Sejm Żydów litewskich (1623 - 1764):
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
Wydawnictwo Akademickie Dialog
2014
|
| Ausgabe: | Wyd. 1. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Council of Lithuanian Jews (1623 - 1764) Bibliogr. s. 303-315. Indeks |
| Beschreibung: | 325 s. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788363778996 |
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| 500 | |a Bibliogr. s. 303-315. Indeks | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1820595891059294208 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Spis treści
Wstęp
. 7
1.
Źródła i stan badań nad waadem litewskim
. 17
2.
Powstanie sejmu żydowskiego (waadu) i jego rozłam
w
1623
r
. 27
3.
Organizacja
. 38
1.
Podziały administracyjne
. 38
2.
Czas i miejsce obrad, zwoływanie i przebieg posiedzeń
. 55
3.
Skład waadu, delegaci
. 68
4.
Urzędnicy waadu
. 79
5.
Wydawanie i ogłaszanie zarządzeń, pinkasy
. 88
4.
Ustawodawstwo
. 94
1.
Wewnętrzne funkcjonowanie gmin
. 94
2.
Stosunki między gminami głównymi a podlegającymi im
okręgami, gminami i osiedlami
. 107
3.
Osadnictwo i prawo obywatelstwa
. 111
4.
Sądownictwo
. 119
5.
Sprawy gospodarcze
. 126
6.
Pożyczanie pieniędzy, bankructwo
. 140
7.
Życie religijne i społeczne
. 147
8.
Codzienne kontakty z nie-Żydami
. 173
5.
Finanse
. 189
1.
Podatki i ich pobór
. 189
2.
Wydatki waadu
. 209
3.
Długi waadu
. 224
6.
Trybunał
. 235
7.
Kontakty z instytucjami i urzędnikami niezydowskimi
. 248
8.
Kontakty z waadem koronnym
. 265
9.
Kontakty z Karaimami
. 276
Zakończenie: Rozwiązanie waadów w
1764
r.
. 289
Załącznik: Chronologia posiedzeń waadu litewskiego
. 297
Wykaz skrótów
. 302
Bibliografia
. 303
Summary
. 316
Indeks osobowy
. 320
Summary
The Council of Lithuanian Jews
(1623-1764)
The Council of Lithuanian Jews (the Lithuanian Vaad) was a central repre¬
sentation of Jews in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Vaad broke away from
the Jewish representation labeled as the Council of the Four Lands in
1623
due
to the duality of the Crown's and Lithuania's fiscal system under which the
Lithuanian Jews naturally came under the Lithuanian Treasurer
(podskarbi)
and
paid their poll tax to the Lithuanian treasury (prior to that secession various
disputes flared up between the Crown and Lithuanian Jews in which both par¬
ties accused each other of an unfair tax allocation). Of some significance were
also disputes between the Crown and Lithuanian border communities (mainly
between Grodno and Tykocin) about their jurisdiction over neighboring com¬
munities and settlements.
The organizational structure of the Lithuanian Vaad rested on principal
communities. Initially, after the Lithuanian Vaad had become independent, the
principal status was enjoyed by
3
communities: Lithuanian Brest, Grodno and
Pinsk
-
a relatively „young" Lithuanian community which was established as
late as the beginning of the 16th century. Later on the principal communities
were joined by Vilnius
(1664),
gradually becoming independent of Brest, and
Slutsk
(1691)
which was supported in its aspirations by the administrators of
land owners. The principal communities were surrounded by districts covering
the area subordinated to each of them. Separate districts were also formed by
larger territorial units such as Samogitia and Belarus, the areas around Polotsk
and Minsk, despite their dependence on their principal communities.
Brest was a venue where the initial sessions of the Lithuanian Vaad were
held, then a system of alternating locations was adopted whereby it was con¬
vened in turn in consecutive districts of principal communities. The conven¬
tions took mainly place in private towns (Sielec,
Zabhidów,
Chomsk), where
owners' protection offered convenient conditions to hold sessions. The gather¬
ing of Jews for the Vaad was beneficial to owners because it animated local
economy, especially trade. The Vaad's sessions were to continue for
4
weeks,
but later on they were prolonged to
5
and
6
weeks.
_
Summary
_ 317
The Vaad's sessions were attended by the country's seniors and rabbis sent by
the principal communities. Smaller communities, districts and settlements also
sent their delegates to the Vaad upon a notice by their principal communities,
but only in order to deliver the registers of collected taxes, expense accounts
and taxpayer registers. The Vaad had its own treasury and accounting books
(pinkasim) which were maintained in several copies, one for each principal
community. Affiliated with the Vaad was also a court of justice. However, the
Lithuanian Vaad's activity was not confined to conventions, but also consisted
in the ongoing work of clerks who formed a standing executive body. The
Vaad's representatives held regular meetings at the time of major Lithuanian
fairs and they also attended the Lublin fairs.
The scope of the Lithuanian Vaad's operations was very broad. Apart from
state tax allocation and collection, mainly of the poll tax, the council also regu¬
lated all issues that were crucial to Jews. The legislation passed by the Vaad
pertained to the functioning of community authorities, relations between the
principal communities and the communities and settlements under their juris¬
diction, judiciary, economic activity, especially lease and lending, Jewish set¬
tlement in Lithuania, religious and social issues and also everyday contacts
with the Christian population. The latter were of great significance to the Vaad
which feared that any potential conflicts could affect the situation of all Lithu¬
anian Jews. The Lithuanian Vaad took a wide range of steps for the benefit of
all Lithuanian Jewry
—
its representatives were active during the nobility's diets
and dietins, at the royal court, in non-Jewish tribunals and courts, and at mag¬
nates' seats.
The main idea underlying the existence of the Vaad was to establish struc¬
tures that would be able to function in the entire province. Activities on a scale
as wide as that required high funding which in practical terms could be avail¬
able only to a central institution. What is clearly apparent in the Vaad's opera¬
tions is its thinking in terms of the entire province the aim of which is to guar¬
antee satisfactory living conditions to all Lithuanian Jews. That line of thinking
also manifests itself in the Vaad's regulations. Though some decisions were
made in response to local developments, the proposed solutions applied to the
entire Lithuanian Jewry and to all Jewish communities. The convention of the
rabbis of principal communities, which acted as the chief rabbinate, also had
a broader dimension to it. Apart from adjudicating on urgent conflicts, the rab¬
bis also passed general decisions on religious issues.
A significant percentage of measures taken by the Vaad must have stemmed
from a sense of threat. On the one hand, it was an internal threat
-
that religious
laws might be violated or abandoned in the lives of Lithuanian Jews that had to
live and operate in a non-Jewish world, especially that their settlements were
318
Sejm Żydów litewskich
far apart. More imminent, however, was the external threat
-
that Jews might be
ousted from the state, or that their privileges or economic activity could be
constrained. Conspicuous in the Lithuanian Vaad's activities is a permanent
awareness that the Jewry's status is uncertain, that their expulsion could take
place any time or that anti-Jewish sentiments might escalate. And should such
danger arise, the Vaad would act quickly and efficiently, following precise pro¬
cedures to raise the funding. It also follows from the Vaad's regulations that
preventive steps were taken with a view to conflict elimination and early easing
of any tensions with the Christian community.
Like the Crown Vaad, the Lithuanian Vaad was dissolved during the convo¬
cation diet of
1764
under the administrative and fiscal reform.
The Lithuanian Vaad's operation was affected by two contradictory trends.
On the one hand, it was endangered by such destabilizing factors as, first of all,
any tensions between the principal communities and smaller communities op¬
posing their jurisdiction as well as any attempts by the latter to change their
status. Criticism was leveled that only a small group of communities was rep¬
resented in the Vaad and that oligarchs had a major say in their authority struc¬
tures, and in consequence also in the Vaad's structures. There is, however,
a positive aspect of the oligarchs' position: the existence of a permanent Jewish
elite, a group of people who
—
probably from generation to generation
—
acted
in the interest of the entire Lithuanian Jewry. That continuity and permanence
of Jewish elites in the principal communities mainly applied to laymen. It per¬
tained to rabbis to a lesser extent as they frequently moved from one communi¬
ty and position to another, in fact not only within Lithuania's borders.
The Vaad's operation was also affected by stabilizing factors. The most
important of them was the above-mentioned ability to provide protection, both
for the entire Lithuanian Jewry and for individual Jews. The support by
non-
Jewish authorities which viewed the Vaad as the representation guarantee¬
ing tax control and collection was another important factor which consolidated
its position. All of them accounted for the lasting nature of the Vaad as the in¬
stitution.
The studies of the Lithuanian Vaad make it possible not only to reproduce
the functioning
ofthat
institution but also have two more general aspects. First¬
ly, they highlight wider processes and phenomena that developed inside the
Jewish community in the 17th and 18th centuries. Such as growing power exer¬
cised by oligarchs (narrowing circle of those in authority), increasing tax bur¬
dens, changes in the structure of professions pursued by Jews, reconciliation of
the requirements of Jewish laws with the functioning in a non-Jewish environ¬
ment, religious ferments in the second half of the 17th century or the existence
_
Summary
_319
of a sizeable group of Jews who managed to „escape" the jurisdiction of Jewish
institutions.
Secondly, they feature the life of Jews within the structures of the Polish-
-Lithuanian Commonwealth where Jews represented a separate estate and had
their own central authorities which took efficient steps to provide the Jewish
population with safety and good living conditions. In that capacity the Vaad
existed in between the Jewish and
non-
Jewish worlds. The Jewish elite had to
be familiar with the mechanisms of the state's operation and while pursuing its
self-governing activities it efficiently functioned in a non-Jewish world. The
Vaad was an institution of Jewish self-government and at the same time a part
of the state's revenue apparatus. Although it tried to defend itself against any
interference by
non-
Jews in its operations, on the other hand, it allowed for
a possibility of an appeal to
non-
Jewish authorities in some situations (tax col¬
lection, debt enforcement, judiciary). It seems that today we can hardly agree
with the traditional perception of the Vaad, promoted especially in some earlier
publications, as an independent but peripheral body which came in contact with
non-
Jewish world only sporadically and solely in respect to fiscal matters.
Translated by
Alicja Adamowicz |
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| spelling | Mycielska, Anna Verfasser aut Sejm Żydów litewskich (1623 - 1764) Anna Michałowska-Mycielska Wyd. 1. Warszawa Wydawnictwo Akademickie Dialog 2014 325 s. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Council of Lithuanian Jews (1623 - 1764) Bibliogr. s. 303-315. Indeks Polska / Sejm Żydów Litewskich jhpk Geschichte 1623-1764 gnd rswk-swf Żydzi / Litwa / 18 w jhpk Żydzi / Litwa / 17 w jhpk Żydzi / Litwa / polityka i rządy / 18 w jhpk Żydzi / Litwa / polityka i rządy / 17 w jhpk Selbstverwaltung (DE-588)4054442-4 gnd rswk-swf Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf Litwa / polityka i rządy / 17 w jhpk Litwa / polityka i rządy / 18 w jhpk Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 gnd rswk-swf Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 g Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s Selbstverwaltung (DE-588)4054442-4 s Geschichte 1623-1764 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027438846&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027438846&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Mycielska, Anna Sejm Żydów litewskich (1623 - 1764) Polska / Sejm Żydów Litewskich jhpk Żydzi / Litwa / 18 w jhpk Żydzi / Litwa / 17 w jhpk Żydzi / Litwa / polityka i rządy / 18 w jhpk Żydzi / Litwa / polityka i rządy / 17 w jhpk Selbstverwaltung (DE-588)4054442-4 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4054442-4 (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4074266-0 |
| title | Sejm Żydów litewskich (1623 - 1764) |
| title_auth | Sejm Żydów litewskich (1623 - 1764) |
| title_exact_search | Sejm Żydów litewskich (1623 - 1764) |
| title_full | Sejm Żydów litewskich (1623 - 1764) Anna Michałowska-Mycielska |
| title_fullStr | Sejm Żydów litewskich (1623 - 1764) Anna Michałowska-Mycielska |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sejm Żydów litewskich (1623 - 1764) Anna Michałowska-Mycielska |
| title_short | Sejm Żydów litewskich (1623 - 1764) |
| title_sort | sejm zydow litewskich 1623 1764 |
| topic | Polska / Sejm Żydów Litewskich jhpk Żydzi / Litwa / 18 w jhpk Żydzi / Litwa / 17 w jhpk Żydzi / Litwa / polityka i rządy / 18 w jhpk Żydzi / Litwa / polityka i rządy / 17 w jhpk Selbstverwaltung (DE-588)4054442-4 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Polska / Sejm Żydów Litewskich Żydzi / Litwa / 18 w Żydzi / Litwa / 17 w Żydzi / Litwa / polityka i rządy / 18 w Żydzi / Litwa / polityka i rządy / 17 w Selbstverwaltung Juden Litwa / polityka i rządy / 17 w Litwa / polityka i rządy / 18 w Litauen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027438846&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027438846&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mycielskaanna sejmzydowlitewskich16231764 |