Verfügbarkeit: Genetics :: THWS Bibkatalog

Genetics: a conceptual approach

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1. Verfasser:	Pierce, Benjamin A. (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	New York, NY Freeman [u.a.] 2014
Ausgabe:	5. ed.
Schlagworte:	Genetik Lehrbuch
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	getr. Zählung Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9781464109461 146410946X

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents in Brief 1. Introduction to Genetics 2. Chromosomes and Cellular Reproduction 3. Basic Principles of Heredity 4. Sex Determination and Sex-Linked Characteristics 5. Extensions and Modifications of Basic Principles 6. Pedigree Analysis, Applications, and Genetic Testing 7. Linkage, Recombination, and Eukaryotic Gene Mapping 8. Chromosome Variation 9. Bacterial and Viral Genetic Systems 10. DNA: The Chemical Nature of the Gene 11. Chromosome Structure and Organelle DNA 12. DNA Replication and Recombination 13. Transcription 14. RNA Molecules and RNA Processing 15. The Genetic Code and Translation 16. Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria 17. Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes 18. Gene Mutations and DNA Repair 19. Molecular Genetic Analysis and Biotechnology 20. Genomics and Proteomics 21. Epigenetics 22. Developmental Genetics and Immunogenetics 23. Cancer Genetics 24. Quantitative Genetics 25. Population Genetics 26. Evolutionary Genetics Reference Guide to Model Genetic Organisms 1 17 45 77 103 139 165 209 241 277 299 325 357 383 411 443 473 493 535 579 613 633 661 683 715 743 A1 Contents Letter from the Author xv Preface xvi Chapter 1 Introduction to Genetics 1 Albinism in the Hopis 1 1.1 Genetics Is Important to Us Individually, to Society, and to the Study of Biology 2 The Role of Genetics in Biology 4 Genetic Diversity and Evolution 4 Divisions of Genetics 5 Model Genetic Organisms 5 1.2 Humans Have Been Using Genetics for Thousands of Years 7 The Early Use and Understanding of Heredity 7 The Rise of the Science of Genetics 9 The Future of Genetics 10 1.3 A Few Fundamental Concepts Are Important for the Start of Our Journey into Genetics 11 Chapter 2 Chromosomes and Cellular Reproduction 17 The Blind Men s Riddle 17 2.1 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Differ in a Number of Genetic Characteristics 18 2.2 Cell Reproduction Requires the Copying of the Genetic Material, Separation of the Copies, and Cell Division 20 Prokaryotic Cell Reproduction 20 Eukaryotic Cell Reproduction 20 The Cell Cycle and Mitosis 23 Genetic Consequences of the Cell Cycle 26 CONNECTING CONCEPTS Counting Chromosomes and DNA Molecules 27 2.3 Sexual Reproduction Produces Genetic Variation Through the Process of Meiosis 27 Meiosis 28 Sources of Genetic Variation in Meiosis 31 CONNECTING CONCEPTS Mitosis and Meiosis Compared 33 The Separation of Sister Chromatids and Homologous Chromosomes 33 Meiosis in the Life Cycles of Animals and Plants 35 Chapter 3 Basic Principles of Heredity 45 The Genetics of Red Hair 45 3.1 Gregor Mendel Discovered the Basic Principles of Heredity 46 Mendel s Success 47 Genetic Terminology 48 3.2 Monohybrid Crosses Reveal the Principle of Segregation and the Concept of Dominance 49 What Monohybrid Crosses Reveal 50 CONNECTING CONCEPTS Relating Genetic Crosses to Meiosis 52 The Molecular Nature of Alíeles 53 Predicting the Outcomes of Genetic Crosses 53 TheTestcross 57 Genetic Symbols 58 CONNECTING CONCEPTS Ratios in Simple Crosses 58 3.3 Dihybrid Crosses Reveal the Principle of Independent Assortment 59 Dihybrid Crosses 59 The Principle of Independent Assortment 59 Relating the Principle of independent Assortment to Meiosis 60 Applying Probability and the Branch Diagram to Dihybrid Crosses 61 The Dihybrid Testcross 62 3.4 Observed Ratios of Progeny May Deviate from Expected Ratios by Chance 64 The Goodness-of-Fit Chi-Square Test 64 VI Contents Chapter 4 Sex Determination and Sex-Linked Characteristics 77 The Strange Case of Platypus Sex 77 4.1 Sex Is Determined by a Number of Different Mechanisms 78 Chromosomal Sex-Determining Systems 79 Genie Sex Determination 81 Environmental Sex Determination 81 Sex Determination in Drosophila melanogaster 82 Sex Determination in Humans 83 4.2 Sex-Linked Characteristics Are Determined by Genes on the Sex Chromosomes 85 Х -Linked White Eyes in Drosophila 85 Nondisjunction and the Chromosome Theory of Inheritance 86 Х -Linked Color Blindness in Humans 88 Symbols for X-Linked Genes 89 Z-Linked Characteristics 89 Y-Linked Characteristics 90 CONNECTING CONCEPTS Recognizing Sex-Linked Inheritance 92 4.3 Dosage Compensation Equalizes the Amount of Protein Produced by Х -Linked and Autósomat Genes in Some Animals 92 Lyon Hypothesis 93 Mechanism of Random X Inactivation 94 Chapter 5 Extensions and Modifications of Basic Principles юз The Odd Genetics of Left-Handed Snails 103 5.1 Additional Factors at a Single Locus Can Affect the Results of Genetic Crosses 104 Types of Dominance 104 Penetrance and Expressivity 107 Lethal Alíeles 107 Multiple Alíeles 108 5.2 Gene Interaction Takes Place When Genes at Multiple Loci Determine a Single Phenotype 110 Gene Interaction That Produces Novel Phenotypes 110 Gene Interaction with Epistasis 111 CONNECTING CONCEPTS Interpreting Ratios Produced by Gene Interaction 115 Complementation: Determining Whether Mutations Are at the Same Locus or at Different Loci 117 The Complex Genetics of Coat Color in Dogs 117 5.3 Sex Influences the Inheritance and Expression of Genes in a Variety of Ways 119 Sex-Influenced and Sex-Limited Characteristics 119 Cytoplasmic Inheritance 121 Genetic Maternal Effect 123 Genomic Imprinting 124 5.4 Anticipation Is the Stronger or Earlier Expression of Traits in Succeeding Generations 126 5.5 The Expression of a Genotype May Be Affected by Environmental Effects 126 Environmental Effects on the Phenotype 127 The Inheritance of Continuous Characteristics 127 Chapter 6 Pedigree Analysis, Applications, and Genetic Testing 139 The Mystery of Missing Fingerprints 139 6.1 The Study of Genetics in Humans Is Constrained by Special Features of Human Biology and Culture 140 6.2 Geneticists Often Use Pedigrees to Study the Inheritance of Characteristics in Humans 141 Symbols Used in Pedigrees 141 Analysis of Pedigrees 141 Autosomal Recessive Traits 142 Autosomal Dominant Traits 143 Х -Linked Recessive Traits 143 Х -Linked Dominant Traits 145 Y-Linked Traits 146 6.3 Studying Twins and Adoptions Can Help Assess the Importance of Genes and Environment 147 Types of Twins 147 Concordance in Twins 148 A Twin Study of Asthma 149 Adoption Studies 150 6.4 Genetic Counseling and Genetic Testing Provide Information to Those Concerned about Genetic Diseases and Traits 150 Genetic Counseling 151 Genetic Testing 152 Interpreting Genetic Tests 156 Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing 156 Genetic Discrimination and Privacy 156 Contents VII Chapter 7 Linkage, Recombination, and Eukaryotic Gene Mapping 165 Linked Genes and Bald Heads 165 7.1 Linked Genes Do Not Assort Independently 166 7.2 Linked Genes Segregate Together and Crossing Over Produces Recombination Between Them 167 Notation for Crosses with Linkage 168 Complete Linkage Compared with Independent Assortment 168 Crossing Over with Linked Genes 170 Calculating Recombination Frequency 171 Coupling and Repulsion 172 CONNECTING CONCEPTS Relating Independent Assortment, Linkage, and Crossing Over 173 Evidence for the Physical Basis of Recombination 174 Predicting the Outcomes of Crosses with Linked Genes 175 Testing for Independent Assortment 176 Gene Mapping with Recombination Frequencies 178 Constructing a Genetic Map with the Use of Two-Point Testcrosses 179 7.3 A Three-Point Testcross Can Be Used to Map Three Linked Genes 180 Constructing a Genetic Map with the Three-Point Testcross 181 CONNECTING CONCEPTS Stepping Through the Three-Point Cross 186 Effect of Multiple Crossovers 188 Mapping Human Genes 189 Mapping with Molecular Markers 190 Genes Can Be Located with Genomewide Association Studies 191 7.4 Physical-Mapping Methods Are Used to Determine the Physical Positions of Genes on Particular Chromosomes 192 Somatic-Cell Hybridization 192 Deletions Mapping 194 Physical Chromosome Mapping Through Molecular Analysis 195 7.5 Recombination Rates Exhibit Extensive Variation 195 Chapters Chromosome Variation 209 Building a Better Banana 209 8.1 Chromosome Mutations Include Rearrangements, Aneuploids, and Polyploids 210 Chromosome Morphology 210 Types of Chromosome Mutations 211 8.2 Chromosome Rearrangements Alter Chromosome Structure 212 Duplications 212 Deletions 214 Inversions 216 Translocations 219 Fragile Sites 221 Copy-Number Variations 222 8.3 Aneuploidy Is an Increase or Decrease in the Number of Individual Chromosomes 222 Types of Aneuploidy 222 Effects of Aneuploidy 223 Aneuploidy in Humans 224 Uniparental Disomy 227 Mosaicism 228 8.4 Polyploidy Is the Presence of More than Two Sets of Chromosomes 228 Autopolyploidy 228 Allopolyploidy 229 The Significance of Polyploidy 232 Chapter 9 Bacterial and Viral Genetic Systems 241 Life in a Bacterial World 241 9.1 Genetic Analysis of Bacteria Requires Special Methods 242 Bacterial Diversity 242 Techniques for the Study of Bacteria 243 The Bacterial Genome 244 Plasmids 245 9.2 Bacteria Exchange Genes Through Conjugation, Transformation, and Transduction 247 Conjugation 247 Natural Gene Transfer and Antibiotic Resistance 254 Transformation in Bacteria 254 Bacterial Genome Sequences 256 Horizontal Gene Transfer 256 VIII Contents 9.3 Viruses Are Simple Replicating Systems Amenable to Genetic Analysis 257 Techniques for the Study of Bacteriophages 257 Transduction: Using Phages to Map Bacterial Genes 258 CONNECTING CONCEPTS Three Methods for Mapping Bacterial Genes 261 Gene Mapping in Phages 261 Fine-Structure Analysis of Bacteriophage Genes 263 RNA Viruses 265 Human Immunodeficiency Virus and AIDS 267 Influenza 268 Chapter 10 DNA: The Chemical Nature of the Gene 277 Arctic Treks and Ancient DNA 277 10.1 Genetic Material Possesses Several Key Characteristics 278 10.2 All Genetic Information Is Encoded in the Structure of DNA or RNA 278 Early Studies of DNA 278 DNA As the Source of Genetic Information 280 Watson and Crick s Discovery of the Three- Dimensional Structure of DNA 283 RNA As Genetic Material 285 10.3 DNA Consists of Two Complementary and Antiparallel Nucleotide Strands That Form a Double Helix 286 The Primary Structure of DNA 286 Secondary Structures of DNA 288 CONNECTING CONCEPTS Genetic Implications of DNA Structure 290 10.4 Special Structures Can Form in DNA and RNA 291 Chapter 11 Chromosome Structure and Organelle DNA 299 Telomeres and Childhood Adversity 299 11.1 Large Amounts of DNA Are Packed into a Cell 300 Supercoiling 300 The Bacterial Chromosome 301 Eukaryotic Chromosomes 302 Changes in Chromatin Structure 304 11.2 Eukaryotic Chromosomes Possess Centromeres and Telomeres 306 Centromere Structure 306 Telomere Structure 307 11.3 Eukaryotic DNA Contains Several Classes of Sequence Variation 308 The Denaturation and Renaturation of DNA 308 Types of DNA Sequences in Eukaryotes 308 11.4 Organelle DNA Has Unique Characteristics 309 Mitochondrion and Chloroplast Structure 309 The Endosymbiotic Theory 310 Uniparental Inheritance of Organelle-Encoded Traits 311 The Mitochondrial Genome 314 The Evolution of Mitochondrial DNA 316 Damage to Mitochondrial DNA Is Associated with Aging 316 The Chloroplast Genome 317 Through Evolutionary Time, Genetic Information Has Moved Between Nuclear, Mitochondrial, and Chloroplast Genomes 318 Chapter 12 DNA Replication and Recombination 325 Topoisomerase, Replication, and Cancer 325 12.1 Genetic Information Must Be Accurately Copied Every Time a Cell Divides 326 12.2 All DNA Replication Takes Place in a Semiconservative Manner 326 Meselson and Stahls Experiment 327 Modes of Replication 329 Requirements of Replication 332 Direction of Replication 332 CONNECTING CONCEPTS The Direction of Synthesis in Different Models of Replication 334 12.3 Bacterial Replication Requires a Large Number of Enzymes and Proteins 334 Initiation 334 Unwinding 334 Elongation 336 Termination 339 The Fidelity of DNA Replication 339 CONNECTING CONCEPTS The Basic Rules of Replication 340 Contents IX 12.4 Eukaryotic DNA Replication Is Similar to Bacterial Replication but Differs in Several Aspects 340 Eukaryotic Origins 340 The Licensing of DNA Replication 341 Unwinding 341 Eukaryotic DNA Polymerases 341 Nucleosome Assembly 342 The Location of Replication Within the Nucleus 343 DNA Synthesis and the Cell Cycle 343 Replication at the Ends of Chromosomes 344 Replication in Archaea 346 12.5 Recombination Takes Place Through the Breakage, Alignment, and Repair of DNA Strands 346 Models of Recombination 347 Enzymes Required for Recombination 348 Gene Conversion 349 Chapter 13 Transcription 357 Death Cap Poisoning 357 13.1 RNA, Consisting of a Single Strand of Ribonucleotides, Participates in a Variety of Cellular Functions 358 An Early RNA World 358 The Structure of RNA 358 Classes of RNA 359 13.2 Transcription Is the Synthesis of an RNA Molecule from a DNA Template 360 The Template 361 The Substrate for Transcription 363 The Transcription Apparatus 363 13.3 Bacterial Transcription Consists of Initiation, Elongation, and Termination 365 Initiation 365 Elongation 367 Termination 368 CONNECTING CONCEPTS The Basic Rules of Transcription 369 13.4 Eukaryotic Transcription Is Similar to Bacterial Transcription but Has Some Important Differences 370 Transcription and Nucleosome Structure 370 Promoters 370 Initiation 371 Elongation 373 Termination 373 13.5 Transcription in Archaea Is More Similar to Transcription in Eukaryotes Than to Transcription in Eubacteria 374 Chapter 14 RNA Molecules and RNA Processing 383 A Royal Disease 383 14.1 Many Genes Have Complex Structures 384 Gene Organization 384 Introns 385 The Concept of the Gene Revisited 387 14.2 Messenger RNAs, Which Encode the Amino Acid Sequences of Proteins, Are Modified after Transcription in Eukaryotes 387 The Structure of Messenger RNA 387 Pre-mRNA Processing 388 The Addition of the 5 Cap 388 The Addition ofthePoly(A) Tail 389 RNA Splicing 390 Alternative Processing Pathways 393 RNA Editing 395 CONNECTING CONCEPTS Eukaryotic Gene Structure and Pre-mRNA Processing 396 14.3 Transfer RNAs, Which Attach to Amino Acids, Are Modified after Transcription in Bacterial and Eukaryotic Cells 397 The Structure of Transfer RNA 398 Transfer RNA Gene Structure and Processing 399 14.4 Ribosomal RNA, a Component of the Ribosome, Is Also Processed after Transcription 400 The Structure of the Ribosome 400 Ribosomal RNA Gene Structure and Processing 401 14.5 Small RNA Molecules Participate in a Variety of Functions 402 RNA Interference 402 Small Interfering and Micro RNAs 403 Piwi-Interacting RNAs 404 CRISPRRNA 404 14.6 Long Noncoding RNAs Regulate Gene Expression 405 Contents Chapter 15 The Genetic Code and Translation 411 Hutterites, Ribosomes, and Bowen-Conradi Syndrome 411 15.1 Many Genes Encode Proteins 412 The One Gene, One Enzyme Hypothesis 412 The Structure and Function of Proteins 415 15.2 The Genetic Code Determines How the Nucleotide Sequence Specifies the Amino Acid Sequence of a Protein 417 Breaking the Genetic Code 418 The Degeneracy of the Code 420 The Reading Frame and Initiation Codons 421 Termination Codons 422 The Universality of the Code 422 CONNECTING CONCEPTS Characteristics of the Genetic Code 422 15.3 Amino Acids Are Assembled into a Protein Through Translation 422 The Binding of Amino Acids to Transfer RNAs 423 The Initiation of Translation 424 Elongation 426 Termination 427 CONNECTING CONCEPTS A Comparison of Bacterial and Eukaryotic Translation 430 15.4 Additional Properties of RNA and Ribosomes Affect Protein Synthesis 430 The Three-Dimensional Structure of the Ribosome 430 Polyribosomes 431 Messenger RNA Surveillance 431 Folding and Posttranslational Modifications of Proteins 433 Translation and Antibiotics 433 Chapter 16 Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria 443 Opérons and the Noisy Cell 443 16.1 The Regulation of Gene Expression Is Critical for All Organisms 444 Genes and Regulatory Elements 445 Levels of Gene Regulation 445 DNA- Binding Proteins 446 16.2 Opérons Control Transcription in Bacterial Cells 447 Operon Structure 447 Negative and Positive Control: Inducible and Repressible Opérons 448 The lac Operon of E. coli 450 lac Mutations 453 Positive Control and Catabolite Repression 457 The trp Operon of E. coli 458 Bacterial Enhancers 460 16.3 Some Opérons Regulate Transcription Through Attenuation, the Premature Termination of Transcription 460 Attenuation in the trp Operon of E. coli 460 Why Does Attenuation Take Place in the trp Operon? 464 16.4 RNA Molecules Control the Expression of Some Bacterial Genes 464 Antisense RNA 464 Riboswitches 464 RNA-Mediated Repression Through Ribozymes 466 Chapter 17 Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes 473 Genetic Differences That Make Us Human 473 17.1 Eukaryotic Cells and Bacteria Have Many Features of Gene Regulation in Common, but They Differ in Several Important Ways 474 17.2 Changes in Chromatin Structure Affect the Expression of Genes 474 DNase I Hypersensitivity 474 Chromatin Remodeling 475 Histone Modification 475 DNA Methylation 478 17.3 The Initiation of Transcription Is Regulated by Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Regulator Proteins 479 Transcriptional Activators and Coactivators 479 Transcriptional Repressors 481 Enhancers and Insulators 481 Regulation of Transcriptional Stalling and Elongation 482 Coordinated Gene Regulation 482 17.4 Some Genes Are Regulated by RNA Processing and Degradation 483 Gene Regulation Through RNA Splicing 483 The Degradation of RNA 484 17.5 RNA Interference Is an Important Mechanism of Gene Regulation 485 Small Interfering RNAs and MicroRNAs 485 Contents XI Mechanisms of Gene Regulation by RNA Interference 486 The Control of Development by RNA Interference 487 17.6 Some Genes Are Regulated by Processes That Affect Translation or by Modifications of Proteins 487 CONNECTING CONCEPTS A Comparison of Bacterial and Eukaryotic Gene Control 488 Chapter 18 Gene Mutations and DNA Repair 493 A Fly Without a Heart 493 18.1 Mutations Are Inherited Alterations in the DNA Sequence 494 The Importance of Mutations 494 Categories of Mutations 494 Types of Gene Mutations 495 Phenotypic Effects of Mutations 497 Suppressor Mutations 498 Mutation Rates 502 18.2 Mutations Are Potentially Caused by a Number of Different Factors 503 Spontaneous Replication Errors 503 Spontaneous Chemical Changes 504 Chemically Induced Mutations 506 Radiation 508 18.3 Mutations Are the Focus of Intense Study by Geneticists 509 Detecting Mutations with the Ames Test 509 Radiation Exposure in Humans 510 18.4 Transposable Elements Cause Mutations 511 General Characteristics of Transposable Elements 511 Transposition 512 The Mutagenic Effects of Transposition 513 Transposable Elements in Bacteria 514 Transposable Elements in Eukaryotes 515 CONNECTING CONCEPTS Types of Transposable Elements 519 Transposable Elements Have Played an Important Role in Genome Evolution 520 18.5 A Number of Pathways Repair Changes in DNA 520 Mismatch Repair 520 Direct Repair 522 Base-Excision Repair 522 Nucleotide-Excision Repair 523 CONNECTING CONCEPTS The Basic Pathway of DNA Repair 524 Repair of Double-Strand Breaks 524 Translesion DNA Polymerases 524 Genetic Diseases and Faulty DNA Repair 525 Chapter 19 Molecular Genetic Analysis and Biotechnology 535 Helping the Blind to See 535 19.1 Techniques of Molecular Genetics Have Revolutionized Biology 536 The Molecular Genetics Revolution 536 Working at the Molecular Level 536 19.2 Molecular Techniques Are Used to Isolate, Recombine, and Amplify Genes 537 Cutting and Joining DNA Fragments 537 Viewing DNA Fragments 539 Locating DNA Fragments with Southern Blotting and Probes 540 Cloning Genes 541 Application: The Genetic Engineering of Plants with Pesticides 545 Amplifying DNA Fragments with the Polymerase Chain Reaction 546 19.3 Molecular Techniques Can Be Used to Find Genes of Interest 549 Gene Libraries 549 In Situ Hybridization 552 Positional Cloning 552 Application: Isolating the Gene for Cystic Fibrosis 553 19.4 DNA Sequences Can Be Determined and Analyzed 555 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms 555 DNA Sequencing 556 Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies 559 DNA Fingerprinting 561 Application: Identifying People Who Died in the Collapse of the World Trade Center 562 19.5 Molecular Techniques Are Increasingly Used to Analyze Gene Function 563 Forward and Reverse Genetics 563 Creating Random Mutations 564 Site-Directed Mutagenesis 564 Transgenic Animals 565 Knockout Mice 566 Silencing Genes with RNAi 567 Application: Using RNAi to Treat Human Disease 568 XII Contents 19.6 Biotechnology Harnesses the Power of Molecular Genetics 569 Pharmaceutical Products 569 Specialized Bacteria 569 Agricultural Products 569 Genetic Testing 570 Gene Therapy 571 Chapter 20 Genomics and 579 Decoding the Waggle Dance: The Genome of the Honeybee 579 20.1 Structural Genomics Determines the DNA Sequences of Entire Genomes 580 Genetic Maps 580 Physical Maps 581 Sequencing an Entire Genome 582 The Human Genome Project 583 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms 587 Copy-Number Variations 588 Sequence-Tagged Sites and Expressed-Sequence Tags 589 Bioinformatics 589 Metagenomics 590 Synthetic Biology 591 20.2 Functional Genomics Determines the Function of Genes by Using Genomic-Based Approaches 591 Predicting Function from Sequence 591 Gene Expression and Microarrays 592 Gene Expression and Reporter Sequences 595 Genome-Wide Mutagenesis 595 20.3 Comparative Genomics Studies How Genomes Evolve 596 Prokaryotic Genomes 596 Eukaryotic Genomes 598 Comparative Drosophila Genomics 601 The Human Genome 601 20.4 Proteomics Analyzes the Complete Set of Proteins Found in a Cell 603 Determination of Cellular Proteins 603 Affinity Capture 604 Protein Microarrays 604 Structural Proteomics 605 Chapter 21 Epigenetics 613 How Your Grandfather s Diet Could Affect Your Health 613 21.1 What Is Epigenetics? 614 21.2 Several Molecular Processes Lead to Epigenetic Changes 615 DNA Methylation 615 Histone Modifications 617 Epigenetic Effects by RNA Molecules 618 21.3 Epigenetic Processes Produce a Diverse Set of Effects 619 Paramutation 619 Behavioral Epigenetics 621 Epigenetic Effects of Environmental Chemicals 623 Transgenerational Epigenetic Effects on Metabolism 623 Epigenetic Effects in Monozygotic Twins 623 X Inactivation 623 Epigenetic Changes Associated with Cell Differentiation 625 Genomic Imprinting 626 21.4 The Epigenome 627 Chapter 22 Developmental Genetics and Immunogenetics бзз The Origin of Spineless Sticklebacks 633 22.1 Development Takes Place Through Cell Determination 634 Cloning Experiments on Plants 635 Cloning Experiments on Animals 635 22.2 Pattern Formation in Drosophila Serves As a Model for the Genetic Control of Development 636 The Development of the Fruit Fly 636 Egg-Polarity Genes 637 Segmentation Genes 640 Homeotic Genes in Drosophila 640 Homeobox Genes in Other Organisms 642 CONNECTING CONCEPTS The Control Of Development 643 Epigenetic Changes in Development 643 22.3 Genes Control the Development of Flowers in Plants 644 Flower Anatomy 644 Genetic Control of Flower Development 644 CONNECTING CONCEPTS Comparison of Development in Drosophila and Flowers 646 22.4 Programmed Cell Death Is an Integral Part of Development 646 22.5 The Study of Development Reveals Patterns and Processes of Evolution 647 Contents XIII 22.6 The Development of Immunity Is Through Genetic Rearrangement 649 The Organization of the Immune System 650 Immunoglobulin Structure 651 The Generation of Antibody Diversity 652 T-Cell-Receptor Diversity 653 Major Histocompatibility Complex Genes 654 Genes and Organ Transplants 654 Chapter 23 Cancer Genetics 661 Palladin and the Spread of Cancer 661 23.1 Cancer Is a Group of Diseases Characterized by Cell Proliferation 662 Tumor Formation 662 Cancer As a Genetic Disease 663 The Role of Environmental Factors in Cancer 665 23.2 Mutations in a Number of Different Types of Genes Contribute to Cancer 666 Oncogenes and Tumor-Suppressor Genes 666 Mutations in Genes That Control the Cycle of Cell Division 668 DNA-Repair Genes 672 Genes That Regulate Telomerase 672 Genes That Promote Vascularization and the Spread of Tumors 672 MicroRNAs and Cancer 673 Cancer Genome Projects 674 23.3 Epigenetic Changes Are Often Associated with Cancer 674 23.4 Colorectal Cancer Arises Through the Sequential Mutation of a Number of Genes 675 23.5 Changes in Chromosome Number and Structure Are Often Associated with Cancer 676 23.6 Viruses Are Associated with Some Cancers 678 Chapter 24 Quantitative GenetiCS 683 Corn Oil and Quantitative Genetics 683 24.1 Quantitative Characteristics Vary Continuously and Many Are Influenced by Alíeles at Multiple Loci 684 The Relation Between Genotype and Phenotype 684 Types of Quantitative Characteristics 686 Polygenic Inheritance 686 Kernel Color in Wheat 687 Determining Gene Number for a Polygenic Characteristic 688 24.2 Statistical Methods Are Required for Analyzing Quantitative Characteristics 689 Distributions 689 Samples and Populations 690 The Mean 690 The Variance and Standard Deviation 691 Correlation 692 Regression 693 Applying Statistics to the Study of a Polygenic Characteristic 695 24.3 Heritability Is Used to Estimate the Proportion of Variation in a Trait That Is Genetic 696 Phenotypic Variance 696 Types of Heritability 698 Calculating Heritability 698 The Limitations of Heritability 700 Locating Genes That Affect Quantitative Characteristics 702 24.4 Genetically Variable Traits Change in Response to Selection 704 Predicting the Response to Selection 705 Limits to Selection Response 706 Correlated Responses 707 Chapter 25 Population Genetics 715 Genetic Rescue of Bighorn Sheep 715 25.1 Genotypie and Allelic Frequencies Are Used to Describe the Gene Pool of a Population 716 Calculating Genotypie Frequencies 717 Calculating Allelic Frequencies 717 25.2 The Hardy-Weinberg Law Describes the Effect of Reproduction on Genotypie and Allelic Frequencies 719 Genotypie Frequencies at Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 719 Closer Examination of the Hardy-Weinberg Law 720 Implications of the Hardy-Weinberg Law 720 Extensions of the Hardy-Weinberg Law 721 Testing for Hardy-Weinberg Proportions 721 Estimating Allelic Frequencies with the Hardy-Weinberg Law 722 25.3 Nonrandom Mating Affects the Genotypie Frequencies of a Population 723 XIV Contents 25.4 Several Evolutionary Forces Potentially Cause Changes in Allelic Frequencies 726 Mutation 726 Migration 727 Genetic Drift 728 Natural Selection 731 CONNECTING CONCEPTS The General Effects of Forces That Change Allelic Frequencies 736 Chapter 26 Evolutionary GenetiCS 743 Taster Genes in Spitting Apes 743 26.1 Evolution Occurs Through Genetic Change Within Populations 744 26.2 Many Natural Populations Contain High Levels of Genetic Variation 745 Molecular Variation 745 Protein Variation 746 DNA Sequence Variation 747 26.3 New Species Arise Through the Evolution of Reproductive Isolation 749 The Biological Species Concept 749 Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms 750 Modes of Speciation 751 Genetic Differentiation Associated with Speciation 755 26.4 The Evolutionary History of a Group of Organisms Can Be Reconstructed by Studying Changes in Homologous Characteristics 756 The Alignment of Homologous Sequences 757 The Construction of Phylogenetic Trees 758 26.5 Patterns of Evolution Are Revealed by Molecular Changes 758 Rates of Molecular Evolution 759 The Molecular Clock 760 Evolution Through Changes in Gene Regulation 761 Genome Evolution 762 Reference Guide to Model Genetic Organisms ai The Fruit Fly Drosophilia melanogaster A2 The Bacterium Escherichia coli A4 The Nematode Worm Caenorhabditis elegans A6 The Plant Arabidopsis thaliana A8 The Mouse Mus musculus A1 0 The Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae A1 2 Glossary bi Answers to Selected Questions and Problems ci Index di
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spelling	Pierce, Benjamin A. Verfasser aut Genetics a conceptual approach Benjamin A. Pierce 5. ed. New York, NY Freeman [u.a.] 2014 getr. Zählung Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Genetik (DE-588)4071711-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Genetik (DE-588)4071711-2 s b DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027425940&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Pierce, Benjamin A. Genetics a conceptual approach Genetik (DE-588)4071711-2 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4071711-2 (DE-588)4123623-3
title	Genetics a conceptual approach
title_auth	Genetics a conceptual approach
title_exact_search	Genetics a conceptual approach
title_full	Genetics a conceptual approach Benjamin A. Pierce
title_fullStr	Genetics a conceptual approach Benjamin A. Pierce
title_full_unstemmed	Genetics a conceptual approach Benjamin A. Pierce
title_short	Genetics
title_sort	genetics a conceptual approach
title_sub	a conceptual approach
topic	Genetik (DE-588)4071711-2 gnd
topic_facet	Genetik Lehrbuch
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027425940&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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