Bosna i Hercegovina u britanskoj politici od 1857. do 1878. godine: od branitelja i zaštitnika do tužioca i sudije
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | Bosnian |
Veröffentlicht: |
Sarajevo
Institut za Istoriju
2013
|
Schriftenreihe: | Historijske monografije
8 |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references (pages 397-406) and index. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
Beschreibung: | 422 S. 24 cm |
ISBN: | 9789958649158 9958649152 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | SADRŽAJ
1.
PREDGOVOR
....................................................................................................9
2.
BRITANSKA POLITIKA PREMA OSMANSKOM CARSTVU OD SREDINE
19.
STOUEĆA DO ISTOČNE KRIZE SEDAMDESETIH: NEZAVISNOST I
TERITORIJALNI INTEGRITET
........................................................ ......................21
Politika velikih sila prema Osmanskom carstvu od sredine
19.
stoljeća do
1875.
godine
...........................................................21
Osmansko carstvo u britanskoj politici od sredine
19.
stoljeća
do početka Istočne krize
(1875-1878) ...............................................32
Britanska podrška nezavisnosti i teritorijalnom integritetu
Osmanskog carstva
.........................................................................43
3.
USPOSTAVA KONZULATA U BOSNI I BRITANSKA KONZULARNA I
DIPLOMATSKA SLUŽBA
....................................................................................56
Osnivanje Britanskog konzulata u Bosni
..............................................56
Zadaci Konzulata u Bosni i pravila službe
...........................................64
Konzuli i konzularni službenici
...........................................................74
Subjekti britanske politike
................................................................82
4.
BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA U BRITANSKOJ POLITICI OD OSNIVANJA
KONZULATA
1857.
DO POČETKA USTANKA
1875.......................................95
Polazne pozicije i osnovni pravci britanske politike u Bosni
i Hercegovini od sredine
19.
stoljeća do
1875.
godine
.......................95
Očuvanje mira
...............................................................................110
Edin Radušić | BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA U BRITANSKOJ POLITICI OD
1857.
DO
1878.
GODINE
-
OD BRANITEUA I ZAŠTITNIKA DO TUŽIOCA I SUDIJE
Lav protiv Orla i Medvjeda
-
Praćenje rada drugih
konzulata i amortizacija negativnog djelovanja ruskog
i austrijskog konzulata.
....................................................................149
Britanska podrška provođenju reformi u Bosni i Hercegovini
...............165
5.
BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA U EKONOMSKOJ POLITICI VELIKE BRITANIJE
I TRETMAN PRIVREDNIH KRETANJA U DJELATNOSTI BRITANSKOG
KONZULATA U BOSNI
......................................................................................217
6.
BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA U POLITICI VELIKE BRITANIJE ZA VRIJEME
ISTOČNE KRIZE
1875-1878...........................................................................254
Početak ustanka i konzulska misija
..................................................254
Izvještaji
Holmesa
i Freemana
-
baza za kreiranje britanske
politike prema budućem statusu Bosne i Hercegovine
.....................274
Andrássyeva
nota i Berlinski memorandum
......................................287
Prema Carigradskoj konferenciji
......................................................310
Od Carigradske konferencije do San
Stefana
-
put ka
potpunom zaokretu u britanskoj politici prema budućem
statusu Bosne i Hercegovine
...........................................................336
Savez prevarenih
-
Britansko-austrougarska saradnja
i promjena politike Velike Britanije prema Bosni i Hercegovini
............353
Epilog
-
Britanci
о
okupaciji i uspostavi austrougarske vlasti
u Bosni i Hercegovini
.....................................................................378
7.
ZAKUUCAK
..................................................................................................383
8.
SUMMARY
................................................................,...................................391
9.
IZVORU LITERATURA
..................................................................................397
10.
INDEX
.........................................................................................................407
8.
SUMMARY
8.
SUMMARY926
In the nineteenth century Great Powers were interconnected by their mu¬
tual interests, but at the same time they opposed each other over the im¬
portant issues of World policy. One of such issues was the Eastern Ques¬
tion, and within it the question of the future status of Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Although British policy towards Bosnia-Herzegovina was part of the Brit¬
ish policy toward the Ottoman Empire, because of the specifics of Bosnia
as well as the special interests of the other European Powers in this part
of Europe, it was justified to put special attention on the role of Bosnia-
Herzegovina in British policy in the defined period of time.
Important geo-political position of B&H, a large number of Slavic
Muslims (who were, a significant segment of the Ottoman administration
of the Province), strong interest and claims over Bosnia-Herzegovina by
Russia and
Austro
-Hungary (they frequently used B&H Orthodox and
Catholic population for their own aims), as well as the aspirations of the
neighbouring autonomous principalities to extend their territories on the
expense of Bosnia-Herzegovina, contributed to the specific position of this
country within the British foreign policy.
The concern expressed by the British diplomatic and consular represen¬
tatives
—
that consequences of dragging Bosnia-Herzegovina into un¬
fortunate events would be the outbreak of European conflict
—
is a strong
enough argument to define the specific position of this country inside the
British foreign policy towards the whole Empire or its European part.
In historiography, there is no scientific book or article about Bosnia-
Herzegovina in British policy
1857-1878.
Only some segments of this sci-
926
Zahvaljujem
se
Lejli
Polimac
i Asji Mandić na pomoći pri
prevodu na
engleski jezik.
391
Edm
Radušić | BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA U BRITANSKOJ POLITICI OD
1857.
DO
1878
GODINE
-
OD BRANITEUA I ZAŠTITNIKA DO TUŽIOCA I SUDIJE
entific problem
were treated as part of other topics. Therefore, without any
intension to disparage benefit of historiography achievements for the the¬
sis with title mentioned above, the results of my research were mostly based
on unpublished archival sources, and in some extent on published sources
and travels. All of this can be found in the archives and libraries in London,
Sarajevo and Michigan.
During the work on this thesis, special attention was devoted to dis¬
patches and reports sent to the British ambassador in Constantinople and
to Foreign secretary in London by consul and vice-consul from Bosnia and
Herzegovina, because of the fact that the future policy of Great Britain
towards the Ottoman Empire depended on their reports, as well as the
attitude of the Great Powers towards the future of the provinces of the Ot¬
toman Empire (Bosnia-Herzegovina among them as well).
In Great Britain, as the Parliamentary state, where influence of the
other state institutions and public opinion in foreign policy building was
stronger than anywhere else in the world, creators of the foreign policy
(the Cabinet and Foreign Office) had to take into consideration domestic
political attitudes (Parliament members opinions, the Crown, press, public
opinion, as well as influential circles with commercial interests in Levant).
That is why British foreign policy had to change from time to time, mean¬
ing it had to be flexible in the method, although it kept its primary goals
consistently: peace and stability in Europe. Practically, Britain opposed all
kinds of changes in the Continent, which, looking from the perspective of
this thesis, meant support in favour of preserving sovereignty and territo¬
rial integrity of the Ottoman Empire. According to that, Britain took ob¬
ligation to three times: in
1856
the Paris Treaty and Tripartite Treaty, and
in
1871
London Treaty. The support to the Porte was strengthened by the
opinion in London: that alternatives to the Ottoman rule over South-East
of Europe and Near East (possible Russian control over that region or rule
of young Christian principalities in the Balkans) will not allow free passage
to British India and free trade for Great Britain and Britons, and will not
protect the already invested capital, as the Ottoman Empire did.
The defence of the British interests on the global level required a strong
fleet and readiness to use it when the other methods fail. That was the most
392
8.
SUMMARY
radical measure. Before that, Great Britain protected both, the state and
the interests of its subjects by using the state authority and strong diplo¬
matic and consular service. The aforementioned statement is supported by
the fact that during the second half of the nineteenth century Britain had
10
consulates and
16
vice-consulates in the European part of the Ottoman
Empire. The Consular service network in the Empire was strengthened
by establishing the consulate in Sarajevo and vice-consulate in
Mostar
in
1857.
British consulates were either political or commercial, and some of
them were both. The Bosnian one was a political, and the first British con¬
sul Henry Churchill had to follow and observe how reforms in Bosnia were
carried out, along with his usual consular duties. The same obligation was
given to the vice-consul in
Mostar,
James Zohrab, as well as to the other
British consuls, acting consuls, vice-consuls and acting vice-consuls, who
performed their duties in Bosnia-Herzegovina until
1878:
Henry Adrian
Churchill, Edward St. John Neale and William Richard Holmes (consuls),
Henry M.Jones, James Zohrab and Edward Bothamley Freeman (acting
consuls), James Zohrab, Edward Bothamley Freeman and Harry Cooper
(vice-consuls),
Aleksandar Đurković
(acting consul).
The fact that British consular representatives in Bosnia-Herzegovina,
as well as those in British service in the
Habsburg
territory surrounding
Bosnia-Herzegovina, were specialists for Islamic and Oriental matters, but
not for Slavic ones, shows that the interest of Great Britain was to main¬
tain Bosnia-Herzegovina within the Ottoman Empire. The British repre¬
sentatives, before they took duty in the Balkans, were in consular service in
other parts of the Ottoman Empire, or in other Islamic states.
After the analysis of the sources and literature related to this thesis, we
came to conclusion that the British foreign policy towards Bosnia-Her¬
zegovina
—
from the time when it is possible to study it systematically
(establishment of the Consulate
1857)
until
San Stefano
Treaty (March
1878) —
was directed towards keeping it within the state structure of the
Ottoman Empire. After the
San Stefano
Treaty, due to its isolation, differ¬
ences in the ruling conservative Cabinet and different centres of political
power in its political system Great Britain turned to a minimal program in
the Eastern policy. In that program where there was no place for Bosnia-
393
Edín
Radušić
| BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA
U BRITANSKOJ
POLITICI OD
1857.
DO
1878.
GODINE
-
OD BRANITEUA I
ZAŠTITNIKA
DO
TUŽIOCA
I SUDIJE
Herzegovina in the Ottoman Empire. The initiative and support of Great
Britain to enable the conditions for carrying out the reforms in Bosnia-
Herzegovina and their concrete execution was in direct connection with
the line of British policy to preserve sovereignty and territorial integrity of
the Ottoman Empire. The creators of the British foreign policy were of the
opinion that only the Empire, reformed on modern principles, would be
able to survive as an independent state in the full capacity.
That is why, in the period from Paris Treaty to the beginning of the out¬
break in
1875,
British foreign policy in the Ottoman Empire as a whole,
and especially in
Bos nia-
Herzegovina and its other European provinces,
was mostly expressed through the support of internal reforms, which
should be carried out in accordance with the European pattern. During
the Eastern Crisis
(1875-1878)
British support in favour of the Ottoman
reforms was continuing, although in that time the main concern of Britons
became pacification of Bosnia-Herzegovina.
The British consulate in Bosnia and vice-consulate in Herzegovina were
supposed to help in retaining this province within the frame of the Ot¬
toman Empire. In the accordance with that, the concrete activity of the
consular representatives on the spot, was directed in three directions: to
preserve peace and stability; amortization of negative influences coming
from Russian and Austrian consulates; and to support and induce pro¬
vincial Ottoman authority to carry out the reforms. In all of this, Britons
saw a way how to improve people s welfare, prevent insurrection and leave
Russia and Austria with no space to interfere. This course of policy was not
only to observe and report on conduction of reforms. Besides that, consuls
practically influenced the Ottoman authority in Bosnia-Herzegovina, sent
suggestions to British embassy in Constantinople and Foreign Office and
asked them to work in that course using their influence on Porte.
Protection of Christians guaranteed by the Paris Treaty became collec¬
tive commitment of the European Powers, and putting it into effect be¬
came the task for British consul in Bosnia and vice-consul in Herzegovina.
Until the outbreak in
1875,
the most important function of the British
consulate in Bosnia was a preventive one, as described by their consul Hol¬
mes in a dispatch dated March
30,1872.
394
8.
SUMMARY
Britons thought that the outbreak in Bosnia-Herzegovina in
1875
was
induced by the interference from abroad. Although they did not deny the
difficult position of the peasants, they did not consider social conditions as
the primary causes for the outbreak. The outbreak, however, had a rather
political character. The British diplomats did not even use the term out¬
break , but they nominated events in
Bos nia-
Herzegovina and its border¬
ing territories as the war of Serbia and Montenegro against the Ottoman
Empire.
After the early beginning of the Herzegovina outbreak in the summer of
1875,
Great Britain urged the Ottoman Empire to act promptly and to pacify
the rebelled districts in order to prevent European intervention that could,
and actually did, complicate the situation. However, after
Portes
appeal, the
British Government agreed
tojóin
the Consular mission in August of
1875.
Also, after another Porte s appeal, Britain took part in the European Con¬
cert concerning
Andrássy
Note (December
1875).
That was the turning
point for the future fate of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Since the
Andrássy
Note
became known, the future of B&H did not depend on the ability of the
Ottoman state to carry out the proclaimed reforms nor on the success or
failure of insurrection, but it depended on mutual the relations among the
Great Powers.
The British foreign policy regarding the status of Bosnia and Herze¬
govina during the Eastern Crisis
1875—1878
went through two phases.
The first one, starting with turmoil and ending by signing of the
San Ste¬
fano
Peace Treaty, and the second one from the time of
San Stefano
until
the Berlin Congress. The characteristic of the first one was staying on the
course of guarantying integrity of the Ottoman Empire and keeping Bos¬
nia and Herzegovina within that Empire along with the reforms conduc¬
tion. Maximum concession would be administrative autonomy on local
level, but not political autonomy for the Province. The second phase of
Britain s foreign policy was characterized by the totally different approach
to Bosnia-Herzegovina, and to the Eastern Question. At that time the
Government worked on pushing Russia far away from Constantinople and
the Straits, and it turned to a minimal program in the Eastern policy. New
British policy saw Bosnia-Herzegovina outside of the Ottoman Empire,
395
Edin Radušić | BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA U BRITANSKOJ POLITICI OD
1857.
DO
1878.
GODINE
-
OD BRANITEUA i ZAŠTITNIKA DO TUŽIOCA I SUDIJE
and agreed to either annexation to Austro-Hungary or occupation by the
same Power.
This moderate turn in the British policy towards the future status of
Bosnia-Herzegovina came after the failure of the Berlin memorandum
(May
1876)
and, especially after the failure of the Constantinople confer¬
ence (January
1877).
After that, Russia prepared for the war against the
Ottoman Empire, and by promising that British vital interests (Constanti¬
nople and the Straits) would not be jeopardized, it provided the neutrality
of Great Britain.
After an unexpectedly long war, Russia forced the Ottoman Empire to
sign the
San Stefano
Treaty. The Treaty itself showed that Russia did not
keep its promises given to Vienna (the
Reichstadt
and Budapest) and Lon¬
don, which naturally led to the possibility of coalition between deceived
parties
—
Great Britain and Austro-Hungary.
Vienna and London started communication which resulted in the pro¬
posal of Lord Salisbury at Berlin, that European Powers should give man¬
date to Austro-Hungary to occupy and administer the provinces of Bosnia
and Herzegovina. The proposal was accepted by the participating Powers
(article
XXV
of the Berlin Treaty). In this process of substitution of Sultan
by Kaiser and
König,
Great Britain had one of the most important roles
(because of the unsatisfactory development on both international and do¬
mestic political scene) although that was not the aim of the conservative
British Cabinet nor it was the continuation of policy led by this Great
Power during the previous period.
396
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Radušić, Edin 1970- |
author_GND | (DE-588)1054649456 |
author_facet | Radušić, Edin 1970- |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Radušić, Edin 1970- |
author_variant | e r er |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV041958496 |
callnumber-first | D - World History |
callnumber-label | DR1696 |
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callnumber-search | DR1696.G7 |
callnumber-sort | DR 41696 G7 |
callnumber-subject | DR - Balkan Peninsula |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)886642913 (DE-599)GBV771471874 |
era | Geschichte 1857-1878 gnd |
era_facet | Geschichte 1857-1878 |
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geographic | Bosnien-Herzegowina (DE-588)4088119-2 gnd Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd |
geographic_facet | Bosnien-Herzegowina Großbritannien |
id | DE-604.BV041958496 |
illustrated | Not Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:09:12Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9789958649158 9958649152 |
language | Bosnian |
lccn | 2013468467 |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027401381 |
oclc_num | 886642913 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
owner_facet | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
physical | 422 S. 24 cm |
publishDate | 2013 |
publishDateSearch | 2013 |
publishDateSort | 2013 |
publisher | Institut za Istoriju |
record_format | marc |
series | Historijske monografije |
series2 | Historijske monografije |
spelling | Radušić, Edin 1970- Verfasser (DE-588)1054649456 aut Bosna i Hercegovina u britanskoj politici od 1857. do 1878. godine od branitelja i zaštitnika do tužioca i sudije Edin Radušić Bosnia-Herzegovina in British policy 1857 - 1878 Sarajevo Institut za Istoriju 2013 422 S. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Historijske monografije 8 Includes bibliographical references (pages 397-406) and index. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1857-1878 gnd rswk-swf Balkanfrage (DE-588)4143939-9 gnd rswk-swf Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd rswk-swf Bosnien-Herzegowina (DE-588)4088119-2 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf aBosnia and HercegovinaxForeign relationszGreat Britain aGreat BritainxForeign relationszBosnia and Hercegovina aBosnia and HercegovinaxHistoryy1463-1878 Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 s Balkanfrage (DE-588)4143939-9 s Bosnien-Herzegowina (DE-588)4088119-2 g Geschichte 1857-1878 z DE-604 Historijske monografije 8 (DE-604)BV019344191 8 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027401381&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027401381&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
spellingShingle | Radušić, Edin 1970- Bosna i Hercegovina u britanskoj politici od 1857. do 1878. godine od branitelja i zaštitnika do tužioca i sudije Historijske monografije Balkanfrage (DE-588)4143939-9 gnd Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4143939-9 (DE-588)4003846-4 (DE-588)4088119-2 (DE-588)4022153-2 |
title | Bosna i Hercegovina u britanskoj politici od 1857. do 1878. godine od branitelja i zaštitnika do tužioca i sudije |
title_alt | Bosnia-Herzegovina in British policy 1857 - 1878 |
title_auth | Bosna i Hercegovina u britanskoj politici od 1857. do 1878. godine od branitelja i zaštitnika do tužioca i sudije |
title_exact_search | Bosna i Hercegovina u britanskoj politici od 1857. do 1878. godine od branitelja i zaštitnika do tužioca i sudije |
title_full | Bosna i Hercegovina u britanskoj politici od 1857. do 1878. godine od branitelja i zaštitnika do tužioca i sudije Edin Radušić |
title_fullStr | Bosna i Hercegovina u britanskoj politici od 1857. do 1878. godine od branitelja i zaštitnika do tužioca i sudije Edin Radušić |
title_full_unstemmed | Bosna i Hercegovina u britanskoj politici od 1857. do 1878. godine od branitelja i zaštitnika do tužioca i sudije Edin Radušić |
title_short | Bosna i Hercegovina u britanskoj politici od 1857. do 1878. godine |
title_sort | bosna i hercegovina u britanskoj politici od 1857 do 1878 godine od branitelja i zastitnika do tuzioca i sudije |
title_sub | od branitelja i zaštitnika do tužioca i sudije |
topic | Balkanfrage (DE-588)4143939-9 gnd Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd |
topic_facet | Balkanfrage Außenpolitik Bosnien-Herzegowina Großbritannien |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027401381&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027401381&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
volume_link | (DE-604)BV019344191 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT radusicedin bosnaihercegovinaubritanskojpoliticiod1857do1878godineodbraniteljaizastitnikadotuziocaisudije AT radusicedin bosniaherzegovinainbritishpolicy18571878 |