Sze'erit hapleta: ocaleni z Zagłady ; działalność American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee w Polsce w latach 1945 - 1989 = Ocaleni z Zagłady
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kraków
Księgarnia Akademicka
2014
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The survivors of the Holocaust Bibliogr. s. 389-403. Indeks |
| Beschreibung: | 419, [16] S. Ill. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788376383910 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Sze'erit hapleta |b ocaleni z Zagłady ; działalność American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee w Polsce w latach 1945 - 1989 = Ocaleni z Zagłady |c Anna Sommer Schneider |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a Ocaleni z Zagłady |
| 264 | 1 | |a Kraków |b Księgarnia Akademicka |c 2014 | |
| 300 | |a 419, [16] S. |b Ill. |c 25 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The survivors of the Holocaust | ||
| 500 | |a Bibliogr. s. 389-403. Indeks | ||
| 610 | 1 | 7 | |a American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee |2 jhpk |
| 610 | 2 | 7 | |a American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee |0 (DE-588)3023091-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1945-1989 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Towarzystwa charytatywne / Stany Zjednoczone / 20 w |2 jhpk | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Żydzi / migracje / Polska / 1945- |2 jhpk | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Żydzi / Polska / sytuacja społeczna / 1945- |2 jhpk | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Żydzi / działalność charytatywna / Polska / 1945- |2 jhpk | |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027447713&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804152418653437952 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis treści
Wykaz skrótów
................................................................................................................. 11
Wstęp
............................................................................................................................... 15
Część I
1.
Początki działalności Jointu
....................................................................................... 27
1.1.
Kontekst historyczny
........................................................................................ 27
1.2.
Początki pracy Jointu w Polsce
.......................................................................... 32
1.3.
W nowych realiach politycznych
....................................................................... 37
1.4.
Rząd USA wobec akcji humanitarnej w Polsce
.................................................. 43
1.5.
Działalność Jointu na terenie Związku Sowieckiego w czasie wojny
.................. 48
1.6.
Negocjacje władz PKWN z rządem Stanów Zjednoczonych
............................. 54
1.7.
Pomoc amerykańskich organizacji humanitarnych
............................................ 58
1.8.
Dane demograficzne
......................................................................................... 67
1.9.
Próba odbudowy życia Żydów w Polsce
............................................................ 69
1.10.
Nawiązanie bezpośredniej współpracy z władzami w Polsce
.............................. 73
1.11.
Dalsze negocjacje z władzami w Polsce
.............................................................. 80
1.12.
Powrót czy kontynuacja?
................................................................................... 82
1.13.
Struktura Jointu w Polsce
................................................................................. 83
2.
Finansowanie żydowskich instytucji w kraju
.............................................................. 90
2.1.
Pomoc bezpośrednia
......................................................................................... 90
2.2.
Działalność oraz znaczenie kibuców
.................................................................. 97
2.3.
Pomoc dla najmłodszych
.................................................................................. 106
2.4.
Wsparcie edukacji
............................................................................................. 110
2.5-
„Odbudowa
.................................................................................................... 114
2.6.
Działalność TOZ-u i ORT-u
............................................................................ 128
2.7.
Repatriacja i związane z nią wyzwania
............................................................... 130
2.8.
Delegacja CKŻP za oceanem
............................................................................ 134
3-
Wsparcie powojennej emigracji przez
Joint
................................................................ 140
3.1.
Powody wyjazdu Żydów z Polski
...................................................................... 140
3.2.
Kierunki oraz sposoby emigracji
....................................................................... 146
3-3.
Nielegalna emigracja
—
powstanie i działalność
Břicha
....................................... 148
3.4.
Zmiany stosunku władz wobec emigracji
.......................................................... 150
4.
Początek końca. Likwidacja działalności Jointu w Polsce
............................................ 155
4.1.
Pierwsze zmiany
............................................................................................... 155
4.2.
Zaostrzenie kursu na Moskwę i związane z tym konsekwencje dla Jointu
.......... 158
8
Spis
tresei
Część
II
1.
Początek lat pięćdziesiątych i trudne zmiany
.............................................................. 169
1.1.
Powstanie TSKZ-etu — jego zadania i działacze
................................................. 169
1.2.
Walka z „ukrytym wrogiem
............................................................................. 171
1.3.
U progu „odwilży
............................................................................................ 182
2.
Rok
1956
i jego wpływ na los Żydów w Polsce
.......................................................... 187
2.1.
W kręgu władzy
................................................................................................ 187
2.2.
Wzrost antysemityzmu
..................................................................................... 188
2.3.
Pomoc Jointu w pierwszej połowie lat pięćdziesiątych
....................................... 196
3.
Joint
i rząd Stanów Zjednoczonych wobec zmian politycznych w Polsce
.................... 199
3.1-
Próby nawiązania kontaktu przez rząd PRL z kierownictwem Jointu w USA
.... 199
3.2.
Rząd Stanów Zjednoczonych wobec działalności Jointu w Polsce
...................... 203
3.3.
Współpraca zagraniczna pomiędzy USA a PRL
................................................ 209
4.
Powrót Jointu: nowa jakość i nowe nadzieje
............................................................... 218
4.1.
Powstanie Centralnej Żydowskiej Komisji Pomocy Społecznej
.......................... 218
4.2.
Jidiszkajt i główne problemy na „żydowskiej ulicy
........................................... 224
4.3.
Repatriacja i powrót do kraju tysięcy Żydów z ZSRS w latach
1957-1961........ 229
4.4.
Stosunki z Izraelem i wzrost emigracji Żydów z Polski
...................................... 234
4.5.
Współpraca z Towarzystwem Społeczno-Kulturalnym Żydów w Polsce
............. 242
4.6.
Decyzja w sprawie budowy domu starców
........................................................ 247
5.
Stosunek rządu PRL do działalności Jointu w latach
1960-1967................................ 249
5.1.
Współpraca z władzami
.................................................................................... 249
5-2.
Rok
1960:
zmiany w rządzie i ich wpływ na działalność Jointu
......................... 252
5-3-
Problem zatrudnienia i produktywizacja
........................................................... 263
5.4.
Pomoc Jointu dla Związku Religijnego Wyznania Mojżeszowego
...................... 272
5.5.
Konflikt na linii ZRWM-TSKŻ
....................................................................... 275
6.
Lata sześćdziesiąte
...................................................................................................... 284
6.1.
Główne aspekty pracy Jointu
............................................................................ 284
6.2.
Dalsze losy domu starców przy ul. Wójtowskiej
................................................ 290
7.
Początek kolejnego końca
.......................................................................................... 293
7.1.
Atmosfera zastraszenia
...................................................................................... 293
7.2.
Czerwiec
1967
roku
......................................................................................... 297
Część III
1.
Następstwa wojny sześciodniowej
.............................................................................. 307
1.1.
Reakcja Jointu na wydarzenia w Polsce
............................................................. 307
1.2.
Joint
jako agentura obcego wywiadu
................................................................. 308
13.
Joint
wobec wydarzeń w Polsce
......................................................................... 310
1.4.
Joint
w pomarcowej propagandzie
.................................................................... 312
1.5.
Pomarcowa emigracja Żydów z Polski
............................................................... 320
2.
Lata siedemdziesiąte: społeczność żydowska po wydarzeniach Marca
68.................... 328
2.1.
Pierwsze próby dotarcia z pomocą zagraniczną do najbardziej potrzebujących...
328
2.2.
Czy w Polsce są jeszcze Żydzi?
........................................................................... 332
2.3.
Pierwsze zmiany w stosunku władz do Jointu
................................................... 333
Spis treści
3.
W dobie kryzysu
........................................................................................................ 343
3.1.
Stany Zjednoczone wobec wydarzeń w Polsce z początku lat osiemdziesiątych..
343
3.2.
Ponowny powrót już bez „kolejnego końca
...................................................... 347
3.3.
Warunki współpracy pomiędzy Jointem a rządem PRL
..................................... 351
3.4.
Rodzaj i forma pomocy przekazywanej do Polski w latach osiemdziesiątych
...... 352
3.5-
Finalizowanie rozmów dotyczących umowy Jointu z rządem PRL
..................... 354
3.6.
Wzrost antysemityzmu w Polsce na początku lat osiemdziesiątych
.................... 357
3.7.
Stan wojenny i powrót Jointu
........................................................................... 361
4.
Działalność w nowych realiach politycznych
.............................................................. 363
4.1.
Działalność Jointu u progu transformacji ustrojowej
......................................... 363
4.2.
Ostatni rok?
...................................................................................................... 372
Zakończenie
..................................................................................................................... 381
Bibliografia
....................................................................................................................... 389
Wykaz tabel
...................................................................................................................... 405
Spis ilustracji
.................................................................................................................... 407
Indeks osobowy
................................................................................................................ 409
Summary
.......................................................................................................................... 417
Summary
She
erít
Hapletah
The Survivors of the Holocaust
The Activities of the American Jewish Joint Distribution
Committee in Poland in
1945-1989
This book focuses on the activities of the American Jewish charity, the American
Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (known as the JDC or the Joint
-
in Poland
it has been often called simply the Joint), which carried out authorized charitable
operations during the communist rule in Poland. The Joint was established
1914
to
help Jewish communities, first in Palestine and later in Europe. The Joint not only
provided direct assistance to hundreds of thousands of Jews who lived in Poland,
both before and after World War II, but it also fulfilled an important mission of
reconstruction and renewal by facilitating vocational trainings, Jewish education
and supporting Jewish professional work. One of the Polish Joint innovations were
the so-called Loan
Kassas
(free-loan funds) created for the impoverished Jewish cra¬
ftsmen. These special
Kassas
helped to maintain economic viability of the Jewish
community in Poland. This innovative system was of tremendous importance in
sustaining the Jewish economy both before and after World War II.
After the Holocaust, the suffering and near destruction of the European Jewish
community prompted the Joint to renew their work in Europe. In Poland, the Jew¬
ish Community suffered unprecedented losses. Out of nearly
3,5
million Polish Jews
in pre-war times, only about
250,000
survived the Holocaust mostly on Polish soil,
the USSR and in Germany (in Nazi-German concentration camps). The majority
of these Jewish survivors returned to Poland to finally emigrate from the country in
the second half of the
1940s.
Surviving members of the Jewish community faced
an extremely difficult task of rebuilding their lives in this new post-War realm. For
many survivors it was virtually impossible to rebuild their lives in this new reality.
On the one hand, for many Jews Poland became the biggest Jewish cemetery that
constantly reminded them of their tragic experience including the loss of their
fami-
418
Summary
lies and friends. On the other hand, increasing anti-Semitism manifested by a part
of the Polish population convinced the majority that emigration was the only pos¬
sible solution. Those who decided to emigrate, as well as Jews who chose to stay in
Poland, could rely on the Joint from the first weeks after the end of the war and the
liberation of the country from German occupation. In the following months and
years, the Joint not only provided material assistance to the community but also
supported other areas of Jewish life, such as education and the cultural and intel¬
lectual development of young Jews including those who survived the Holocaust on
Polish soil and individuals born and raised behind the Iron Curtain.
Thanks to the indispensable work of this American Jewish charity, not only
were the day-to-day needs fulfilled, but the Joint played an instrumental role as
a morale booster for the communal Jewish spirit. For decades, the Joint had a great
and lasting impact on Jewish life, not only through their charity assistance directed
to communal programs, but also thanks to their relationships with political decision
makers, which was the case in post-World War II Poland.
This book reconstructs the historical and social background of the Joint s ac¬
tivities in this critical period directly after the War and in the following decades. It
aiso reveals the attitude of the Polish policy-makers towards the Joint, as well as the
inconsistent policies of the communist government with regard to this organization
which indirectly frames the attitude of the communist government towards the Jew¬
ish community in Poland. The Joint through its work, assistance and relationship
with the authorities exerted a tremendous impact on the shape and survival of the
Polish Jewish community. Additionally, this book focuses much attention describing
of Jewish communal life and the changing relationship between Polish Jews, ethnic
Poles and government officials during the communist era.
The events described in this book were presented within a framework of the
international politics of the communist regime in Poland, mainly in the context
of US politics, and the position of the Jewish community in the Polish People s
Republic. The book concentrates on three major time periods covering the years:
1944/45-1949, 1957-1967, 1981-1989;
these being the periods when the Joint
was authorized to work in Poland. The years mentioned above also represent major
turning points in the Polish post-War history of the communists rule. It is hardly
a coincidence that the Joint was welcome, then forced to cease operations, at these
pivotal moments, helping to define a new political realm. As a result, the Polish
government s attitude towards the Joint became almost a harbinger of its intentions
towards the Jewish community.
Shortly before the liberation of Eastern Poland from the German occupation, the
Polish communists who were residing in the USSR during the War, reached out to
the Joint
—
with official Soviet approval
—
and invited the organization to start charity
work for the surviving Jewish community. The Joint seemed to be a natural choice
since it had long-lasting experience of providing assistance for the needy Jews in East-
Central Europe during the interwar period. But it soon became clear that the Joint
served as an important tool in the communist international politics arena as well.
She erit Hapletah. The Survivors of the Holocaust
... 419
Although the communist authorities attitude towards the Joint was benevo¬
lent and cordial, it should be emphasized that this New York City-based organiza¬
tion was from the beginning considered an ideological enemy of the Polish govern¬
ment, which constantly accused the Joint s leadership of committing espionage for
the West. This very argument leads to the central question about the communists
true intentions when the Joint was invited to work in Poland. Furthermore, the lack
of consistency in the Polish government s attitude towards the Joint raises numer¬
ous questions as well. For example, after World War II the communist authorities
invited the Joint to start operations in Poland, despite tremendous fear about the
influx of imperialist spies to the country. It is even more questionable and puzzling
when it comes to the reactivation of the Joint
s
operations in the second half of the
1950s,
considering that before Stalin s death in
1953,
the Joint s leadership was ac¬
cused of attempted murder of the government officials in the USSR.
Needless to say, it is hard to find a rational explanation why the Polish govern¬
ment only
4
years later reached out to Joint and invited this organization to resume
work in Poland. After several months of long and intense negotiations between the
Joint and the communist authorities, the Joint reactivated their operations in Poland
in
1957.
Its work was officially conducted under the Jewish Central Welfare Com¬
mittee in Poland. Unfortunately, the benevolent relationship between the Joint and
Polish authorities did not last long. As a result of the Six Day War, the Joint was
forced to terminate its work in Poland. It was not until the
1980s,
when another op¬
portunity arose enabling this organization to resume activity in Poland (this activity
continues to this very day). At this point, only a handful, about
5,000-6,000
Jews,
remained in the country, after emigration of about
12,000
Polish Jews after the gov¬
ernment sponsored anti-Semitic campaign of
1968.
This book addresses many issues described above as well as discusses the ethi¬
cal and politically-oriented questions regarding America s response to the needs of
the Holocaust survivors, the major difficulties faced by the Jewish community in
Poland during the five decades of the communists rule in Poland, and the resulting
assistance provided by the Joint. It was equally important to present in the book
the methods used by the Joint to provide assistance for the Jews in the communist
dominated country and also to present the relationship and level of cooperation
between the Joint s leadership, the communists authorities and subsequent ministe¬
rial departments responsible for the organization s work in Poland. It was equally
important to present the very complex and often difficult relationship between the
Joint and Jewish community leaders in Poland. It was emphasized at numerous
occasions by the Joint s leaders that cooperation amongst Jewish leaders, and the
on-the-ground activities, were sometimes much more complex and difficult than
working with the communist government officials. Finally, it was the goal of this
book to describe the response of the US government to this level of cooperation
between the Joint and the communist government and explore the rationale behind
American decision-making as it approved the work of this American charity behind
the Iron Curtain during the Cold War.
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Sommer Schneider, Anna 1977- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1054563985 |
| author_facet | Sommer Schneider, Anna 1977- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Sommer Schneider, Anna 1977- |
| author_variant | s a s sa sas |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV042005769 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 2360 NY 4770 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)888230530 (DE-599)BVBBV042005769 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1945-1989 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1945-1989 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV042005769 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:10:24Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788376383910 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027447713 |
| oclc_num | 888230530 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-188 |
| physical | 419, [16] S. Ill. 25 cm |
| psigel | DHB_BSB_BVID_0024 |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Księgarnia Akademicka |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Sommer Schneider, Anna 1977- Verfasser (DE-588)1054563985 aut Sze'erit hapleta ocaleni z Zagłady ; działalność American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee w Polsce w latach 1945 - 1989 = Ocaleni z Zagłady Anna Sommer Schneider Ocaleni z Zagłady Kraków Księgarnia Akademicka 2014 419, [16] S. Ill. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The survivors of the Holocaust Bibliogr. s. 389-403. Indeks American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee jhpk American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (DE-588)3023091-3 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1945-1989 gnd rswk-swf Towarzystwa charytatywne / Stany Zjednoczone / 20 w jhpk Żydzi / migracje / Polska / 1945- jhpk Żydzi / Polska / sytuacja społeczna / 1945- jhpk Żydzi / działalność charytatywna / Polska / 1945- jhpk Żydzi / polityka rządowa / Polska / 1945- jhpk Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (DE-588)3023091-3 b Geschichte 1945-1989 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027447713&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027447713&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Sommer Schneider, Anna 1977- Sze'erit hapleta ocaleni z Zagłady ; działalność American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee w Polsce w latach 1945 - 1989 = Ocaleni z Zagłady American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee jhpk American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (DE-588)3023091-3 gnd Towarzystwa charytatywne / Stany Zjednoczone / 20 w jhpk Żydzi / migracje / Polska / 1945- jhpk Żydzi / Polska / sytuacja społeczna / 1945- jhpk Żydzi / działalność charytatywna / Polska / 1945- jhpk Żydzi / polityka rządowa / Polska / 1945- jhpk |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)3023091-3 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Sze'erit hapleta ocaleni z Zagłady ; działalność American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee w Polsce w latach 1945 - 1989 = Ocaleni z Zagłady |
| title_alt | Ocaleni z Zagłady |
| title_auth | Sze'erit hapleta ocaleni z Zagłady ; działalność American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee w Polsce w latach 1945 - 1989 = Ocaleni z Zagłady |
| title_exact_search | Sze'erit hapleta ocaleni z Zagłady ; działalność American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee w Polsce w latach 1945 - 1989 = Ocaleni z Zagłady |
| title_full | Sze'erit hapleta ocaleni z Zagłady ; działalność American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee w Polsce w latach 1945 - 1989 = Ocaleni z Zagłady Anna Sommer Schneider |
| title_fullStr | Sze'erit hapleta ocaleni z Zagłady ; działalność American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee w Polsce w latach 1945 - 1989 = Ocaleni z Zagłady Anna Sommer Schneider |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sze'erit hapleta ocaleni z Zagłady ; działalność American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee w Polsce w latach 1945 - 1989 = Ocaleni z Zagłady Anna Sommer Schneider |
| title_short | Sze'erit hapleta |
| title_sort | sze erit hapleta ocaleni z zaglady dzialalnosc american jewish joint distribution committee w polsce w latach 1945 1989 ocaleni z zaglady |
| title_sub | ocaleni z Zagłady ; działalność American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee w Polsce w latach 1945 - 1989 = Ocaleni z Zagłady |
| topic | American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee jhpk American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (DE-588)3023091-3 gnd Towarzystwa charytatywne / Stany Zjednoczone / 20 w jhpk Żydzi / migracje / Polska / 1945- jhpk Żydzi / Polska / sytuacja społeczna / 1945- jhpk Żydzi / działalność charytatywna / Polska / 1945- jhpk Żydzi / polityka rządowa / Polska / 1945- jhpk |
| topic_facet | American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Towarzystwa charytatywne / Stany Zjednoczone / 20 w Żydzi / migracje / Polska / 1945- Żydzi / Polska / sytuacja społeczna / 1945- Żydzi / działalność charytatywna / Polska / 1945- Żydzi / polityka rządowa / Polska / 1945- Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027447713&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027447713&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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