Stefan Korboński (1901 - 1989): działalność polityczna i społeczna
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu
2014
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Monografie / Instytut Pamięci Narodowej - Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu
93 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Bibliogr. S. 348 - 381. Indeks |
| Beschreibung: | 398, [16] S. Ill. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788376296029 |
Internformat
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| 490 | 1 | |a Monografie / Instytut Pamięci Narodowej - Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu |v 93 | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 500 | |a Bibliogr. S. 348 - 381. Indeks | ||
| 600 | 1 | 7 | |a Korboński, Stefan / (1901-1989) |2 jhpk |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804152392251342848 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
Wstęp
..................................................................................................................... 7
1.
Polonia
Restituía ...............................................................................................
16
Życie rodzinne i zawodowe
............................................................................... 16
Pierwsze kroki w polityce
.................................................................................. 30
Prezes wojewódzki Stronnictwa Ludowego
...................................................... 36
2.
Współtwórca Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego
............................................. 46
Zastępca Macieja Rataja
.................................................................................... 46
Na czele Kierownictwa Walki Cywilnej
............................................................ 61
Łączność z Londynem
....................................................................................... 78
W czasie powstania warszawskiego
.................................................................. 86
W zastępstwie Delegata Rządu RP na Kraj
....................................................... 90
3.
Trudne lata
1945-1947..................................................................................... 103
Prezes Zarządu Stołecznego Polskiego Stronnictwa Ludowego
....................... 103
Od referendum do wyborów
.............................................................................. 114
Koniec złudzeń
.................................................................................................. 119
4.
W Polskim Stronnictwie Ludowym na uchodźstwie
..................................... 133
Od współpracy do rozłamu
................................................................................ 133
Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe „Odłam Jedności Narodowej
............................ 145
Powrót do PSL
................................................................................................... 157
W zjednoczonym stronnictwie
.......................................................................... 168
5.
W strukturach polskiej emigracji politycznej
............................................... 174
Od Rady Politycznej do Polskiej Rady Jedności
............................................... 176
Korboński a KWE/RWE
.................................................................................... 185
Polonia
75......................................................................................................... 188
Społecznik
......................................................................................................... 190
Wobec sprawy polskiej w polityce Stanów Zjednoczonych, władz PRL
i rodzącej się opozycji
....................................................................................... 194
Niedoszły prezydent RP
.................................................................................... 207
Projekty polityczne Stefana Korbońskiego
....................................................... 220
„Mała Rada Trzech
..................................................................................... 220
„Chińska alternatywa Korbońskiego
.......................................................... 224
„Rzeczpospolita Emigracyjna
.................................................................... 228
6.
Na forum międzynarodowym
......................................................................... 236
Od Zielonej Międzynarodówki po Zjednoczone Narodowe Komitety
i Rady na Emigracji
........................................................................................... 236
Zgromadzenie Europejskich Narodów Ujarzmionych
...................................... 245
7.
Kryptonim Kalif— aparat bezpieczeństwa PRL
wobec Stefana Korbońskiego
.............................................................................. 279
8.
Pisarz i publicysta
............................................................................................ 298
„Nowy talent literacki na emigracji
................................................................. 298
Od „Gazety Ludowej po „The New York Times
........................................... 307
„Sprawa Józefa Mackiewicza
.......................................................................... 311
Wobec spraw polsko-żydowskich
...................................................................... 320
Epilog
.................................................................................................................... 328
Podsumowanie
...................................................................................................... 333
Summary
............................................................................................................... 340
Wykaz skrótów
..................................................................................................... 344
Bibliografia
........................................................................................................... 348
Indeks osób
........................................................................................................... 382
SUMMARY
Stefan
Korboński
(1901-1989),
an activist for independence, a lawyer, a publicist,
Chief of the Directorate of Civilian Resistance (DCR) and the last Acting of Govern¬
ment Delegate during the Second World War, a Member of Constituent Parliament, an
outstanding representative of the agrarian movement both at home and in exile.
He began his political and civil education with his voluntary military service
—
during
his education he left the school four times to take part in fights for liberty and borders of
Poland. He participated is the process of disarming Germans in
Częstochowa
in
1918,
was one of the volunteers heading off to liberate the besieged Lvov, took part in the
Polish-Bolshevik War and in the Third Silesian Uprising.
Despite the fact that he remained under a strong influence of Marshall
Józef
Pilsudski,
in
1925
he joined the ranks of the Polish Peasant Party Liberation . At the same time he
supported the May Coup in
1926,
counting on that in the way of
a coup d état
Pilsudski
would be able to implement changes necessary to improve the functioning of the demo¬
cratic system. Besides, that standpoint was in compliance with the line accepted by his
party, yet later
-
together with other party members
—
he joined the Opposition and took
part, among others, in the Congress of
Centről
ew (a coalition of several Polish leftist and
centrally-oriented political parties) held in Krakow on
29
June
1930.
During the Brest
trials the
Zygmunt Graliński—
Stefan
Korboński
Law Office joined in the defense of the
accused. Under the name of S.
Korboński
the party submitted a letter of protest to the
Main Election Board, in which they strongly objected to removing the names of two
members of the Opposition from the official state list of candidates to enter Parliament.
Following the uniting of the agrarian movement in
1931,
he became an active member
of the structures of the Peasant Party in the districts of
Łomża
and
Białystok.
From
1935
he was a member of the Chief Party Court; in
1937
he took part in the general peasants
strike action, and the following year was elected the chairman of the party for
Białystok
Voivodeship.
As a volunteer taking part in the Polish Defensive War of
1939
he was taken prisoner
and found himself in the Soviet captivity. He fled and returned to Warsaw, where
—
act¬
ing under the pseudonyms of
Nowak ,
Zieliński
-
he engaged in the conspiratorial
movement being formed at that time by Service for Poland s Victory-Union for Armed
Struggle—Home Army. At the same time he was active in the underground structures of
the Peasant Party (the cryptonym Triangle ). As a representative of the peasants fac¬
tion, he participated, among others, in the initial meetings of the founders of the Polish
Underground State and in creation of the common political representation of the under¬
ground parties
-
especially the Political Consultative Committee acting at the Union for
Armed Struggle.
340
In the spring of
1940,
S.
Korboński
was considered as the common candidate of
agrarian and socialist parties for the post of Government Delegate (the status of a depu¬
ty-prime minister). However, the nationalists vetoed the candidature and consequently,
among others, the emissary
Jan Karski-Kozielewski ( Witold )
who was bringing the
news back to London, was arrested by the Gestapo.
In April 1941,
S.
Korboński
was appointed the Chief of the DCR which, in an effec¬
tive way, organized, managed and coordinated the broadly understood action of passive
resistance of Polish society, worked out the principles of civic conduct in the conditions
of the occupied country, as well as co-created the underground system of execution of
law (Civil Special Courts and Judging Committees of Civil Struggle which were of the
civil courts character).
As the Chief of DCR, S.
Korboński
managed all kinds of sabotage actions, civic
disobedience or boycotting of work done for the invader. He co-participated in the for¬
mation of the underground judiciary which passed death sentences and executed about
200
traitors, Gestapo agents and blackmailers. In many cases the DCR acted in defense
of Jews, among others, by prohibiting blackmailing them or spying on them (in
1980,
S.
Korboński
was granted the medal of Righteous Among the Nations by the Yad Vashem
Institute for his activity in this field). The DCR was established jointly by the Govern¬
ment Delegate and the Commander-Chief of the Union for Armed Struggle. In the mid¬
dle of July
1943
the DCR it became apart of the Directorate of Underground Resistance,
being the central point responsible for coordination of the whole of the struggle against
the invader, that is, the current struggle of the Home Army and acts of passive resistance
on the part of society. The Directorate was led by the Commander in Chief of the Home
Army and the only civilian person in the management was S.
Korboński.
In
1941,
he managed to successfully organize an efficient communication system
with the Government of Poland in Exile, which was also in operation during the Warsaw
Uprising and following its fall functioned until the dissolution of the structures of the
Polish Underground State (till the turn of June/July
1945)
sending and receiving about
2
thousand dispatches. He was also the main supplier of information for the secret radio
station
Świt
(The Dawn), which by broadcasting (between
10
September
1942
and the
end of November
1944)
from the territory Great Britain successfully faked a station op¬
erating in Poland and made an element of the so-called black propaganda.
After the outbreak of the Warsaw Uprising, S.
Korboński
performed the function
of the Head of the Internal Affairs Department of the Government for Poland (pro¬
bably
26-27
August
1944).
He worked out, among others, the manner of contacting the
supreme authorities of the underground for the time following the fall of Warsaw. Then
he took actions to prevent the disintegration of the structures of the civilian line of the
underground. Following the unexpected arrest of the leaders of the Polish Underground
State by the NKVD in
Pruszków,
on
10
April
1945,
he took over the post of the Acting
of Government Delegate.
Due to the withdrawal of the Peasant Party from the works of the civilian line of the
Polish Underground State, he stepped down on
29
May, yet because of the fact that the
Government did not approve of his replacements
—
he agreed to hold the post until the
next session of the Council of National Unity, which was held on
27-28
June in Krakow.
On the night of
28
June
1945,
he was arrested, together with his wife
Zofia
(1915-2010)
341
by officers of the Provincial Office of Public Security in Krakow. The interrogations
were attended, among others, by the Head of the Investigation Department of the Minis¬
try of Public Security, Cpt.
Józef Różański,
Col. Roman Romkowski, and even the Min¬
ister of Public Security
Stanisław
Radkiewicz himself. As a consequence of
Stanisław
Mikołaj
czyk s intervention,
Korboński
was instantly released and actively engaged in
the development of the opposition agrarian movement.
S.
Korboński
managed, among others, the Warsaw-based department of the Polish
Peasant Party (PPP), which he organized himself. They took part in preparing the first
Congress of the Party after the War
(19-21
January
1946),
during which he presented the
project of the new statute of the PPP. In January
1947,
he was chosen to the Constituent
Parliament (as one of the
28
MPs from the lists of the PPP). He belonged to the nar¬
row circles of the management of the party
—
as a member of the Supreme Council and
Supreme Executive Committee. As an MP he got particularly involved in works on the
project of amnesty for members of the Underground. The real threat of being arrested
and subjected to a trial made him flee the country (prior to that
—
in face of the commu¬
nist terror growing stronger and stronger
-
he proposed to either dissolve the party or
continue its activity in exile). At the beginning of November
1947,
S.
Korboński
and his
wife left Poland illegally.
Finally, S.
Korboński
settled in the United States (first in New York, and from
1954
—
in Washington), where he pursued a busy political activity. His strong authority, which
stemmed from his conspiratorial activity and the political fight against communists in
the years
1945—1947),
aided him in his endeavours. S.
Korboński
entered the executive
management of the PPP in exile (Secretary General of the Supreme Executive Commit¬
tee). His different perception of the question of the attitude to the April Constitution,
legalism and vision of cooperation with other emigration parties caused a schism and
the exclusion of himself and
Bagiński
from the ranks of the PPP
(2
January
1950).
From
then on the two ran an independent political activity within their own small group under
the name PPP Faction of National Unity . The uniting of the conflicting groups and
Korbonski s return to the party did not materialize until the death of S.
Mikołajczyk,
during the IVth Congress of the PPP (in October
1968).
S.
Korboński
was also active in many political institutions in exile, independent or¬
ganizations or branches of the so-called Polish London (among others, the Agency of
the Political Council in the USA, American branch of Provisional Council of National
Unity or Polish Council of Unity in the USA). He cooperated nearly with the Congress
of American Poles, Free Europe Committee, as well as Radio Free Europe. As one of the
leading emigres he was three times (in
1972,
in the years
1978-1979
and
1979-1980)
seriously considered for the post of the President of the Republic of Poland in exile. He
supported also the first initiatives of the Opposition in the People s Republic of Poland of
the
1970s -
KOR
(Workers Defence Committee) and ROPCiO (Movement for Defense
of Human and Civic Rights) and he was even considered for the post of the representa¬
tive of the organization in the USA), and later on
-
the Solidarity movement.
He was involved in initiatives of the international character, too
—
peasants move¬
ment (MUCh), European Movement, federal movement. Still, he played the greatest role
as one of the organizers, and then
—
the Chairman for many successive years (in the years
1958-1959, 1966-1967
and
1971-1985)
of the Assembly of Captive European Nations
342
(ACEN), which was established on
20
November
1954
under the auspices of the Free
Europe Committee. It included political delegations from
9
states from behind the Iron
Curtain, and its structure was modelled on that of UNO, claiming that the communist
delegations from the countries remaining within the zone of influence of the USSR,
represent in this organization merely satellite governments and do not have the right to
represent these nations. Thus, the main objective was effective anti-Soviet counterpropa-
ganda.
The extensive activity in exile and the illegal contacts with people in the country
on the turn of the
1940s
and the
1950s
(including contacts via radio) caused him to be
aimed at by the security apparatus of the People s Republic of Poland, as an Object
of a few operational workings-out . Plan Apis assumed, for instance, that he should
be enticed into coming to East Berlin and kidnapped. Despite some initial successes, the
Security apparatus did not manage the achieve the intended priority goals in any case.
S. Korbonski s activity as a writer and publicist perfectly complemented the political
and social ones. He wrote
9
books:
W imieniu Rzeczypospolitej...
(Fighting Warsaw,
1954),
W imieniu Kremla
(Warsaw in Chains,
1956),
W imieniu Polski Walczącej
(War¬
saw in Exile,
1963),
Między młotem a kowadłem
(Between the Hammer and the Anvil,
1969),
Polskie Państwo Podziemne. Przewodnik po Podziemiu z lat
1939-1945
(The
Polish Underground
State.
A Guide to the Underground
1939-1945, 1975),
Za murami
Kremla
-
Opowieść fantastyczna
(Behind the Kremlin s Walls
-
A Fantasy Story,
1983),
Polonia Restituta. Wspomnienia z dwudziestolecia Niepodległości
1918-1939
(Polonia
Restituía.
Memories of the Two Decades of Independence,
1986),
Bohaterowie Państwa
Podziemnego —jak ich znałem
(The Heroes of the Polish Underground State
-
as I Knew
Them,
1987),
Polacy, Żydzi i
Holocaust (The Jews and the Poles in World War II,
1989).
In the People s Republic of Poland, his publications were strictly censored (they were
printed and distributed in the unofficial circulation). In the western press there appeared
about
200
letters and articles written by S.
Korboński,
with reference to Polish issues
(not including many texts in the Polish press). And Radio Free Europe and Voice of
America broadcast over
100
of his speeches and interviews.
S.
Korboński
died at the age of
88
years in Washington on
23
April
1989.
He was
buried in the Heritage Walk area of the Pauline Fathers Cemetery in the American
Częstochowa (Doylestown,
Pennsylvania). To honour his memory, the Senate of the
Republic of Poland declared the year
2009
to be the Year of Stefan
Korboński.
Between
30
September and
1
October
2012,
in Warsaw, there were celebrations held of burying
the remains of the late
Zofia
and Stefan
Korboński,
brought from the United States, in
the crypt of the Pantheon of Great Poles in the Shrine of God s Providence in
Wilanów.
transi.
Jacek Jędrzejowski
343
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| author | Stanek, Piotr 1981- |
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| genre | (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Biografie |
| id | DE-604.BV041988170 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:09:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)5525847-5 |
| isbn | 9788376296029 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027430464 |
| oclc_num | 884937636 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M352 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M352 |
| physical | 398, [16] S. Ill. 25 cm |
| psigel | DHB_IFZ_BIBLIO_2014 |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Monografie / Instytut Pamięci Narodowej - Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu |
| spelling | Stanek, Piotr 1981- Verfasser (DE-588)1181721431 aut Stefan Korboński (1901 - 1989) działalność polityczna i społeczna Piotr Stanek ; Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu Warszawa Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu 2014 398, [16] S. Ill. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Monografie / Instytut Pamięci Narodowej - Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu 93 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Bibliogr. S. 348 - 381. Indeks Korboński, Stefan / (1901-1989) jhpk Korboński, Stefan 1901-1989 (DE-588)119176351 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content Korboński, Stefan 1901-1989 (DE-588)119176351 p DE-604 Instytut Pamięci Narodowej Sonstige (DE-588)5525847-5 oth Instytut Pamięci Narodowej - Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu Monografie 93 (DE-604)BV017143574 93 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027430464&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027430464&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Stanek, Piotr 1981- Stefan Korboński (1901 - 1989) działalność polityczna i społeczna Korboński, Stefan / (1901-1989) jhpk Korboński, Stefan 1901-1989 (DE-588)119176351 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)119176351 (DE-588)4006804-3 |
| title | Stefan Korboński (1901 - 1989) działalność polityczna i społeczna |
| title_auth | Stefan Korboński (1901 - 1989) działalność polityczna i społeczna |
| title_exact_search | Stefan Korboński (1901 - 1989) działalność polityczna i społeczna |
| title_full | Stefan Korboński (1901 - 1989) działalność polityczna i społeczna Piotr Stanek ; Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu |
| title_fullStr | Stefan Korboński (1901 - 1989) działalność polityczna i społeczna Piotr Stanek ; Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu |
| title_full_unstemmed | Stefan Korboński (1901 - 1989) działalność polityczna i społeczna Piotr Stanek ; Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu |
| title_short | Stefan Korboński (1901 - 1989) |
| title_sort | stefan korbonski 1901 1989 dzialalnosc polityczna i spoleczna |
| title_sub | działalność polityczna i społeczna |
| topic | Korboński, Stefan / (1901-1989) jhpk Korboński, Stefan 1901-1989 (DE-588)119176351 gnd |
| topic_facet | Korboński, Stefan / (1901-1989) Korboński, Stefan 1901-1989 Biografie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027430464&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027430464&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV017143574 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT stanekpiotr stefankorbonski19011989działalnoscpolitycznaispołeczna AT instytutpamiecinarodowej stefankorbonski19011989działalnoscpolitycznaispołeczna |