Epoka żelaza w dorzeczu środkowej Słupi:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
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Łódź
Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
2013
Poznań Wydawnictwo Nauka i Innowacje |
| Schriftenreihe: | Spatium Archaeologicum
vol. 5 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Bibliografie Seite 343-353 |
| Beschreibung: | 430 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten CD-R ; 12 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788363795870 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Epoka żelaza w dorzeczu środkowej Słupi |c Magdalena Piotrowska ; Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Fundacja Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego |
| 264 | 1 | |a Łódź |b Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego |c 2013 | |
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| 490 | 1 | |a Spatium Archaeologicum |v vol. 5 | |
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| 546 | |a Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache unter dem Titel: The Iron Age in the middle Słupia River valley | ||
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Summary
The Iron Age in the middle Słupia River valley
The aim of this paper is to outline the comprehen-
sive characteristics of the occupation in the area
of the middle Słupia River valley during the Iron
Age. The area under analysis covers the middle
part of the Słupia River together with its tributar-
ies and adjoining terrains. This area is also de-
fined as regards space by taking into account the
boundaries of the 9 sheets of the Polish Archeo-
logical Record (fig. 1).
A reconstruction of the settlement picture will
be conducted on two bases — on a regional and a
microregional scale. The undertaken analyses will
aim to reveal the preferences chosen for the in-
habited area by correlating the environmental fac-
tors (soils, relief, hydrography) with the charac-
ter of the settlement network of separate cultural
units. Excavated sites provide an excellent source
of information, the background for which is archi-
val information and data coming from documen-
tation recorded within the Polish Archaeological
Record programme. Within the distinguished area
(“A”) — the middle Słupia River valley, a smaller
unit of analysis was identified which is called a
test area — “Al”, which included settlements that
are features of a detailed analysis (fig. 3). The aim
of this method is to obtain reliable conclusions for
a larger area on the grounds of investigation of its
selected, representative part (Kobyliński 1984:
9). Considerations regarding the occupation-eco-
nomic transformations will be supplemented by an
analysis of movable artifacts, which will constitute
the grounds for chronological conclusions.
The Iron Age was a period of domination of
societies of the Pomeranian, Oksywie and Wiel-
bark cultures. These were fully developed units
at the time under consideration, sources of which
became a subject of penetrating analyses. The
state of recognition of the researched area caused
that the analysis ends together with the sources
ascribed to the Wielbark culture. Unfortunately,
during the inquiry no materials connected with the
D^bczyno group and the Migrations Period were
found. Therefore, the catalogue includes sites con-
nected with three cultures which were mentioned
before. Also sites marked on the Polish Archaeo-
logical Record sheets as “prehistorical” and “Lu-
satian — Pomeranian” were charted, because it is
possible that these are the remains from one of the
cultural units analyzed in this paper.
Many interesting finds connected with the
Stone, Bronze, Iron ages and later periods come
from the area under discussion (Pagel 1989: 49-
-62; Sikora 1975). The location of Slupsk and the
adjoining areas influenced the interesting history
of these territories in the 19th and 20th centuries,
when archaeology became a subject of interest.
Due to the cultural wealth of the area the inter-
est in the history of this region is very old. The
development of research on the prehistory of Po-
merania, especially the vicinity of Slupsk, may be
divided into a few stages, although the basic cae-
sura is 1945.
The first stage is connected with the begin-
nings of collectorship in Pomerania and the activ-
ity of the regional historical-touring societies. At
that time, in the area of our interest, researchers
such as A. Stubenrauch worked (Skrzypek 2001b:
223).
The second stage is a period when regional mu-
seums were established, including the museum in
Slupsk with the centre in Brama Nowa, the activi-
ty of which was interrupted by the chaos of war. As
a result a lot of valuable artifacts disappeared. Up
until the end of World War II Walter Witt, a teach-
er and amateur archaeologist (fig. 2) was respon-
sible for the museum. In the 1930s he conducted
archaeological surveys and rescue works in the
area of the Kobylnica commune. He is the author
356 Epoka żelaza w dorzeczu środkowej Słupi
of works concerning the oldest history of the re-
gion and artifacts from Słupsk and its neighbour-
hood. His articles were published in a supplement
Ostpommersche Heimat and concerned, among
others, archaeological discoveries. The inappreci-
able sources to the oldest history of Słupsk district
are his monographs of Słupsk district including a
catalogue of towns with the discoveries and figures
of selected artifacts (Witt 1934; 1969).
Probably before the war, D. v. Kleist earned out
excavations in the discussed area. He was a Ger-
man officer who was stationed in Słupsk and an
amateur prehistorian, whose main interest was the
prehistory of the neighbouring Sławno district. In
1933 his work concerning the oldest history and
artifacts from Sławno and surrounding area was
published (Kleist 1933). Information on the dis-
coveries from the Kobylnica commune, which are
located in the analyzed area, may be found in his
publication.
After 1945 a slow reconstruction of local insti-
tutions interested in the region's past took płace.
Researchers connected with the Museum in Ko-
szalin were particularly active. Central Pomera-
nia in the post-war years was characteristic of a
lack of systematic archaeological researches. Ter-
rain works at that time were of a rescue-protective
nature or were carried out by amateur-collectors
(Lachowicz 1964: 237).
The next phases of the research development
fell to the establishment of the Polish Archeologi-
cal Record programme, which was conducted in
the beginnings of the 1980s and the 1990s. Spe-
cial archaeological activity in the region of Słupsk
intensified within recent years due to the wide-
scale investigations connected with the construc-
tion of the city's bypass road. On the route of the
future motorway, a number of sites were recorded
and were selected for rescue excavations. Mate-
rials obtained from five of these sites date to the
Iron Age and come from the middle Słupia River
area. The sites are located within the before men-
tioned separated test area.
The middle Słupia River valley is an area of
interest for antiquarians, archaeologists — ama-
teurs and present-day researchers. A number of
archaeological discoveries are connected with
natural values of this area, which was a favourable
place for habitation in different periods in prehis-
tory. The hydrological axis of the discussed area is
the Słupia River, which belongs to the immediate
Baltic Sea catchment area (Rychling, Ostaszewska
2005: 154). The variety of landscape forms and
early post-glacial relief with various altitudes visi-
ble in the discussed area are the effects of the gla-
ciers melting. The main elements of soil cover are
soils formed from glacial till, which is quite a good
soil in respect of agricultural capability. Lixiviat-
ed and acidic cambisols dominate and cambisols
are rarer. In river and stream valleys fluvisols also
occur, peats, however, do not (Haluzo 2002: 33).
In the analyzed area podzols are often found, on
places where nowadays coniferous forests grow
(Haluzo 2002: 33). The variety of soils that oc-
curred at the sites under consideration may have
constituted favourable advantages for prehistoric
occupation, allowing for the freedom and flexibil-
ity in the techniques and the selection of crops
(Forysiak, Twardy 2009: 6).
To sum up, the local geographical-natural con-
ditions; good quality soils, the hydrographical net-
work and the proximity to the sea (Slupia River
together with its tributaries) are what probably
influenced the location of the settlement complex-
es. The wealth of forests and the resources of bog
iron resulted in the Slupia River valley becoming
a convenient area to establish settlements both in
prehistory, and in the Middle Ages.
In the Catalogue containing discoveries from
the analyzed area, 389 sites are included which
confirms the attractiveness of these terrains in re-
spect of occupation. It often happened that on one
site, materials of more than one culture were re-
corded. Separate sheets of the Polish Archeologi-
cal Record differ in character and chronology of
the discovered sites. It should be remembered that
the state of recognition of the settlement network,
formed by cemeteries and settlements to a certain
degree was dependent on the accessibility of the
archaeologically surveyed terrains, the location of
linear projects routes and field and building works
within and near agglomerations of the popula-
tion. Part of the sites known from the archives do
not have a precise location but only the name of
a town or village, on the premises of which most
often an accidental discovery was made. Among
the analyzed sites, predominate these from which
sources connected with the Pomeranian and Wiel-
bark cultures come from. In the case of the former,
cist graves were mainly discovered whereas in the
case of the Roman period traces of occupation
prevail. In comparison with sites of other cultures,
traces of the Oksywie culture occupation were
very rarely recorded.
Summary. The Iron Age in the middle Slupia River valley 357
Analyses undertaken in the paper considerably
supplements the knowledge of the poorly recog-
nized settlements from the period under consid-
eration. The hitherto researchers of these cultures
were mainly interested in finds of a sepulchral
character. This led to a considerable disproportion
between the number of excavated necropoles and
the number of well-recognized habitation sites of
the Pomeranian, Oksywie, and Wielbark cultures.
Among the sites included in the Catalogue there
are 6 settlements of the Pomeranian culture which
was subjected to archaeological research. Two
of them (tosino 14 and 15) are located within a
separated test area („A1”). In the case of settle-
ment sites of the Wielbark culture, 9 settlements
were excavated, from among which 4 will be sub-
jected to a detailed analysis because of their loca-
tion in area “Al”. These sites were considerably
destroyed. Their location was favourable for the
destruction processes and the intense agrotech-
nological activities accelerated the degradation
of the sites. The poor state of preservation of ar-
chaeological objects and the considerable disin-
tegration of pottery material are the result of these
destructive factors. In the case of all the discussed
sites the same analytical norms were used.
Vessel descriptions in literature and their divi-
sions are mostly based on those found in graves,
which impedes considerably on the analysis of
pottery found in settlements. A macromorphologi-
cal analysis was conducted based mainly on the
metrical criteria. At the same time, for compara-
tive purposes current typologies were used, which
became the grounds for defining the chronology
of analyzed vessels and yielded analogies coming
mainly from cemeteries.
The largest and the most interesting of the dis-
cussed sites, that was located within the test area,
is Losino 15. In the excavated area of 279.33
acres, 135 features connected with the Pomeranian
culture and 17 with the Wielbark culture occurred
(fig. 21). Among the recorded features the following
were identified: pits, hearths, furnaces, post-holes,
pottery concentrations, dwelling features and bot-
tom bases of bloomeries. Most features were as-
cribed to the Pomeranian culture on the grounds of
materials placed in the fills or other premises such
as the structure of the filling and similarities to
sources dated on the grounds of pottery material.
Relics of the habitation of the Pomerania cul-
ture population occurred with differing intensity
within the entire excavated area. Zones of concen-
trations of features are clearly visible in the site
(fig. 22). “Pomeranian” features are most numer-
ously grouped in segment G — in the central part
of the excavated area, and within segment D — in
the north-eastern part of the site. Probably two
zones of the settlement are involved in what is in-
dicated by a character of the discovered features
and pottery.
The most numerous group of features consists
of pits with an undefined purpose (fig. 22; table 1:
1; table 13: 2). Moreover, pits defined as having
an economic function were recorded (table 2: 1;
table 10: 2; table 22: 1, 2; table 25: 4, 6). Hearths
and fireplaces were also found testifying to the
settlement character of the site (table 1: 2; table
3: 1, 2; table 12: 1, 2; table 13: 1; table 21: 1,
5; table 25: 5). Dwelling functions are cautiously
ascribed to four features because of their consid-
erable sizes and abundance of material (table 11;
table 23: 5). Moreover, immovable sources of pro-
ductive (table 4) and storage (table 9: 2; table 21:
2-4; table 25: 1, 2) character occurred.
A total of 14,713 Pomeranian culture pottery
fragments were found in the deposits of features,
which unfortunately were poorly preserved. As a
result, the classification of the vessels to specific
forms could only be hypothetical or in some cases
it was just impossible. The unsatisfactory state of
preservation of the vessels meant that there were
not many subgroups and types identified. With-
in the obtained pottery collection the following
groups of vessels were present:
Pots that constitute group I of the partly recon-
structed vessels in the case of which the preserved
shape of the belly was a criterion of distinguish-
ing the following subgroups: A — egg-shaped and
slightly moulded and B — bulbous pots. Among the
pots of types A and B specimens with differently
shaped upper parts of the vessel were recorded.
Differences are visible in the form and shape of
the edge at the top, and how the outer surface
was treated. Among the egg-shaped and slightly
moulded pots, 6 types were identified (fig. 23-30),
whereas among the bulbous ones only two were
identified (fig. 31; fig. 32). Pots constitute the most
numerous partly reconstructed group of vessels.
Bowls were also relatively numerous (group II),
which were only partly reconstructed. These ves-
sels were differentiated in respect of the moulding
and sizes. The majority were constituted by bowls
with an arched ֊ A (fig. 33) and hemispherical -
B profile (fig. 34).
358 Epoka żelaza w dorzeczu środkowej Słupi
Group III includes poorly preserved vases,
among which the following subgroups were identi-
fied: A (fig. 35), B (fig. 36), and C (fig. 37).
Plates belonging to group IV, beside pots and
bowls, are one of the most abundant forms that
were obtained from the site under consideration.
They were divided with respect to the shape of
their edges (fig. 39; fig. 40).
Group — V, this group is a small group and is
made up of cups and scoops (fig. 41). The shape of
the belly identifies specimens with either a slight
— bulbous (A) or conical (B) profile.
Group VI comprises of amphoras including the
only fragmentarily preserved vessels from feature
G92, in the case of which a hypothetical recon-
struction was made (fig. 42).
Group VII includes strainer vessels. We were
not successful at reconstructing the entire form of
a strainer vessel from fragments obtained at the
site during excavations therefore the presented
reconstruction is a proposal based on available
analogies (fig. 43).
Among the pottery from Łosino 15 a form re-
sembling a spoon or scoop occurred (fig. 44). It
was defined as group VII - special forms.
Moreover, vessels of, despite their partial re-
construction, undefined form were discovered.
Let us go to a brief presentation of ornamenta-
tion. Plastic ornamentation was the most common
while engraved and impressed decoration rarely
occurred. The most numerous ornamentation were
plastic knobs, bands and notching of the edges,
which was considered a characteristic element of
the Pomeranian culture pottery in the older pre-
Roman period (Luka 1966: 292; Szamałek 2002:
189).
Conclusions concerning the co-occurrence
of individual ornaments are interesting (fig. 46).
What is clearly visible is that the common forms of
decoration (plastic knobs and impressions on the
rim edges) were not found in the same immovable
sources. The only exception is feature C77, which
could prove that both types of ornamentation were
contemporaneous with each other. It is important
because plastic knobs and notching of the edges
show zoning in the occurrence of features on the
discussed site and except for the mentioned fea-
ture they were not recorded in the same assem-
blages. Vessels decorated with impressions on the
edges of rims were obtained from features located
mainly in the north-eastern part of the site, within
segments C and D. Single pits in which vessels
with notched edges were discovered in segments
G (at the border with hectare C) and H.
A technological analysis of the micromorpholog-
ical features of the pottery of the Pomeranian cul-
ture, found on this site, likewise is not significant
when defining the chronology. It is however worth
paying attention to the fragments of rims belonging
to two vessels. In their case an interesting micro-
morphological element is seen in their composi-
tion. These pottery rim fragments show the facet-
ting of the edges from the inner side, which should
be regarded as a characteristic of the pottery of the
Jastorf culture (table 45: 6; table 57: 1).
Due to the lack of any metal artifacts, the chro-
nology for Losino 15 relied heavily on comparing
the conclusions concerning the dating of separate
forms of vessels. The issues of chronology and pe-
riodization of materials of the Pomeranian culture
from settlements are one of the most difficult prob-
lems connected with this culture (Czopek 1992:
79). When this settlement existed, during the time
of the Pomeranian culture, two chrono-stylistical
phases (1 and 2) were recognised on the grounds
of vessel pottery.
Stylistically older elements ascribed to phase
1 are visible in pottery obtained from features lo-
cated in the southern part of the site. Among them
were slender pots with finger polished surfaces,
numerous analogies have been found in materials
of the Lusatian culture (fig. 24: 8, 9). Also frag-
ments coming from vessels with high cylindri-
cal necks (table 51: 4; table 53: 12) were noted,
which is considered a characteristic of a rather
early phase of the Pomeranian culture. In one of
the pits an almost completely reconstructed ves-
sel was found (fig. 38), its black shiny surface and
form refer to the Hallstatt stylistics and the old-
est Jastorf horizon, called the Marianowo horizon.
What deserves attention are the fragments of a
vessel which appears to have had a high cylindri-
cal neck and probable pear-shaped (table 85: 6)
body and was decorated (table 85: 4) in the same
way as materials found from the Lusatian culture
through the Wielka Wieš phase to the Pomeranian
culture. A pottery collection from this feature is
supplemented by the almost completely preserved
vase-shaped vessel (fig. 35: 3). The clearly dis-
tinguished shoulders and the black shiny surface
place this form with the classic phase of the Po-
meranian culture.
Stylistically younger elements from phase 2 oc-
curred mainly in the central and north-eastern part
Summary. The Iron Age in the middle Slupia River valley 359
of the settlement. The completely coarsened pots,
whose form is associated with cloches known from
cemeteries (fig. 23; fig. 25; fig. 29; fig. 30) and the
decoration that occurs on the vessels are compo-
nents of the later phase of the Pomeranian culture.
Plastic knobs (fig. 27; fig. 28) and impressions
placed on the edges of vessels (fig. 29; fig. 30)
were among the elements recognized as determi-
nants of the Pomeranian culture materials from
the older pre-Roman period. It is worth drawing
attention to a fact that in features connected with
phase 2, a large number of plates were recorded
with their entire absence in immovable sources of
phase 1. Connected with the decline phase of the
Pomeranian culture are the fragments of pottery
facetted from the inside (table 45: 6; table 57: 1)
which are the latest dated elements connected
with the Ripdorf phase.
It should be mentioned that in features associ-
ated with phase 1 there are also elements charac-
teristic of the older pre-Roman period. The pres-
ence of younger elements in features connected
with phase lmay be treated as an augury of the
older pre-Roman stylistics and the declining of
the Hallstatt traditions.
Distinguished within the discussed settlement
was phase 1 which may be referred to as the clas-
sical phases II and III of the Pomeranian culture.
Distinguished by S. Czopek phases II and III are
included in a period from HaD2 to the decline of
LtA, LtA/LtBl (Czopek 1992a; 87). Phase II of the
Pomeranian culture defined by the mentioned au-
thor refers to period from HaD2 to HaD3/LtA, in
which also marianowo phase is included. Whereas
phase III of the discussed culture may be referred
to phase LtBl.
On the discussed site phase 2 of the Pomera-
nian culture occupation probably synchronizes
with phase IV of the Pomeranian culture, that is
the decline of LtB2 and LtCl period (Wol^giewicz
1979: Fig. 1, 35, 36; Wožniak 1979: 143-145;
Czopek 1992a: 87). The presence of pottery frag-
ments, facetted from the inside, on the site of
Losino 15 points to the occupation of the “Po-
meranian” lasting to the beginnings of the Ripdorf
phase. It is also confirmed by the finds of facetted
rims from a settlement of the Pomeranian culture
in Redzikowo 13.
A conclusion can be drawn that features from
the southern part of the site are the remains of a
settlement which should be connected with the
classical phases of the Pomeranian culture and
possibly with the turn of its decline phase. The oc-
cupation remains from the central and north-east-
ern part of the site probably corresponds with the
turn of the classical and decline phases of the Po-
meranian culture, however, the main connection is
with its IV — final phase (Czopek 1992: 87). What
is of particular importance is the co-occurrence
of some later elements with the earlier ones and
the presence of pottery connected to the decline
phase of the Pomeranian culture in the central
and north-eastern part of the site. This testifies to
the stability of the settlement and its long occupa-
tion. Probably during the existence the settlement
“shifted” towards the north and east. A continuity
of inhabiting from the classical phases of the Po-
meranian culture to its decline is observed here.
On site Losino 15 materials from the Ro-
man period were also found. The inconsiderable
amount of features and small amount of pottery did
not form any grounds for widening the character-
istics of the Wielbark culture occupation. Features
from the horizon under investigation were found
mainly in the central part of the site (fig. 47). The
character of the discovered sources, their location
and obtained archaeological material, points to
the described occupation having a rather episodic
character. It is important to note that during ex-
cavations only a peripheral part of the settlement
was revealed while other features were outside
the area of archaeological investigations. A total
of 16 features are connected with the described
occupation. In half of the cases, the state of pres-
ervation of the sources allowed for a more accu-
rate definition of their function. On the grounds of
formal and morphological features, economic pits,
hearths and a post-hole were identified.
A pottery collection from the analyzed oc-
cupation horizon is much poorer than the above
mentioned materials of the Pomeranian culture.
Totally 490 pottery vessel fragments were ob-
tained. Among the partially reconstructed vessels
the following forms were identified: pots, a bowl
and a cup. The partly reconstructed two-part pots
(fig. 48) may be grouped in with vessels defined
as type IC or ID in typology by R. Wolqgiewicz
(Wolijgiewicz 1993: 12). Also found was one ves-
sel which may be compared to pots of type IA
(fig. 49), egg-shaped and with the rim bent in-
side (Wol^giewicz 1993: 12). In a group of bowls
there was one fragmentarily preserved form, of
which only the top part survived (fig. 50). The rim
of the vessel is gently facetted from the inside.
360 Epoka żelaza w dorzeczu środkowej Słupi
In the classification of the Wielbark culture pot-
tery this vessel refers to the bowls of type XIVB
(Wołągiewicz 1993: 18). In one of the features
an almost complete preserved cup was found
(fig. 51). Cups with similar designs are found in a
dissertation by A. Wiśniewska (Wiśniewska 2004)
concerning the Oksywie culture pottery.
The above mentioned vessels, as well as frag-
ments which came from forms that could not have
been successfully reconstructed, were analyzed
in respect of micromorphology. Rim vessels with
rounded edges prevailed, when shaping the top of
the rim. One vessel had a thick edge corresponding
with the earlier stylistic tendencies (fig. 48: 1).
From the analysis of a small collection of pot-
tery material, traces of occupation connected with
the Wielbark culture may be dated to the early
Roman period. A chronology of individual ves-
sels indicates phases B1-B2. Of significance for
such chronology is the majority presence of gently
moulded rims and in, one case, a thickened top
at the edge corresponding with the younger pre-
Roman period stylistics.
Another site located within area “Al” is a set-
tlement in Losino 34. In the area of 45.75 acres,
4 immovable features connected with the Wiel-
bark culture (fig. 52) as well as 282 pottery frag-
ments obtained from features were recorded. This
site is considered to be the remains of a settle-
ment evidenced by the discovered features: pits,
hearths and post-holes. It is probable that during
the research only a fragment of the settlement area
was found, the remaining part of it may have been
outside the borders of archaeological research.
In a storage pit fragments were found which
allowed for the partial reconstruction of two ves-
sels which had clearly separated shoulders, coars-
ened bellies and polished parts under the rim
(fig. 53). These pots refer to vessels of the group
IB according to classification by R. Wołągiewicz
(Wołągiewicz 1993: 13). Among the reconstructed
forms there are also fragments of a possible bowl
(fig. 54) whose form of vessel belongs to the group
XaA (Wołągiewicz 1993: 16, 17).
Except S-shaped pots, a fragmentarily pre-
served bowl there are also single rims characteris-
tic of gentle moulding and flat bottoms. The men-
tioned elements indicate the younger phase of the
early Roman period. Therefore they should be con-
nected mainly with phase B2 of the Roman period.
Łosino 13 is the smallest of the discussed sites
(fig. 55). It was explored in the area of 10.58 acres.
Two features in which 508 pottery fragments were
recorded are connected with the Iron Age. It is like-
ly that the excavation only uncovered a peripheral
part of the settlement while the remaining part ran
beyond the limit of archaeological investigation.
All the partly reconstructed vessels came from
feature Bl, interpreted as a half-dug out dwelling.
Among the partly reconstructed vessels, taking
into account the metrical criteria, the following
vessel groups were identified: pots, a bowl, and a
cup. Three vessels belong to a group of two-part
pots (fig. 56). These forms reveal clear zoning in
the way of surface treating and are characteristic
of the presence of short, thickened rims. The de-
scribed forms belong to a group of slender, two-
part pots with a rounded upper part of the belly
with the biggest protrusion placed on the upper
half of the vessel's height (Wiśniewska 2004:
11, 12, 22). It should be added that these ves-
sel forms belong to pot types IC and ID according
to the typology by R. Wołągiewicz (Wołągiewicz
1993: 13). Also a fragment from a black polished
bowl was found with a facetted edge (fig. 57).
In a study on pottery of the Oksywie culture by
R. Wołągiewicz bowls are connected with group
X (Wołągiewicz 1981: 159). It seems that the de-
scribed bowl should be compared with vessels of
the Oksywie culture with features II-IB or II-IA
identified by A. Wiśniewska (Wiśniewska 2004:
71, 72, tables XXXVIII: 3, XXXIX: 1-2 and with
bowls from the Roman period of groups XaA and
XbA according to R. Wołągiewicz (Wołągiewicz
1993: 17). A cup with a rim bent inside also had
a facetted edge (fig. 58). According to the typology
of the Oksywie culture pottery this vessel should
be placed with group VIII, which includes cups
connected with the younger phases of this culture
(A2-A3) (Wołągiewicz 1979: 159). In the typology
of the Wielbark culture pottery of similar forms
are also found — barrel-shaped cups of group XV
(Wołągiewicz 1993: 18).
In the discussed collection short thick rims de-
cidedly prevail. In two cases thick facetted edges
were recorded. Rims formed in this way occur in
the younger pre-Roman period and are still present
in phase Bl (Wołągiewicz 1993: 26). Such edge
forming is an archaizing element connected with
the younger pre-Roman period and is related to
the gradual replacing of the Oksywie cultures’
stylistics by the stylistics of the Wielbark culture
(Wołągiewicz 1974: 129 et seq.). Thickened and
facetted rims appear in materials of the Oksywie
Summary. The Iron Age in the middle Slupia River valley 361
culture from cemeteries and are connected with
the transitional phase A3-B1 (Wolqgiewicz 1965:
239, 240). The analysis of pottery material shows
that the remains of the settlement may be dated to
a period from phase A3 of the younger pre-Roman
period to phase Bl. It should be emphasized that
the discussed pottery collection from site Losino 13
presents features of both the younger pre-Roman
period and stylistics referring to the Roman period.
Another site from the test area, on which the
occupation of the Wielbark culture occurred, is
Kobylnica 5. An area of 36 acres was excavated,
where 15 features dating to the Roman period
were discovered (fig. 59). A total of 498 vessel
fragments are connected to the occupation of this
cultural unit. Likewise in the cases of Losino 13
and 34 the excavations covered only part of the
settlement. Among the recorded features were
pits, hearths and fireplaces.
A pottery collection from Kobylnica 5 allowed
for the fragmentarily reconstruction of pots and
cups. Two vessels were pots (fig. 60) with their form
belonging to group IB according to Wolqgiewicz
(Wolqgiewicz 1993: 12). The cups included two
vessels (fig. 61) which may be cautiously com-
pared with group XV, type C and with the S-shaped
cups, type A (Wolqgiewicz 1993: 18).
The chronology of the above mentioned forms,
the presence of fragments with smooth black sur-
faces as well as the presence of slightly moulded
rims would indicate a date within the early Roman
period — phases B1-B2.
The last of the sites subjected to a detailed
analysis is Losino 14, where the sources discov-
ered were connected with both the Pomeranian
and Wielbark cultures (fig. 62).
Six features — pits and a hearth (fig. 63) and
107 pottery fragments are connected with the Po-
meranian culture. Among the reconstructed forms
there was an egg-shaped pot with a finger polished
surface (fig. 64), bowls, a plate (fig. 65) and an al-
most complete preserved scoop (fig. 66). Moreover,
on one fragment decoration in the form of plastic
knobs occurred on the belly (table 105: 2).
The presence of the vessel with a finger polished
surface refers to pots of the Lusatian culture which
may indicate an earlier chronology. Another chron-
ological clue is the plastic decoration in the form
of a pair of bowl-shaped knobs, which has a rather
later chronology. To sum up, the obtained material
should be connected with the decline of the Hall-
statt period and the older pre-Roman period.
On site Losino 14 the Wielbark culture is rep-
resented by a small collection of strongly disin-
tegrated pottery including 74 fragments. A group
of 49 hearths, as well as 2 pits and a post-hole
(fig. 67) are cautiously connected with the Roman
period on the grounds of formal features (Strobin
2009: 21). The hearths were mostly characteristic
of rectangular outlines what may indicate the use
of a wooden frame. The features were located in
the vicinity of a watercourse (Strobin 2009: 22). It
may be stated with high probability that there was
a separate area of economic activity on the set-
tlement site Losino 14, and the recorded features
due to their similarities concerning morphology
and consistency were functionally connected.
Due to a lack of distinctive fragments within
the discussed pottery collection it was impossible
to give precise dates. The obtained sources may be
generally connected with the Wielbark culture and
the Roman period (Strobin 2009: 22). The only
indicator may be the colour of the obtained frag-
ments, where tawny decidedly prevailed. Since the
early Roman period this colour is more frequently
observed in vessels. (Machajewski 1980: 23).
As mentioned earlier, the source basis of the
paper are the sites located within the test area
“Al”. It is, however, worth remembering that their
immediate context is made by sites located within
zone “A”. In this delimited group discoveries came
from different forms of archaeological activeness.
These are “stray” finds, known from literature or
archives, and sites recognized in the course of ar-
chaeological surveys and excavations.
Within area “A” a number of settlement points
were included in the Polish Archeological Record
and the sites discovered, which belonged to the
Pomeranian culture, were subjected to rescue re-
search excavations, these were Redzikowo 12 (no.
206), Redzikowo 13 (no. 207), Redzikowo 14 (no.
208) and Widzin 8 (no. 314) (fig. 6). Likewise
for the settlements presented above, pottery was
the basis for their chronology. Available sources
allowed for the general quantitative specification
of vessel types from all excavated “Pomeranian”
sites from the areas “A” and “Al” (fig. 68). Pots
were the prevailing forms, dominating both as re-
gards their amount and distinguished types. Frag-
ments coming from plates and bowls co-occurred
with them in large amounts. Slightly rarer were
cups and scoops, which are typical vessels record-
ed from settlements. Vessels in the form of vases,
jars and amphoras were not often found.
362 Epoka żelaza w dorzeczu środkowej Słupi
Another category of sites of the Pomeranian
culture is constituted by cemeteries. In area “A”
44 sites were found where sepulchral sources for
the Pomeranian culture were recorded. The most
frequently found was the single cist grave with ac-
companying urn, these were accidental discover-
ies found during held and earthen works, in which
case chronology determination, due to the disap-
pearance of most materials, was impossible (hg.
69-71). Only a cemetery in Slupsk was completely
or mostly excavated — 17 graves were discovered
there (hg 2; hg. 72-74).
Query sources, archival data or rescue excava-
tions did not yield materials which might be con-
nected with the “pure” Oksywie culture. However,
it should be emphasized that on two settlements
(Losino 13, Redzikowo 13) pottery was found with
features of the younger pre-Roman period and
with forms associated with the Roman period. The
sites correspond to the decline of the Oksywie cul-
ture and the early Wielbark culture. During the
course of the Polish Archeological Record pro-
gramme only three sites were described as occu-
pation points from the younger pre-Roman period.
In the area of our interest there are also 6 ceme-
teries connected with the younger pre-Roman pe-
riod: Globino 2 (fig. 75), Redzikowo 11, Runowo
Slawienskie 3 (fig. 76), Slonowice 7, Slonowice
12, Slonowice 19 (fig. 77) (fig. 7).
39 settlement sites are connected with the Wiel-
bark culture, from among which 9 were subjected
to archaeological investigations (fig. 9): Kobylni-
ca 5, Losino 14, Losino 15, Losino 34, Plaszewko 5,
Redzikowo 12, Redzikowo 14, Widzino 8, Widzi-
no 44. Moreover, on two archaeologically excavated
sites (Losino 13, Redzikowo 13) materials connect-
ed with the decline of the younger pre-Roman pe-
riod and the beginnings of the Roman period were
discovered.
To investigate the occurrence of individual
forms of vessels on settlements from the Roman
period in the area under discussion a description
and specification of pottery from the excavated
sites was made and then accorded to an assumed
scheme (table 78). On most of the sites the pre-
dominant fonn were pots corresponding with group
I according to R. Wolqgiewicz. Most often these
were two-part vessels which had outside turned or
vertically placed rims. A rarer one-part specimen
of pot- with the edges bent inside and with handles
was also found. Bowls constitute the second-larg-
est group of vessels recorded on the analyzed sites.
Besides pots, cups were a common form of vessel
that was recorded. They occurred in materials from
half of the analyzed settlements. On the sites men-
tioned above there were also vessels with forms be-
longing to vases of group IV (Wolqgiewicz 1993:
13), bowls of group X (Wołągiewicz 1993: 16, 17),
goblets of group VIII and it is probable that mini-
ature forms (Strobin 2009b: 11, 12; Strobin 2009:
66; 2009e: 34) were found. It appears that most
of the recorded pots, bowls and cups are sets of
vessels that are characteristic of settlement sites.
There is almost a complete absence of forms such
as situlas, goblets, and jars which are mentioned
with a series of vessels from cemeteries in individ-
ual phases. It is probably due to the characteristics
of the sepulchral materials.
Source query yielded information about 5 se-
pulchral sites from the Roman period: Losino 11,
Slonowice 1, Slupsk 10, Slupsk 68, Wielogłowy
(fig. 79). A small amount of recorded cemeteries
of the Wielbark culture is probably connected
with the state of recognition of the discussed area
and the forms of graves. Pit graves with or without
urns, contrary to the Pomeranian culture burials
were not so visible for incidental discoverers.
In the catalogue, except for the above men-
tioned sites, “stray” finds occurred, often without
an exact location and context. This category" in-
cludes single urns of the Pomeranian culture (fig.
80), a crown-like necklace (fig. 81), beads (fig.
82), whorls and coins.
Having presented the sites from the middle
Słupia River valley, a discussion on the settle-
ment preferences of the then existing cultures is
required. An inseparable element of research on
occupation is an analysis of the location of sites.
What is thought to be particularly effective is an
analysis of relations between the location and fea-
tures of surface relief (fig. 84-88), hydrological
network and soil structure (fig. 92-103). Unfortu-
nately, data concerning their precise location can-
not be obtained for all sites.
When comparing the results of analyzes for the
occupation of the Pomeranian and Wielbark cul-
tures certain similarities in respect of the location
of occupation points and excavated settlements
may be noted. Settlement sites of the Pomeranian
culture were located mostly on upper areas of val-
leys, avoiding their lower zones (fig. 85). On the
other hand, not all sites on the Słupia River con-
form to this scheme. An example may be a set-
tlement of the Pomeranian culture population on
Summary. The Iron Age in the middle Slupia River valley 363
sites Posino 15, which was situated in the mid-
dle part of the Slupia River valley slope, and the
settlement remains of the discussed culture from
Posino 14 and Widzino 8, recorded in the lower
parts of the valleys. Cemeteries of the Pomeranian
culture were located mainly outside the valleys
(fig. 84).
In the case of the Wielbark culture the upper
parts of the valleys were also preferred, very rare-
ly terrains were situated outside them (fig. 87).
Similar tendencies for the selection of settlement
places are shown by sites called the Oksywie-
Wielbark ones (fig. 86).
One of the most important features influenc-
ing the shape of occupation is the structure of the
hydrographic network. In the discussed area there
are no lakes therefore rivers and smaller water-
courses will be taken into consideration. The loca-
tion of the analyzed site against the background
of the hydrological network shows a close connec-
tion with it. It is clearly visible on the enclosed
maps that settlement points, settlements and thus
also cemeteries were placed near watercourses. It
is worth emphasizing that they grouped mainly in
the vicinity of smaller watercourses, more rarely in
the immediate neighbourhood of the Slupia River.
Next to the hydrological network, soils play
an important factor in deciding on the location
for settlements and cemeteries. To analyze the
preferences in terms of soil cover, simplified and
standardized maps (fig. 91) were used. Summariz-
ing the relations between soil types and the loca-
tion of sites it may be noted that in the time of
the Pomeranian culture occupation concentrated
mainly on cambisols formed on different sands,
but in the vicinity of other soil types or on their
borderland (fig. 93). The situation of settlements
and settlement points also indicate the exploita-
tion of podzols, but to a lesser degree. In the case
of the Wielbark culture occupation an analysis of
the sites’ location testifies that cambisols were de-
cidedly preferred (fig. 101).
Therefore, it may be stated that the societies
of the Pomeranian culture, in the discussed area,
were more flexible in their choice of habitat in
terms of soil cover, which probably was connect-
ed with their economy. In the case of occupation
settlements being established during the Roman
Period in the zone of cambisols, it may have also
been the result of improved cultivation methods
which came about by introducing new agricul-
tural implements. It may be presumed that iron
tools enabled a more effective cultivation on a
much larger scale, of difficult soils, resulting in
the further stabilization of the occupation and an
increase in the population.
On the grounds of a similar number of sites of
defined location, a preference can be seen for both
cultures towards establishing settlements and set-
tlement points mainly within the upper part of the
valleys and very rarely outside them. The occupa-
tion of the discussed cultures is characteristic of
the occurrence of concentrations of different siz-
es, mainly in the neighbourhood of watercourses
(fig. 104-110). The differences between sites from
individual periods are visible in their topographic
location and even more in the degree of different
types of soil exploitation. However, it seems that
representatives of both the Pomeranian and Wiel-
bark cultures generally preferred areas of simi-
lar natural — geographical conditions. In the area
identified by the 9 sheets of the Polish Archeologi-
cal Record there are 6 excavated sites, on which
there is evidence of the Pomeianian culture, and
then the Wielbark culture. It may testify that the
population of both these cultures mostly exploited
the same areas. Two of these sites were located
within the borders of the test area.
Hitherto analysis of the settlement in the mid-
dle Slupia River valley raised issues connected
with landforms, soil cover and the hydrological
network. Important elements of the analysis of
occupation are economic phenomena and proc-
esses. In this aspect the discovery of the remains
of bloomeries on site Posino 15 seems to be in-
teresting. At present it is difficult to formulate a
univocal estimation of the chronology of the dis-
coveries from Posino. Two alternative and, for the
time being, equivalent hypotheses may be for-
mulated. According to the first of them the build-
ers of bloomeries were representatives of the Po-
meranian culture, whereas in the other — of the
Wielbark culture. The poor state of preservation
of immovable features on site Posino 15 resulted
in only the bottom parts of 10 bloomeries being
preserved. They are the remains of shaft furnac-
es of a plunged type, ruins of which are hollows
filled with slag (fig. 111-113) (Bielenin 2002: 8).
These features occurred in an “unstructured” ar-
rangement. Hollows from the analyzed site did not
include blocks of slag but only icicle slag which
massed at the bottom of the furnace. Blocks of
slag from the discussed site, which correspond
with their sizes to the hollows, were obtained from
364 Epoka żelaza w dorzeczu środkowej Słupi
pit F194 neighbouring with the blast furnace. The
total weight of slag from this object was circa 60
kg. If it is assumed that traces of black metallurgy
are connected with the activity of the Pomeranian
culture population, object F194 should be inter-
preted as a refuse pit. On the other hand, in the
light of a number of analogies from the “Roman”
sites, relics of ancient metallurgy point to the
Wielbark culture. In this situation, the presence of
pottery of the Pomeranian culture population and
slag in feature F194 should be explained. It seems
that we may deal with a partly dug-in dwelling ob-
ject of the Pomeranian culture people, which was
secondarily used in the Roman period as a pit for
metallurgy refuse.
To end with the presentation of the Iron Age
in the middle Slupia River valley what should be
characterised is the three phases connected with
the cultures that followed one after another.
Phase I — is a period of the Pomeranian cul-
ture predominance. “Pomeranian” materials were
the most abundant materials found in the area
under consideration. The sites of the discussed
phase in terms of chronology cover the period from
the early Iron Age to the beginning of the younger
pre-Roman period. Phase I is manifested in a rel-
atively dense settlement network of the Pomera-
nian culture and a number of cemeteries. During
this phase influences of the Jastorf culture from
the west reach the area under discussion.
Phase II — a small number of materials of the
Oksywie culture are connected with this phase.
The amount and character of materials associated
with the younger pre-Roman period in compari-
son with the abundant sources of the Pomeranian
culture show that during this phase a dilution of
the settlement network happened. The Oksywie
culture sites are connected with phases A2 and
mainly A3 of the younger pre-Roman period. The
duration of this culture is characteristic of the de-
crease in the number of sites in comparison with
the Pomeranian culture. Taking into account the
chronology of the discussed sources and the ma-
terials from the excavated settlements it may be
concluded that the Oksywie culture settlement
progresses to the Wielbark culture. To sum up,
settlements in the time of settlement phase II
make up only a small amount of recognized sites,
among which settlement points dominate what was
recorded within the Polish Archeological Record
research. Despite rescue excavations, materials of
“purely” Oksywie culture features were not found
on any site. The pottery obtained from two sites
shows features of both the Oksywie (thickened
edges) and Wielbark (vessel forms) cultures which
indicates its connection with the decline of phase
A3 and the beginning of phase B1.
No excavated site from the middle Slupia River
valley, as mentioned earlier, had evidence for the
presence of both the Pomeranian and Oksywie
cultures. After sources joined with late phases of
the Pomeranian culture, materials connected with
at the earliest the turn of the younger pre-Roman
period and the Roman period appear on the settle-
ments. If it is justified to join part of materials of
the Pomeranian culture from sites Fosino 15 and
Redzikowo 13 with its latest phase corresponding
to the beginning of the Ripdorf phase, and mate-
rials of the Oksywie culture with phases A2, and
most of all, A3, the absence of continuity between
these two cultural units is visible (fig. 114).
Phase III — is connected with the abundant
sources of the Wielbark culture. They are mainly
settlement points recognized during archaeologi-
cal surveys and settlements excavated in connec-
tion with the building of the Slupsk by-pass road.
Settlement of phase III was characteristic of the
presence of small concentrations formed by settle-
ment points and excavated settlements grouped in
the vicinity of smaller watercourses. The chronol-
ogy of the Wielbark culture settlements from the
middle Slupia River valley shows that these sites
should be mostly synchronized with phases I-IY
distinguished by H. Machajewski on the grounds
of mainly metal artifacts, and mainly with stages A
and B. Since phase B2 an increase in the density
of the settlement network of the Wielbark culture
in central Pomerania is visible, which is confirmed
by the many sites from the Roman period from the
middle Slupia River valley (Machajewski 2006:
36-39, 44, 45).
The objective of the paper was to give a pre-
sentation of the settlement of the Iron Age in the
middle Slupia River valley. Our hitherto knowl-
edge on this period was based on the results of
excavations conducted mainly on cemeteries, es-
pecially in the period before 1945. The results of
excavations carried out on the Slupsk by-pass road
enabled an important extension of the knowledge
on the epoch. The information obtained from the
analyzed sources, which came mainly from settle-
ments, proved to be of special significance.
Spis treści
Od autorki . 11
Wstęp. 13
1. Historia badań . 19
2. Stan badań nad epoką żelaza w dorzeczu środkowej Słupi. 27
2.1. Uwagi wstępne . 27
2.2. Wyniki badań powierzchniowych realizowanych w ramach Archeologicznego Zdjęcia Polski . . 28
2.3. Powierzchnia próbna. 31
2.4. Charakterystyka stanu badań. 33
2.4.1. Stanowiska z wczesnej epoki żelaza oraz starszego okresu przedrzymskiego. 35
2.4.2. Stanowiska z młodszego okresu przedrzymskiego. 38
2.4.3. Stanowiska ze schyłku młodszego okresu przedrzymskiego i okresu wpływów rzymskich 39
2.4.4. Znaleziska „luźne” — wstępne informacje . 44
2.4.5. Stanowiska „pradziejowe”. 44
3. Charakterystyka środowiska dorzecza środkowej Słupi . 45
3.1. Środowisko przyrodnicze powierzchni próbnej („Al”). 51
4. Powierzchnia próbna „Al” — specyfikacja informacji źródłowych. 55
4.1. Analiza tafonomiczna. 55
4.2. Normy analiz stanowisk z powierzchni „Al”. 58
4.2.1. Obiekty. 58
4.2.1.1. Analiza form obiektów . 58
4.2.1.2. Podstawy interpretacji funkcjonalnej obiektów. 59
4.2.2. Źródła ruchome. 61
4.2.2.1. Ceramika kultury pomorskiej — normy analityczne. 61
4.2.2.1.1. Makromorfologia. 61
4.2.2.1.2. Mikromorfologia . 64
4.2.2.1.3. Zdobnictwo. 64
4.2.2.1.4. Technologia. 67
4.2.2.2. Ceramika z młodszego okresu przedrzymskiego i okresu wpływów rzymskich —
normy analityczne. 67
4.2.2.2.1. Makromorfologia. 67
4.2.2.2.2. Mikromorfologia . 68
4.2.2.2.3. Zdobnictwo. 69
4.2.2.2.4. Technologia. 69
4.2.2.3. Inne zabytki ruchome. 69
8 Epoka żelaza w dorzeczu środkowej Słupi
4.3. Kryteria określania przynależności kulturowej. 69
4.4. Powierzchnia próbna „Al” — dane źródłowe . 70
4.4.1. Stanowisko Łosino 15, gm. Kobylnica . 70
4.4.1.1. Osadnictwo kultury pomorskiej. 72
4.4.1.1.1. Obiekty nieruchome . 72
4.4.1.1.2. Ceramika naczyniowa kultury pomorskiej . 80
4.4.1.1.2.1. Makromorfologia. 80
4.4.1.1.2.2. Mikromorfologia. 103
4.4.1.1.2.3. Zdobnictwo. 104
4.4.1.1.2.4. Analiza technologiczna. 110
4.4.1.1.2.5. Elementy jastorfskie w ceramice ze stanowiska Łosino 15 . 112
4.4.1.1.3. Inne zabytki . 115
4.4.1.1.3.1. Przęśliki. 115
4.4.1.1.3.2. Bursztyn. 115
4.4.1.1.3.3. Zabytki kamienne. 115
4.4.1.1.4. Interpretacja kulturowo-chronologiczna. 116
4.4.1.1.5. Identyfikacja faz zasiedlenia . 117
4.4.1.2. Obiekty o nieustalonej chronologii. 119
4.4.1.3. Osadnictwo kultury wielbarskiej. 120
4.4.1.3.1. Obiekty nieruchome . 121
4.4.1.3.2. Ceramika naczyniowa kultury wielbarskiej . 123
4.4.1.3.2.1. Makromorfologia. 123
4.4.1.3.2.2. Mikromorfologia. 126
4.4.1.3.2.3. Analiza technologiczna. 126
4.4.1.3.3. Chronologia. 126
4.4.2. Stanowisko Łosino 34, gm. Kobylnica. 126
4.4.2.1. Obiekty nieruchome . 128
4.4.2.2. Ceramika naczyniowa kultury wielbarskiej. 128
4.4.2.2.1. Makromorfologia. 129
4.4.2.2.2. Mikromorfologia . 129
4.4.2.2.3. Analiza technologiczna . 129
4.4.2.3. Chronologia . 130
4.4.3. Stanowisko Łosino 13, gm. Kobylnica . 130
4.4.3.1. Obiekty nieruchome. 130
4.4.3.2. Ceramika naczyniowa. 132
4.4.3.2.1. Makromorfologia. 132
4.4.3.2.2. Mikromorfologia . 134
4.4.3.2.3. Analiza technologiczna . 134
4.4.3.3. Chronologia . 135
4.4.4. Stanowisko Kobylnica 5, gm. loco . 135
4.4.4.1. Obiekty nieruchome. 137
4.4.4.2. Ceramika naczyniowa kultury wielbarskiej. 138
4.4.4.2.1. Makromorfologia. 138
4.4.4.2.2. Mikromorfologia . 140
4.4.4.2.3. Zdobnictwo . 140
4.4.4.2.4. Analiza technologiczna . 140
4.4.4.3. Chronologia . 141
4.4.5. Stanowisko Łosino 14, gm. Kobylnica . 141
4.4.5.1. Osadnictwo ludności kultury pomorskiej . 141
4.4.5.1.1. Obiekty nieruchome . 141
4.4.5.1.2. Ceramika naczyniowa kultury pomorskiej . 144
4.4.5.1.2.1. Makromorfologia. 144
Spis treści 9
4.4.5.1.2.2. Mikromorfologia. 145
4.4.5.1.2.3. Zdobnictwo. 145
4.4.5.1.2.4. Analiza technologiczna. 145
4.4.5.1.3. Chronologia. 145
4.4.5.2. Siady osadnictwa z okresu wpływów rzymskich . 145
4.4.5.2.1. Obiekty nieruchome . 145
4.4.5.2.2. Ceramika naczyniowa kultury wielbarskiej . 147
4.4.5.2.2.1. Analiza technologiczna. 147
4.4.5.2.3. Chronologia. 148
5. Powierzchnia „A” - ogólna charakterystyka stanowisk . 149
5.1. Osady kultury pomorskiej . 149
5.1.1. Ogólna charakterystyka ceramiki z osad . 150
5.2. Cmentarzyska kultury pomorskiej . 151
5.3. Osady kultury oksywskiej . 159
5.4. Cmentarzyska kultury oksywskiej . 160
5.5. Osady kultury wielbarskiej . 164
5.5.1. Ogólna charakterystyka ceramiki z osad . 165
5.6. Cmentarzyska kultury wielbarskiej . 168
5.7. Znaleziska „luźne”. 169
5.7.1. Urny . 171
5.7.2. Naszyjnik koronowaty (koronopodobny). 171
5.7.3. Paciorki. 172
5.7.4. Przęśliki . 173
5.7.5. Monety . 173
6. Strategia doboru siedlisk. 175
6.1. Rzeźba terenu. 175
6.1.1. Lokalizacja cmentarzysk kultury pomorskiej. 176
6.1.2. Lokalizacja osad kultury pomorskiej . 177
6.1.3. Lokalizacja stanowisk kultury oksywskiej . 178
6.1.4. Lokalizacja stanowisk oksywsko-wielbarskich. 178
6.1.5. Lokalizacja cmentarzysk kultury wielbarskiej . 179
6.1.6. Lokalizacja osad kultury wielbarskiej . 179
6.1.7. Wnioski. 180
6.2. Sieć hydrograficzna . 181
6.2.1. Lokalizacja stanowisk kultury pomorskiej . 181
6.2.2. Lokalizacja stanowisk kultury oksywskiej . 182
6.2.3. Lokalizacja stanowisk kultury wielbarskiej . 182
6.2.4. Wnioski. 182
6.3. Pokrywa glebowa . 182
6.3.1. Lokalizacja stanowisk kultury pomorskiej . 186
6.3.2. Lokalizacja stanowisk kultury oksywskiej . 191
6.3.3. Lokalizacja stanowisk oksywsko-wielbarskich. 191
6.3.4. Lokalizacja stanowisk kultury wielbarskiej . 193
6.3.5. Wnioski. 196
7. Analiza przestrzenna skupisk osadniczych . 197
7.1. Skupiska stanowisk kultury pomorskiej . 197
7.2. Skupiska stanowisk kultury oksywskiej. 201
7.3. Skupiska stanowisk oksywsko-wielbarskich . 201
7.4. Skupisak stanowisk kultury wielbarskiej. 204
10 Epoka żelaza w dorzecza środkowej Słupi
7.5. Wnioski. 204
8. Formy osadnictwa oraz zagospodarowanie przestrzenne osad. 207
8.1. Osady krótkotrwałe o niewielkiej powierzchni. 207
8.1.1. Osady kultury pomorskiej . 207
8.1.2. Osady kultury wielbarskiej . 208
8.2. Osady stałe. 208
8.2.1. Osady kultury pomorskiej . 208
8.2.2. Osady kultury wielbarskiej . 209
8.3. Wnioski. 209
9. Podstawy gospodarcze w epoce żelaza w dorzeczu środkowej Słupi . 211
9.1. Charakterystyka procesu wytwarzania żelaza na stanowisku Łosino 15 . 214
10. Dorzecze środkowej Słupi w epoce żelaza. Analiza chronologiczna i genetyczna. Dynamika zmian
osadnictwa . 221
Tablice. 233
Zakończenie. 341
Bibliografia. 343
Summary. The Iron Age in the middle Słupia River valley . 355
ANALIZY SPECJALISTYCZNE
Kamilla Waszczuk „Analiza zwierzęcych szczątków kostnych ze stanowiska nr 15 w Łosinie, gm. Kobyl-
nica, pow. Słupsk” . 367
Ireneusz Suliga „Sprawozdanie z badań żużli z wykopalisk archeologicznych w rejonie Łosina”. 369
Sławomir Pietrzak, Jerzy J. Langer „Badania archeometryczne pozostałości organicznych ze stanowiska
15 w Łosinie, pow. Słupsk, woj. pomorskie” . 407
Joanna Abramów „Opracowanie wyników analizy archeobotanicznej makroszczątków roślinnych z próbek
glebowych ze stanowiska archeologicznego nr 13 zlokalizowanego w miejscowości Łosino, gm. Ko-
bylnica, pow. Słupsk, woj. pomorskie” . 419
Joanna Abramów „Opracowanie wyników analizy archeobotanicznej makroszczątków roślinnych z próbek
glebowych ze stanowiska archeologicznego nr 15 zlokalizowanego w miejscowości Łosino, gm. Ko-
bylnica, pow. Słupsk, woj. pomorskie” . 423
ZAŁĄCZNIKI NA PŁYCIE CD
Tabele
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| indexdate | 2024-10-03T18:00:42Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788363795870 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027455778 |
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| physical | 430 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten CD-R ; 12 cm |
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| publisher | Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego Wydawnictwo Nauka i Innowacje |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Spatium Archaeologicum |
| series2 | Spatium Archaeologicum |
| spelling | Piotrowska, Magdalena Verfasser (DE-588)102198065X aut Epoka żelaza w dorzeczu środkowej Słupi Magdalena Piotrowska ; Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Fundacja Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego Łódź Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego 2013 Poznań Wydawnictwo Nauka i Innowacje 430 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten CD-R ; 12 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Spatium Archaeologicum vol. 5 Bibliografie Seite 343-353 Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache unter dem Titel: The Iron Age in the middle Słupia River valley Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd rswk-swf Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 gnd rswk-swf Pommern (DE-588)4046744-2 gnd rswk-swf Pommern (DE-588)4046744-2 g Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 s Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 s DE-604 Spatium Archaeologicum vol. 5 (DE-604)BV039576110 5 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027455778&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027455778&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Piotrowska, Magdalena Epoka żelaza w dorzeczu środkowej Słupi Spatium Archaeologicum Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002827-6 (DE-588)4014102-0 (DE-588)4046744-2 |
| title | Epoka żelaza w dorzeczu środkowej Słupi |
| title_auth | Epoka żelaza w dorzeczu środkowej Słupi |
| title_exact_search | Epoka żelaza w dorzeczu środkowej Słupi |
| title_full | Epoka żelaza w dorzeczu środkowej Słupi Magdalena Piotrowska ; Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Fundacja Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego |
| title_fullStr | Epoka żelaza w dorzeczu środkowej Słupi Magdalena Piotrowska ; Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Fundacja Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego |
| title_full_unstemmed | Epoka żelaza w dorzeczu środkowej Słupi Magdalena Piotrowska ; Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Fundacja Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego |
| title_short | Epoka żelaza w dorzeczu środkowej Słupi |
| title_sort | epoka zelaza w dorzeczu srodkowej slupi |
| topic | Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Archäologie Eisenzeit Pommern |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027455778&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027455778&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV039576110 |
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