588)4188481-4 gnd Kriegsverbrechen (DE-588)4033151-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4124385-7 (DE-588)4183460-4 (DE-588)4188481-4 (DE-588)4033151-9 (DE-588)4028966-7 |
| title | Narod će im suditi zemaljska komisija za utvrđivanje zločina okupatora i njihovih pomagača za Zagreb 1944. - 1947. |
| title_alt | The Land commission for establishing the crimes of the occupiers and their collaborators for Zagreb 1944 - 1947 |
| title_auth | Narod će im suditi zemaljska komisija za utvrđivanje zločina okupatora i njihovih pomagača za Zagreb 1944. - 1947. |
| title_exact_search | Narod će im suditi zemaljska komisija za utvrđivanje zločina okupatora i njihovih pomagača za Zagreb 1944. - 1947. |
| title_full | Narod će im suditi zemaljska komisija za utvrđivanje zločina okupatora i njihovih pomagača za Zagreb 1944. - 1947. Grahek Martina Ravančić |
| title_fullStr | Narod će im suditi zemaljska komisija za utvrđivanje zločina okupatora i njihovih pomagača za Zagreb 1944. - 1947. Grahek Martina Ravančić |
| title_full_unstemmed | Narod će im suditi zemaljska komisija za utvrđivanje zločina okupatora i njihovih pomagača za Zagreb 1944. - 1947. Grahek Martina Ravančić |
| title_short | Narod će im suditi |
| title_sort | narod ce im suditi zemaljska komisija za utvrdivanje zlocina okupatora i njihovih pomagaca za zagreb 1944 1947 |
| title_sub | zemaljska komisija za utvrđivanje zločina okupatora i njihovih pomagača za Zagreb 1944. - 1947. |
| topic | Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit (DE-588)4124385-7 gnd Strafgericht (DE-588)4183460-4 gnd Völkerstrafrecht (DE-588)4188481-4 gnd Kriegsverbrechen (DE-588)4033151-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit Strafgericht Völkerstrafrecht Kriegsverbrechen Jugoslawien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027470497&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027470497&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV010859037 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT grahekravancicmartina narodceimsuditizemaljskakomisijazautvrđivanjezlocinaokupatorainjihovihpomagacazazagreb19441947 AT grahekravancicmartina thelandcommissionforestablishingthecrimesoftheoccupiersandtheircollaboratorsforzagreb19441947 |