Holdings: Introduction to crystal growth

Introduction to crystal growth: principles and practice

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Bhat, H. L. (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Boca Raton, Fla. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group 2015
Subjects:	Crystal growth Festkörperphysik Kristall-Engineering Kristallwachstum Kristallographie Kristallzüchtung Kristallisation
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext
Physical Description:	XVII, 328 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9781439883303

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Record in the Search Index

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adam_text	Contents Preface .....................................................................................................................xv Author ..................................................................................................................xvii Section I Principles 1. Introduction .....................................................................................................3 What Are Crystals? ..........................................................................................3 Why Single Crystals? .......................................................................................4 Why Should One Grow Crystals? .................................................................6 Historical Perspective ......................................................................................6 Organization of the Book ..............................................................................10 References .......................................................................................................11 2. Nucleation Phenomena ................................................................................13 Critical Supersaturation ................................................................................13 Homogeneous (Spontaneous) Nucleation ..................................................15 Heterogeneous Nucleation ...........................................................................19 Nucleation on a Substrate .............................................................................20 Nucleation of a Crystalline Material ...........................................................21 Equilibrium Shape of Anisotropie Nuclei ..................................................22 References .......................................................................................................23 3. Crystal Growth Mechanisms .....................................................................25 Early Theories ...................................................................-.............................25 Two-Dimensional Layer Growth Mechanism ...........................................28 Surface Nucleation .........................................................................................32 Verification ......................................................................................................35 References .......................................................................................................36 4. Defects in Crystals .......................................................................................37 Point Defects ...................................................................................................37 Vacancy .......................................................................................................38 Schottky Defect .........................................................................................39 Frenkel Defect ............................................................................................39 Interstitial Defect .......................................................................................40 Subsritutional Defect ................................................................................40 Color Centers .............................................................................................40 Line Defects or Dislocations .........................................................................41 Theoretical Estimation of Critical Shear Stress ....................................43 vii viii Contents Refinement in Calculation of Critical Shear Stress ..............................45 Edge Dislocation ........................................................................................46 Screw Dislocation ......................................................................................48 Mixed Dislocation .....................................................................................49 Burgers Vector ...........................................................................................49 Motion of Dislocations .............................................................................50 Energy of a Straight Screw Dislocation .................................................51 The Force on a Dislocation When a Shear Stress Is Applied ..............54 Dislocation Multiplication .......................................................................56 Low-Angle Grain Boundaries .................................................................57 Planar Defects .................................................................................................58 Stacking Faults ...........................................................................................58 Twin Boundaries .......................................................................................60 Grain Boundaries in Polycrystals ...........................................................61 Bulk Defects ....................................................................................................61 References .......................................................................................................62 5. Dislocations and Crystal Growth .............................................................65 Screw Dislocation Theory of Crystal Growth ...........................................65 The Theory .................................................................................................66 Experimental Verification ........................................................................68 Growth from Solution ..............................................................................69 Shape of Growth Spirals ..........................................................................71 Interaction of Growth Spirals ..................................................................72 Vapor-Liquid-Solid Mechanism of Crystal Growth ................................72 Dendritic Growth ...........................................................................................75 References .......................................................................................................76 6. Phase Diagrams and Crystal Growth ......................................................79 Latent Heat ......................................................................................................79 Gibbs s Free Energy .......................................................................................80 Chemical Potential .........................................................................................81 Gibbs s Phase Rule .........................................................................................82 Phase Diagrams .............................................................................................83 Single-Component Systems .....................................................................83 Water ......................................................................................................84 Diamond ................................................................................................85 Two-Component Systems ........................................................................86 Two-Component Solid Solutions .......................................................86 Lever Rule ..............................................................................................87 Crystallization Path .............................................................................88 Two-Component Eutectic Systems ....................................................89 Two-Component Peritectic Systems ..................................................91 Three-Component Systems .....................................................................91 Concentration-Temperature Phase Diagrams (Solubility Curves).. ..94 Contents ix Typical Phase Diagrams ................................................................................96 Sodium ^-Nitrophenola te ........................................................................96 Gallium Antimonide................................................................................98 Lithium Niobáte ......................................................................................101 Cesium Lithium Borate ..........................................................................101 Potassium Titanyl Phosphate (Kp-PA-TiO;, System) ....................104 References .....................................................................................................105 Section II Practice 7. Growth from the Solid Phase .................................................................. Ill Introduction .................................................................................................. Ill Solid-Solid Growth Methods .....................................................................112 Grain Growth ...........................................................................................112 Strain-Annealing Technique .................................................................116 Solid-State Phase Transformation .........................................................120 General Conclusions ....................................................................................121 References .....................................................................................................122 8. Growth from the Melts ..............................................................................123 Introduction ..................................................................................................123 Bridgman-Stockbarger and Related Techniques ....................................124 General Considerations ..........................................................................124 Vertical Bridgman Method ....................................................................124 Vertical Gradient Freeze Technique .....................................................125 Horizontal Bridgman Method .................................-............................126 Equipment ................................................................................................127 Furnaces ...............................................................................................127 Electrodynamic Gradient Freeze Furnace ......................................128 Crucibles ..............................................................................................129 Mechanical Movement ......................................................................130 Melt-Solid Interface Shape ....................................................................131 Examples ..................................................................................................133 Growth of Indium Antimonide ........................................................134 Materials Synthesis ............................................................................135 Crystal Growth ........................................................-..........................135 Limitations ....................................................................-..........................139 Czochralski and Related Techniques .......................................................140 Equipment ................................................................................................142 Crucibles ..............................................................................................143 Heaters .................................................................................................144 Diameter Control ....................................................................................144 Example ...................................................................................................145 Growth of Congruent Lithium Niobáte Crystals ..........................146 Contents Refined Processes ....................................................................................148 Growth of Stoichiometric Lithium Niobáte ....................................149 Liquid Encapsulation Technique .....................................................149 Shaped Crystal Growth ..........................................................................151 Stepanov Method ...............................................................................152 Edge-Defined, Film-Fed Growth ......................................................153 Micro-Pulling-Dow η Method ...........................................................153 Zone-Melting Techniques ...........................................................................155 Normal and Equilibrium Freezing .......................................................155 Principle of Zone Refining .....................................................................159 Segregation due to Single-Zone Pass ...............................................159 Segregation due to Multiple-Zone Passes ...........__.......................160 Zone Leveling .....................................................................................161 Zone Freezing .....................................................................................161 Zone Refining as a Technique for Crystal Growth ............................162 Horizontal Configuration .................................................................162 Material Transport ..................................................___.....................163 Vertical Configuration: Floating Zone Technique.... .....................164 Zone Stability ......................................................................................165 Example .........................................................................___....................166 Material Synthesis and Preparation of Ingots ................................166 Typical Growth Run ...........................................................................167 Flame Fusion Technique .............................................................................170 Technical Considerations .......................................................................172 Seed Preparation ................................................................................172 Burner Design .....................................................................................172 Powder Preparation and Feeding ....................................................173 Growth Chamber ...............................................................................174 Typical Crystals Grown ..........................................................................174 Crystal Growth by the Arc Fusion Technique .........................................175 Growth by the Skull-Melting Technique ..................................................176 References .....................................................................................................178 9. Growth from Liquid Solutions ................................................................183 Introduction ..................................................................................................183 Growth from Aqueous Solution ................................................................183 Solution and Solubility ...........................................................................184 Choice of Solvent .....................................................................................185 Additives ..................................................................................................187 Nucleation ................................................................................................187 Achievement of Supersaturation ..........................................................188 Apparatus .................................................................................................188 Mason-Jar Method ..............................................................................188 Holden s Rotary Crystallizer ............................................................190 Temperature Differential Method ...................................................193 Contents xi Growth by Fast Crystallization .............................................................195 Growth from Silica Gel ...............................................................................198 Gel Preparation ........................................................................................199 Geliing Mechanism and Structure .......................................................201 Apparatus and the Techniques .............................................................202 Kinetics and Mechanism of Growth ....................................................204 Nuc leation Control ..................................................................................205 Hydrothermal Growth ................................................................................207 Autoclaves ................................................................................................208 FullBridgman .....................................................................................210 Modified Bridgman ............................................................................211 Heating and Temperature Control .......................................................211 Pressure Measurements .........................................................................212 Hydrothermal Growth of Quartz .........................................................213 Growth of Other Materials ....................................................................214 Merits and Demerits ...............................................................................214 Flux Growth ..................................................................................................215 Principle ....................................................................................................216 Solvents and Solubility ...........................................................................217 Apparatus .................................................................................................219 Crucibles ..............................................................................................219 Furnaces ...............................................................................................219 Temperature Control ..........................................................................220 Stirring .................................................................................................220 Techniques of Growth ............................................................................220 Growth by Slow Cooling ...................................................................221 Growth by Evaporation .....................................................................222 Nucleation Control .............................................................................224 Growth by Thermal Gradient ...........................................................225 Top-Seeded Solution Growth ...........................................................225 Traveling Heater/Solvent Method ...................................................228 General Characteristics of Flux-Grown Crystals ...............................229 Advantages and Disadvantages ............................................................231 High-Pressure, High-Temperature Growth .............................................232 Diamond ...................................................................................................232 Cubic Boron Nitride ................................................................................235 References .....................................................................................................235 10. Crystal Growth from the Vapor Phase ...................................................241 Introduction ..................................................................................................241 Classification .................................................................................................242 Vapor Transport Mechanisms ....................................................................242 Convective Flow ......................................................................................242 Laminar Flow ..........................................................................................243 Diffusion ...................................................................................................243 xii Contents Thermodiffusion (Soret Effect) .............................................................244 Total Flux ..................................................................................................244 Nucleation Control ......................................................................................245 Furnaces ........................................................................................................246 Experimental Techniques ...........................................................................246 Direct Vapor Transport ..........................................................................246 Closed-Tube System ...........................................................................247 Growth of Silicon Carbide .................................................................248 Open-Tube System ..............................................................................250 Chemical Vapor Transport .....................................................................252 Growth by Reversible Reaction ........................................................252 Growth by Irreversible Reaction ......................................................254 Concluding Remarks ...................................................................................255 References .....................................................................................................255 11. Growth of Thin Films ................................................................................257 Introduction ..................................................................................................257 Epitaxial Growth ..........................................................................................257 Growth of Thin Films from the Vapor Phase ..........................................259 Vacuum Deposition ................................................................................259 Sputtering .................................................................................................260 Pulsed Laser Deposition ........................................................................262 Chemical Vapor Deposition ...................................................................263 Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition ...................................265 Growth of Diamond Films by the CVD Process ............................267 Molecular Beam Epitaxy ........................................................................268 Liquid Phase Epitaxy ..............................................................................269 Tipping Technique .............................................................................271 Dipping Technique .............................................................................272 Sliding Boat Technique ......................................................................273 Surface Morphology ...........................................................................274 Solid Phase Epitaxy .....................................................................................275 References .....................................................................................................276 12. Crystal Characterization ...........................................................................279 Introduction ..................................................................................................279 Nomenclature ...............................................................................................279 Chemical Composition ................................................................................280 CHN Analysis ..........................................................................................281 Energy-Dispersive х -Ray Analysis .......................................................282 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy .........283 Dopants and Impurities ..............................................................................284 Compositional Inhomogeneities ................................................................284 Contents xiii Morphology and Orientation .....................................................................285 Goniometry .................................................................___......................286 х -Ray Diffraction ............................................................................._.......288 Dislocation Content ...........................................................____..................290 Chemical Etching ......................................................___........................290 Decoration Technique .........................................................._____.........291 х -Ray Topography ...............................................................__...............292 Berg-Barrett Technique .....................................................................293 Lang Technique ..............................................................._____.........293 Electron Microscopy ...............................................................__...........296 Low-Angle Grain Boundaries ....................................................___..........297 Twins ..............................................................................................................298 Inclusions ......................................................................................................298 References .....................................................................................................300 Appendix I ...........................................................................................................303 Appendix II ...........................................................................-------...................305 Appendix HI .......................................................................................................309 Appendix IV ........................................................................--------...................311 Index .....................................................................................................................313 Physics Introduction to Crystal Growth: Principles and Practice teaches readers about crystals and their origins. It offers a historical perspective of the subject and includes background information whenever possible. The first section of this introductory book takes readers through the historical development and motivation of the field of crystal growth. With more than 40 years of experience in the field, the author covers nucleation, two-dimensional layer growth mechanism, defects in crystals, and screw dislocation theory of crystal growth. He also explains some aspects of the important subject of phase diagrams. The second section focuses on the experimental techniques of crystal growth. For practicing crystal growers, the book provides nuts-and-bolts techniques and tips. It discusses the major techniques categorized by solid- solid, liquid-solid, and vapor-solid equilibria and describes characterization techniques essential to measuring the quality of grown crystals. Features • Provides a basic understanding of the principles involved in the process of crystal growth 1 Covers the practical aspects of crystal growth at an introductory level • Discusses essential characterization information • Includes the author s personal anecdotes as a crystal grower, providing readers with hands-on details for growing their own crystals About the Author H.L. Bhat is a former professor of physics at the Indian Institute of Science. He is currently a visiting professor at the Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences, Bangalore, and the joint secretary for the Materials Research Society of India. Dr. Bhaťs research interests include crystal growth and crystal physics with special reference to ferroelectric, nonlinear optical, semiconductor, and magnetic materials.
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spelling	Bhat, H. L. Verfasser aut Introduction to crystal growth principles and practice H. L. Bhat Boca Raton, Fla. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group 2015 XVII, 328 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Crystal growth Crystal growth fast Festkörperphysik (DE-588)4016921-2 gnd rswk-swf Kristall-Engineering (DE-588)4561681-4 gnd rswk-swf Kristallwachstum (DE-588)4123579-4 gnd rswk-swf Kristallographie (DE-588)4033217-2 gnd rswk-swf Kristallzüchtung (DE-588)4140616-3 gnd rswk-swf Kristallisation (DE-588)4033215-9 gnd rswk-swf Kristallwachstum (DE-588)4123579-4 s Kristallographie (DE-588)4033217-2 s Festkörperphysik (DE-588)4016921-2 s DE-604 Kristallzüchtung (DE-588)4140616-3 s Kristallisation (DE-588)4033215-9 s Kristall-Engineering (DE-588)4561681-4 s Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027409832&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027409832&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext
spellingShingle	Bhat, H. L. Introduction to crystal growth principles and practice Crystal growth Crystal growth fast Festkörperphysik (DE-588)4016921-2 gnd Kristall-Engineering (DE-588)4561681-4 gnd Kristallwachstum (DE-588)4123579-4 gnd Kristallographie (DE-588)4033217-2 gnd Kristallzüchtung (DE-588)4140616-3 gnd Kristallisation (DE-588)4033215-9 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4016921-2 (DE-588)4561681-4 (DE-588)4123579-4 (DE-588)4033217-2 (DE-588)4140616-3 (DE-588)4033215-9
title	Introduction to crystal growth principles and practice
title_auth	Introduction to crystal growth principles and practice
title_exact_search	Introduction to crystal growth principles and practice
title_full	Introduction to crystal growth principles and practice H. L. Bhat
title_fullStr	Introduction to crystal growth principles and practice H. L. Bhat
title_full_unstemmed	Introduction to crystal growth principles and practice H. L. Bhat
title_short	Introduction to crystal growth
title_sort	introduction to crystal growth principles and practice
title_sub	principles and practice
topic	Crystal growth Crystal growth fast Festkörperphysik (DE-588)4016921-2 gnd Kristall-Engineering (DE-588)4561681-4 gnd Kristallwachstum (DE-588)4123579-4 gnd Kristallographie (DE-588)4033217-2 gnd Kristallzüchtung (DE-588)4140616-3 gnd Kristallisation (DE-588)4033215-9 gnd
topic_facet	Crystal growth Festkörperphysik Kristall-Engineering Kristallwachstum Kristallographie Kristallzüchtung Kristallisation
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027409832&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027409832&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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