A primer of neuroimmunological disease:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York
Springer
c2012
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XV, 208 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 26 cm |
| ISBN: | 146142187X 9781461421870 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a A primer of neuroimmunological disease |c Andrew R. Pachner |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York |b Springer |c c2012 | |
| 300 | |a XV, 208 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 26 cm | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Nervous system |x Diseases |x Immunological aspects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System |x diagnosis | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System |x therapy | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804152325271453696 |
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| adam_text | Titel: A primer of neuroimmunological disease
Autor: Pachner, Andrew R.
Jahr: 2012
Contents
1 Immunology for the Non-immunologist...................................... 1
1 The Beginnings of Immunology............................................... 1
2 The Components of the Healthy Immune Response................. 2
2.1 White Blood Cells............................................................ 4
2.2 Molecules......................................................................... 8
References....................................................................................... 13
2 Neurology for the Non-neurologist.............................................. 15
1 Organization of the Nervous System........................................ 15
1.1 Electrical Nature: Nerve Transmission
and Neurotransmitters...................................................... 15
1.2 Cells of the Nervous System............................................ 16
1.3 Structure of the Nervous System: CNS, PNS,
Upper and Lower Motor Neurons.................................... 18
2 The Neurological Evaluation.................................................... 21
2.1 Neurological Examination............................................... 21
2.2 Imaging of the Nervous System....................................... 22
2.3 EEG and EMG................................................................. 23
References....................................................................................... 24
3 Neuroimmunology for the Non-neuroimmunologist.................. 25
1 The Beginnings of Neuroimmunology: Post-vaccinial
Encephalomyelitis..................................................................... 25
2 Semple Rabies Vaccine Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis:
Temporal Progression. Interplay Between the Nervous
and Immune Systems................................................................ 29
2.1 Stage 1. DAY 0: Exposure to the Antigen....................... 29
2.2 Stage 2. Days 0-7: Lymph Node Drainage
and Processing of Antigen in Peripheral
Lymph Node..................................................................... 29
2.3 Stage 3. Days 7-10: Recruitment of Myelin-Specific
Lymphocytes into the CNS.............................................. 30
2.4 Stage 4. Days 10-20: Maximal Inflammation
with Involvement of Local CNS Immunity,
Including Cervical Lymph Nodes.................................... 30
2.5 Stage 5. Days 20 and Later: Recovery............................. 31
3 The Tools of the Neuroimmunologist....................................... 31
4 Aspects of Inflammation in Neuroimmunology Unique
to the Nervous System.............................................................. 32
5 The Necessity for Great Care in Classifying
a Neuroimmunological Disease as Autoimmune .................. 33
6 The Importance of Antibodies.................................................. 34
References....................................................................................... 35
The Prototypic Neuroimmunological CNS Disease:
Multiple Sclerosis, a Precis.......................................................... 37
1 Definition.................................................................................. 37
2 Etiopathogenesis....................................................................... 37
3 Pathology.................................................................................. 38
4 Genetics and Epidemiology...................................................... 39
5 Clinical Manifestations............................................................. 39
5.1 Initial Symptoms.............................................................. 39
5.2 The MS Attack................................................................. 40
6 Natural History and Prognosis.................................................. 42
7 MS Clinical Classifications....................................................... 43
7.1 Form of MS .................................................................. 44
7.2 Disability.......................................................................... 45
7.3 Activity............................................................................. 45
7.4 Severity............................................................................ 46
References....................................................................................... 46
Multiple Sclerosis: Diagnosis....................................................... 49
1 History and Examination.......................................................... 50
2 Laboratory Findings.................................................................. 51
2.1 Routine Studies: Blood, Urine, Chest X-Ray.................. 51
2.2 CNS Imaging................................................................... 51
2.3 Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis........................................... 54
References....................................................................................... 55
Multiple Sclerosis Mimics............................................................ 57
1 Cerebrovascular Disease/Stroke................................................ 58
2 Neurological Infections............................................................. 60
2.1 HIV.................................................................................. 60
2.2 Neurosyphilis................................................................... 60
2.3 Neurocysticercosis........................................................... 61
2.4 Lyme Disease................................................................... 61
2.5 Tropical Spastic Paraparesis............................................ 61
2.6 Tuberculosis..................................................................... 61
2.7 Brain Abscess................................................................... 62
3 NMO......................................................................................... 62
4 ADEM....................................................................................... 63
5 Leukodystrophies...................................................................... 63
Contents
6 Other Conditions....................................................................... 63
6.1 Neurosarcoidosis.............................................................. 63
6.2 Subacute Combined Degeneration................................... 65
6.3 Other Neuroinflammatory Diseases................................. 65
References....................................................................................... 66
7 Multiple Sclerosis Therapy.......................................................... 69
1 Disease-Modifying Drugs....................................................... 69
1.1 How Medications Become Approved for Use in MS .... 69
1.2 The Primary Endpoint.................................................... 70
1.3 When Should One Treat with DMDs?........................... 71
1.4 General Approach to Therapy........................................ 71
1.5 Current Agents............................................................... 72
2 Symptomatic Therapies.......................................................... 78
References..................................................................................... 80
8 Experimental Models of MS........................................................ 83
1 Animal Models of MS............................................................ 83
1.1 Autoimmune.................................................................. 83
1.2 Viral................................................................................ 87
1.3 Demyelination Induced by Toxins................................. 89
2 In Vitro Models of MS............................................................ 89
3 Animal Models of Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO)
and the Use of Passive Transfer Models................................. 89
References..................................................................................... 90
9 Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) and Other
Immune-Mediated Neuropathies................................................. 93
1 Definition................................................................................ 93
2 Etiopathogenesis..................................................................... 93
3 Pathology................................................................................ 95
4 Epidemiology and Etiopathogenesis....................................... 95
5 Clinical Manifestations........................................................... 96
6 Natural History and Prognosis................................................ 96
7 Classification........................................................................... 96
8 Diagnosis................................................................................. 97
9 Therapy................................................................................... 97
10 GBS s Cousin: Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating
Polyneuropathy....................................................................... 98
11 Neuropathy Associated with Monoclonal Gammopathy........ 98
12 Experimental Neuritis............................................................. 100
References....................................................................................... 101
10 Neuromuscular Neuroimmunological Diseases:
Myasthenia Gravis........................................................................ 103
1 Definition................................................................................ 103
2 Etiopathogenesis..................................................................... 103
3 Pathology................................................................................ 104
4 Genetics and Epidemiology.................................................... 105
Contents
5 Clinical Manifestations........................................................... 105
6 Natural History and Prognosis................................................ 106
7 Classification........................................................................... 106
8 Diagnosis................................................................................. 106
9 Therapy................................................................................... 108
10 Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome................................... 108
11 Neonatal MG and Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita........ 109
12 Experimental Models of MG.................................................. 109
References....................................................................................... 110
11 The Prototypic Neuroimmunological Muscle Disease:
Dermatomyositis........................................................................... 111
1 Definition................................................................................ 111
2 Etiopathogenesis..................................................................... 111
3 Pathology................................................................................ 111
4 Genetics and Epidemiology.................................................... 112
5 Clinical Manifestations........................................................... 112
6 Natural History and Prognosis................................................ 112
7 Classification........................................................................... 112
8 Diagnosis................................................................................. 112
9 Therapy................................................................................... 113
10 Related Neuroimmunological Muscle Diseases..................... 113
11 Experimental Models of Inflammatory Muscle Disease......... 114
References....................................................................................... 114
12 A Introduction to Neurological Infections: Neuro-infectious
Disease as Part of Neuroimmunology......................................... 115
1 General Rules of Neuro-infectious Diseases.......................... 116
1.1 Infection of the Nervous System Follows Systemic
Infection......................................................................... 116
1.2 Neuro-infectious Diseases Should Be in the Differential
Diagnosis in Many Patients with Difficult Neurological
Syndromes Because of Their Reversibility with
Antibiotics...................................................................... 116
1.3 Diagnosis by Identification of the Infectious
Agent Is Ideal, but Sometimes Impossible..................... 116
1.4 Prompt Recognition of Curable Infectious Diseases
Is Critical........................................................................ 117
1.5 Therapy of Neuro-infectious Diseases Is Frequently
More Difficult than Therapy of Infections Elsewhere
in the Body..................................................................... 119
1.6 Always Keep HIV/AIDS in Mind.................................. 119
2 Lyme Meningitis: The Prototypic Meningitis......................... 119
2.1 Definition....................................................................... 119
2.2 Etiopathogenesis............................................................ 119
2.3 Clinical Manifestations.................................................. 121
2.4 Natural History/Prognosis.............................................. 122
Contents
2.5 Diagnosis........................................................................ 122
2.6 Therapy.......................................................................... 123
2.7 Classification.................................................................. 123
2.8 Selected Important Infectious Meningitides.................. 123
3 Herpes Simplex Encephalitis: The Prototypic CNS
Parenchymal Infection............................................................ 125
3.1 Definition....................................................................... 125
3.2 Etiopathogenesis/Pathology/Genetics/
Epidemiology................................................................. 125
3.3 Clinical Manifestations.................................................. 126
3.4 Natural History and Prognosis....................................... 127
3.5 Diagnosis........................................................................ 127
3.6 Therapy.......................................................................... 128
3.7 Other Important CNS Parenchymal Infections................ 128
3.8 Rabies, Poliomyelitis, and the Wonder
of Vaccination.................................................................. 132
4 Infectious Neuritis: Neuropathies of Leprosy and
Varicella Zoster Virus............................................................... 133
4.1 Leprosy............................................................................ 134
4.2 VZV Infection.................................................................. 136
4.3 Immunosuppressed Patients............................................. 136
References....................................................................................... 139
13 Neurological Manifestations of Systemic Chronic
Inflammatory Disease................................................................... 141
1 Neurosarcoidosis....................................................................... 141
2 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus................................................ 141
3 Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome..................................... 142
4 Sjogren s Syndrome.................................................................. 143
5 Vasculitis................................................................................... 144
References....................................................................................... 146
14 The Neuroimmunology of Cancer: Paraneoplastic
Syndromes and Primary CNS Lymphoma .......................... 147
1 Paraneoplastic Neurological Disorders..................................... 147
1.1 Definition......................................................................... 147
1.2 Etiopathogenesis.............................................................. 147
1.3 Pathology......................................................................... 148
1.4 Genetics and Epidemiology............................................. 148
1.5 Clinical Manifestations.................................................... 148
1.6 Natural History and Prognosis of PND............................ 151
1.7 Classification.................................................................... 151
1.8 Diagnosis.......................................................................... 152
1.9 Therapy...................................................................••........ 152
2 CNS Lymphoma........................................................................ 152
References....................................................................................... 153
Contents
15 Neuroimmunology of Degenerative Diseases and Stroke.......... 155
1 Introduction............................................................................... 155
2 Neuroimmunology of Alzheimer s Disease.............................. 155
3 Neuroimmunology of Parkinson s Disease............................... 156
4 Neuroimmunology of Stroke.................................................... 157
References....................................................................................... 158
16 Important Rare Neuroimmunological Diseases......................... 159
1 Infectious/Postinfectious........................................................... 159
1.1 Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis............................... 159
1.2 Whipple s......................................................................... 160
1.3 Post-Varicella Zoster Virus Cerebellar Syndrome........... 161
1.4 Sydenham s Chorea......................................................... 161
2 Autoimmune............................................................................. 162
2.1 Acquired Neuromyotonia................................................. 162
2.2 Stiff Person Syndrome..................................................... 162
2.3 Swine-Worker s Neuropathy............................................ 163
3 Idiopathic.................................................................................. 163
3.1 Hashimoto s Encephalopathy........................................... 163
3.2 Behcet s Syndrome.......................................................... 164
3.3 Rasmussen s Encephalitis................................................ 164
3.4 Acute Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy.......... 164
References....................................................................................... 164
17 Neuroimmunological Molecules and Translational
Medicine......................................................................................... 167
1 Moving from Basic Science Discoveries to FDA-Approved
Therapies................................................................................... 167
2 Biological Molecules as Therapies........................................... 167
2.1 Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies................................ 167
2.2 Molecules as Targets of Therapy or of Disease:
CD20, Aquaporin-4 Receptor, TNF-a, Sphingosine-
1-Phosphate Receptors, CD52, MOG, Channels............. 169
2.3 Neuroprotection: The Holy Grail of Translational
Neurology........................................................................ 172
References....................................................................................... 173
18 Neuroimmunological Diagnostic Tests........................................ 175
1 General Considerations for Testing.......................................... 175
1.1 Validation of Laboratory Tests by Regulatory
Authorities........................................................................ 176
2 Blood Tests................................................................................ 176
2.1 Blood Tests for Inflammation.......................................... 176
2.2 Blood Tests for Specific Immunity to Pathogens or
Autoantibodies................................................................. 177
2.3 Blood Tests for Detecting Specific Pathogens................. 182
Contents
3 Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)........................................................ 183
3.1 Antibodies in the CSF...................................................... 185
3.2 Detection of Pathogens in the CSF.................................. 186
4 Tests of Immune Function........................................................ 187
4.1 Humoral Immunity........................................................... 187
4.2 Cellular Immunity............................................................ 188
References....................................................................................... 188
19 Therapy in Neuroimmunological Disease................................... 189
1 Introduction............................................................................... 189
2 Chemicals.................................................................................. 190
2.1 Corticosteroids................................................................. 190
2.2 Immunosuppressives........................................................ 192
3 Biologies: Large Molecules Produced via Recombinant
Technology or from Human Specimens................................... 196
3.1 Intravenous Immunoglobulin........................................... 196
3.2 Cytokines......................................................................... 196
3.3 Monoclonal Antibodies (See Sect. 2.1 in Chap. 17)........ 197
4 Procedures................................................................................. 197
4.1 Plasmapheresis................................................................. 197
4.2 Thymectomy.................................................................... 198
References....................................................................................... 198
Index....................................................................................................... 199
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| isbn | 146142187X 9781461421870 |
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| spelling | Pachner, Andrew R. Verfasser aut A primer of neuroimmunological disease Andrew R. Pachner New York Springer c2012 XV, 208 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 26 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Nervous system Diseases Immunological aspects Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System diagnosis Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System therapy Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 1-461-42188-8 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-461-42188-7 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027389509&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Pachner, Andrew R. A primer of neuroimmunological disease Nervous system Diseases Immunological aspects Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System diagnosis Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System therapy |
| title | A primer of neuroimmunological disease |
| title_auth | A primer of neuroimmunological disease |
| title_exact_search | A primer of neuroimmunological disease |
| title_full | A primer of neuroimmunological disease Andrew R. Pachner |
| title_fullStr | A primer of neuroimmunological disease Andrew R. Pachner |
| title_full_unstemmed | A primer of neuroimmunological disease Andrew R. Pachner |
| title_short | A primer of neuroimmunological disease |
| title_sort | a primer of neuroimmunological disease |
| topic | Nervous system Diseases Immunological aspects Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System diagnosis Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System therapy |
| topic_facet | Nervous system Diseases Immunological aspects Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System diagnosis Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System therapy |
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