The culture of Singapore English:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge
Cambridge Univ. Press
2014
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Studies in English language
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | XV, 329 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 9781107033245 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text |
Titel: The culture of Singapore English
Autor: Wong, Jock
Jahr: 2014
Contents
List offigures page xii
List of tables xiii
Acknowledgements xiv
English in Singapore I
i. i General remarks i
1.2 Standard English in Singapore 7
i .3 Singlish and Singlish culture 11
1.4 History of English in Singapore 14
1.5 Social status of and attitudes towards Singlish 16
1.6 Varieties of Singapore English 24
1.6.1 Previous models 24
1.6.2 A more descriptive model of the use of
English in Singapore 28
i.6.j Ethnic varieties 31
i .7 Characteristics of Singapore English 33
1.7.1 Formal and lexical features 34
1.7.2 Pragmatic features 35
1.8 A cultural analysis of Singlish 36
The language of culture and the culture of language 38
2.1 Introductory remarks 38
2.2 The cultural context of language 39
2.3 Semantics matters 45
2.4 The 'paraphrastic' approach 47
2.5 A maximally clear metalanguage 48
2.6 A minimally ethnocentric metalanguage 49
2.7 An insider perspective 50
2.8 An ideal metalanguage 51
2.8.1 The lexicon: semantic primes and universals 51
2.8.2 Universal 'grammar' of combinability 54
2.8.j A choice metalanguage 55
2.9 Concluding remarks 56
viii Contents
3 Singlish forms of address 57
3.1 Introductory remarks 57
3.2 The importance and culture-specificity of address
forms 57
3.3 The reduplication of names 63
j.j.i Heterotonal reduplication of names 64
3.3.2 Homotonal reduplication of names 67
3.4 The prefix Ah 68
3.5 The social honorific aunty 71
3.3.1 The bare form 74
3.3.2 The non-use of one's personal name as an
address form 78
3.3.3 Aunty + [personal name] 81
3.6 The Singlish speech act verb call 82
3.7 The 'secrecy' of names 84
3.8 The older the better? 85
3.9 Concluding remarks 92
4 Cultural categories and stereotypes 94
4. i Cultural categories, stereotypes and biases 94
4.2 Aunties and uncles: who are they? 96
4.2.1 Syntactic properties: from noun to adjective 96
4.2.2 'What makes an aunty?' Seniority in age 101
4.2.3 Education 103
4.2.4 Appearance and behaviour 105
4.2.3 The meaning of aunty and uncle hi
4-3 Taitf tais35 113
4.4 The Ah Béngs and the Ah Liáns 116
4.4.1 Appearance 118
4.4.2 Education and behaviour 118
4.4.3 The meaning of Ah Be'ng 119
4.5 The sarong party girls (SPGs) 121
4.6 What the categories stand for 124
4.6.1 The aunties and uncles 125
4.6.2 The Ah Béngs and Ah Liáns 127
4.6.3 The tai tais 128
4.6.4 The SPGs 134
4.7 Concluding remarks 137
5 The discourse of can in Singlish 139
5.1 The Singlish can 139
3.1.1 The meaning of can 139
3.1.2 A few examples of the Singlish can 142
5.2 The fas-declarative 144
3.2.1 'You/We/They can do this' 144
Contents ix
5.2.2 'I can do this' 147
5.2.3 'Can do this' 148
5.2.4 'It can/cannot be like this' iSi
5-3 The ««-interrogatives 152
5.3.1 'Can you do this?' 153
5.3.2 The tag can? ('Do this, can?', 'Like
this, can?') 154
5-4 Can as a single-word response 158
5.4.1 Can as a response to a directive or a raw-
interrogative 158
5.4.2 Can as a response to a proposition,
a suggestion and an offer 160
5.4.3 Also can 165
5.4.4 Can as a response to a question that is not
formulated with can 167
5-5 The use of can to describe people and things 169
5-6 Some scripts governing the use of can 170
5.6.1 The «(«-interrogative 171
5.6.2 'You can do this' 175
5.6.3 The single-word response can 177
5.6.4 The use of can in a positive comment 178
5-7 Concluding remarks 179
Expressions of certainty and overstatements 180
6.1 Presenting what one knows and what one thinks 180
6.2 English word, Chinese meaning: the Singlish
particle one 180
6.2.1 Some preliminary examples 181
6.2.2 Homonymy 182
6.2.3 The meaning of particle one 185
6-3 The reduplication of nominal modifiers 191
6.3.1 A common approach to the study of
reduplication 191
6.3.2 The reduplication of adjectives in Anglo
English 192
6.3.3 An earlier interpretation of the Singlish
reduplication of nominal modifiers 193
6.3.4 The meaning of the Singlish reduplication
of nominal modifiers 195
6.4 The Singlish 'invariant' tag is it? 198
6.4.1 Anglo English question tags 198
6.4.2 The Singlish tag is it? 205
6.4.3 The Singlish tag right? 209
6.4.4 Singlish right? vs Anglo English right? 209
X Contents
6-5 Contrastive discourse patterns 216
6.s. i Marking what one thinks from what one knows 216
6.5.2 Understatements vs overstatements 222
6.5.3 Imposition vs non-imposition 227
6.5.4 Scientific vs unscientific ways of speaking? 228
6.6 Concluding remarks 229
7 The tonal particles of Singlish 230
7.1 Particles: the mark of human language 230
7.2 Lexical tones 232
7.3 Particles la 233
7.3.1 Particle là 234
7.3.2 Particle là 238
7.3.3 Particles là1 and Id: a comparison 242
7.4 Particles á 242
7.4.1 Particle á (following a question) 243
7.4.2 Particle á (following a proposition or
a directive) 244
7.4.3 The interclausal á (which occurs in
mid-utterance) 246
7.4.4 Particle ä (question marker) 249
7.5 Connecting people 253
7.5./ Telling others what to think and do 253
7.5.2 Saying something obvious 257
7.6 Concluding remarks 258
8 The enigmatic particle lör 260
8.1 Introductory remarks 260
8.2 Previous interpretations 261
8.3 The meaning of the particle lör 266
8.4 The enigmatic particle lör 276
8.5 Concluding remarks 278
9 Interjections: aiya and aiyo 280
9.1 Introductory remarks: interjections 280
9.2 Aiya! 282
9.3 Aiyo! 287
9.4 Positive evaluators in Anglo English 289
9.5 Always look on the dark side of life? 297
9.6 Concluding remarks 299
10 Making sense of Singlish 300
10.1 The inevitability of Singlish 300
w.i.i Singapore's multilingual families 302
10.1.2 Singapore's multilingual, multicultural
society 305
Contents xi
10.1.3 The 'non-nativeness' of English in
Singapore 307
10.1.4 Singapore's racial and cultural
interpénétration 308
10.2 All roads lead to Rome 309
10.3 Concluding remarks 311
References 313
Index 327
This book provides a fresh approach to Singapore English by focusing on its cultural
connotations. The author, a native Singaporean, explores a range of aspects of this rich
variety of English
-
including address forms, cultural categories, particles and interjections
-
and links particular words to particular cultural norms. By using the Natural Semantic
Metalanguage (NSM) approach, which is free from technical terminology, he explains the
relationship between meaning and culture with maximal clarity, and an added strength of
this study lies in its use of authentic examples and pictures, which offer a fascinating
glimpse of Singaporean life, Through comparisons with Anglo English, it also explores
some difficulties associated with Standard English and cultural misunderstanding,
Lending a unique local perspective and written with an incisiveness that makes it ideal
for both academic and non-academic readers, this book will appeal to all those interested
in Singapore English and its cultural values,
■, |
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