Roman Yorkshire: people, culture and landscape
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Pickering
Blackthorn Press
2013
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references (pages 342-366) and index |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 375 S. Ill., Kt. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781906259334 190625933X |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV041936381 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20140806 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 140627s2013 ab|| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 9781906259334 |c hardback |9 978-1-906259-33-4 | ||
| 020 | |a 190625933X |c hardback |9 1-906259-33-X | ||
| 035 | |a (gbd)1043411 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)888195778 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV041936381 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakwb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-12 | ||
| 084 | |a 6,12 |2 ssgn | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Ottaway, Patrick |d 1951- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)142609013 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Roman Yorkshire |b people, culture and landscape |c Patrick Ottaway |
| 264 | 1 | |a Pickering |b Blackthorn Press |c 2013 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 375 S. |b Ill., Kt. |c 25 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (pages 342-366) and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Romans / England / Yorkshire | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Römerzeit |0 (DE-588)4076769-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a York |g County |0 (DE-588)4079436-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 688 | 7 | |a Britannien als Provinz [Barrington p. 8 & 9] |0 (DE-2581)TH000004033 |2 gbd | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a York |g County |0 (DE-588)4079436-2 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Römerzeit |0 (DE-588)4076769-3 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027379538&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 940 | 1 | |n gbd | |
| 940 | 1 | |q gbd_4_1404 | |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027379538 | ||
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 307.09 |e 22/bsb |f 09015 |g 37 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 930.1 |e 22/bsb |f 09015 |g 41 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804152313976193024 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List of illustrations
xi
List of tables
xv
Preface
xvii
Roman names, places and dates
xx
ι
Introduction to Roman Yorkshire
ι
The Yorkshire region
ι
Yorkshire in the Roman world
3
2
The Environment and Landscape of the Yorkshire Region
5
Introduction
5
Physical geography
5
Geology
10
Climate
1
5
Flora and fauna
17
3
The Search for Roman Yorkshire
20
Introduction
20
Literary sources
20
Epigraphy
23
Archaeology
27
Roman Yorkshire discovered
38
4
Romans and Natives before the Conquest
51
Introduction
51
Settlement and landscape in the late Iron Age: an age of
enclosure
53
The social order
76
Agriculture: down on the farm
76
Manufacturing: hot metal!
80
VII
Exchange and trade
83
The visual arts: a world of abstraction
85
Religion: the mysterious gods
88
Treatment of the dead: burial, the exception not the rule?
90
5
From Vespasian to Hadrian: The Roman Conquest of the
Yorkshire region
93
Introduction
93
Vespasian s army
95
The Roman army on campaign
99
Roman fortifications and their buildings
111
Outside the base: annexes, canabae and
vici
124
Roman roads in the Yorkshire region
12Ó
6
The Yorkshire Region in the Early Roman Period
129
Settlement and landscape
129
An underdeveloped economy
13 5
Agriculture: feeding the army and feeding the people
137
Manufacturing and the impact of the Romans: a world of
wonders
141
Exchange and trade: a chance to network
146
The visual arts: becoming Roman or staying British?
149
Religion: so many gods, so many creeds
151
Treatment
oí
the dead: continuity and change
153
The impact of the conquest
155
7
From Hadrian to the
Severi:
Peace and prosperity
159
Introduction
159
The creation of the civitates
165
Rural settlement and landscape: an emerging Roman
countryside
181
Agriculture: some new developments
194
Manufacturing: from strength to strength
198
Exchange and trade: wider and still wider
204
The visual arts: an embarrassment of riches
208
Religion: staying with the old but welcoming the new
214
Treatment of the dead: why York was special
219
8
Septimius Severus in Yorkshire
229
The
Severan
campaign
229
Pots and cults
233
The death of an emperor
235
The tombstone of Julia Velva
236
Emperor Caracalla
238
viii
Roman Yorkshire
9
From the
Severi
to the House of
Constantine
241
Introduction
241
The towns and principal settlements
247
Rural settlement and landscape: a hey day for the Yorkshire
villa
256
Agriculture
271
Manufacturing
272
Exchange and trade: back to basics
276
The visual arts: the age of the mosaic
279
Religion: a return to obscurity
285
Treatment of the dead: more from York and Catterick camp
286
10
Decline and Fall
290
Introduction
290
The late Roman garrison
295
The towns and principal settlements: still going, but not very
strong?
301
Rural settlement and landscape: deserted or impoverished?
305
Agriculture: the decline of the cow?
310
Manufacturing
311
Exchange and trade
312
Late Roman hoards
313
The Visual Arts: the age of invisibility
314
Religion: even more obscure
314
Treatment of the dead: where is everybody?
316
The end of Roman Yorkshire
318
11
Yorkshire s Roman Legacy
320
The new politics
320
Settlement and population
321
The fifth and sixth centuries: continuity and change
322
References
327
Bibliography
342
Index
367
Contents
List of illustrations
i.i The principal Roman places in the Yorkshire region
2
2.1
The principal geographical regions and rivers of Yorkshire
6
2.2
Greta Bridge Roman fort
7
2.3
The Carr Naze, Filey
10
2.4
The Yorkshire region: solid geology
11
2.5
The Yorkshire region: drift geology
11
2.6
Victoria Cave
14
3.1
Tombstone of Cornovian woman from Ilkley
23
3.2
Cropmarks at Wattle Syke near Wetherby
29
3.3
Roman field ditch at Heslington near York
30
3.4
Timber building at Tanner Row, York
34
3.5
Tombstone of a standard bearer from York
38
3.6
Part of John Warburton s map of Yorkshire
39
3.7
The Multangular Tower at York in
1807 41
3.8
A Mithraic relief and Serapis inscription from York
42
3.9
Dragonesque brooch from
Maltón
42
3.10
Mosaic pavement from Well
43
3.11
Beadlam villa
47
4.1
Reconstruction of an Iron Age roundhouse
54
4.2
Swaledale co-axial fields
56
4.3
Field systems and settlements at Grassington
57
4.4
Enclosures at Ribblehead
58
4.5
Earthwork complex at Thornsber Barn, Littondale
59
4.6
Landscape at Colton and Swillington Common
62
4.7
Ferrybridge, site plan
63
4.8
Topham Farm, Sykehouse, site plan
64
4.9
Plan of enclosures at Rossington
65
4.10
Heslington, plan of enclosures
66
4.11
High Wold, Bridlington: site plan
69
Xl
4.12
Site plan of Stanwick
71
4.13
The defences of Stanwick under excavation
73
4.14
The defences at Stanwick today
74
4.15
Items from the Stanwick metalwork hoard
75
4.16
Beehive querns
78
4.17
Dexter cattle
79
4.18
The Elmswell plaque
86
4.19
Terret from Aldborough
86
4.20
East Yorkshire chalk figurines
87
5.1
The Guisborough helmet
95
5.2
Plan of military sites in Yorkshire of the conquest period
98
5.3
Reconstruction of a late first-
/
early second-century Roman
fort
99
5.4
Plan of fort and vicus at Doncaster
102
5.5
Plan of fort and vicus at Castleford
103
5.6
Plan of fort and settlements at Catterick
103
5.7
Roman camp on
Malham
Moor
105
5.8
Bainbridge fort
107
5.9
Plan of Cawthorn fortifications
109
5.10
Plan of the fort headquarters at Bainbridge
112
4.11
Reconstruction of the fortress headquarters at York
114
5.12
The fortress sewer at York
116
5.13
The fort baths at Castleford
118
5.14
The fort baths at Templeborough
r
19
5.15
Fort rampart section at Cawthorn
119
5.16
The Multangular tower at York
122
5.17
Detail of the fortress wall at York
123
5.18
Plan of
Maltón
and Norton-on-Derwent
126
6.1
Map of Roman roads and sites in the environs of York
130
6.2
Plan of Newham s Pit, Staxton
132
6.3
Plan of Welton Roman villa
133
6.4
Ebor ware vessels from York
142
6.5
Reconstruction of flask from Castleford
142
6.6
Shoe from Shiptonthorpe
143
6.7
Coppiced hazel bush
145
6.8
Woman spinning
146
6.9
Roman brooches from Castleford
150
6.10
Tombstone fragment depicting Atys from Templeborough
154
6.11
Plan of Blealands Nook cemetery
155
7.1
Plan of Roman York
162
7.2
Baldric terminals from Aldborough
163
xii
Roman YoBKSHlRE
7-3
Auxiliary soldier of the early third century
163
7.4
Stone building at Wellington Row site, York
167
7.5
Bath house hypocaust at
1—9 Micklegate
(Queen s Hotel),
York
!ÓS
7.6
Aldborough plan
170
7.7
Aldborough defences
170
7.8
Plan of Brough on Humber
174
7.9
Plan of the
viens
at
Maltón
178
7.10
Altar from High Catton
179
7.11
Plan of Gargrave villa
182
7-12
Plan of
Dalton
Parlours villa
186
7.13
Plan of Holme House villa
186
7.14
Sections of orthostat wall at Smarson Hill, South Anston
187
7.15
Holme House villa reconstruction
188
7.16
Plan of Langton villa
190
7.17
Plan of Kingston upon Hull
191
7.18
Plan of of Gibraltar Farm site, Kingswood, Kingston upon Hull
193
7.19
Grain-drying kiln at Sewerby Cottage Farm, Bridlington
194
7.20
Pot rim with maker s stamp from Doncaster
199
7.21
Typical products of the Doncaster pottery kilns
199
7.22
Pottery kiln at Norton-on-Derwent
202
7.23
Goldsmith s shop inscription from Norton-on-Derwent
202
7.24
Perforated spoons from caves in Craven
204
7.25
Ivory plane from Goodmanham
207
7.26
Statue of Mars from York
210
7.27
Aldborough relief of Mercury
210
7.28
Relief of the goddess Victory from
Bolton
211
7.29
Relief of native Mercury from Kirby Underdale
211
7.30
Dedication to the nymphs from Castleford
211
7.31
Flask in the shape of a sleeping slave boy from Aldborough
211
7.32
Vulcan figurine from Catterick
212
7.33
Aldborough mosaic with geometric pattern
214
7.34
Dalton
Parlours painted wall plaster
215
7.35
Victoria Cave interior
218
7.36
Reconstructed view of The Mount Roman cemetery at York
220
7.37
A decapitated male skeleton from York
223
7.38
Amulets from an infant burial at Catterick
226
8.1
Reconstruction of Roman York at the time of Septimius
Severus
230
8.2
Aerial view of Bainbridge Roman fort
234
8.3
York: head pot from York
235
8.4
Casserole dishes from York
236
8.5
A relief carving of an
amorino
from York
237
List of illustrations
xiii
8.6
The tombstone of Julia Velva from York
238
8.7
The sarcophagus of Aelia
Severa
from York
239
9.1
The Tetrarchs statue in Venice
242
9.2
Plan of the north-east fort gate at
Maltón
247
9.3
Fourth-century well at Heslington
250
9.4
Reconstruction of the Brough on Humber north gate
251
9.5
Late Roman Catterick plan
252
9.
ó
Inlaid wooden furniture strut from Hayton
254
9.7
Reconstruction of aisled timber building at Shiptonthorpe
255
9.8
Plan of the site sequence at Thurnscoe
258
9.9
Plan of Castle Dykes villa
259
9.10
Plan of Beadlam villa
263
9.11
Reconstruction of Beadlam villa
264
9.12
Plan of Wharram Percy
266
9.13
Plan of the main house at Rudston villa
268
9.14
Grain-drying kiln at
Weitem
villa
270
9.15
Late Roman pottery kiln at Doncaster
273
9.16
Spoon moulds and spoon reconstruction from Castleford
274
9.17
Crossbow brooches from
Maltón
275
9.18
The charioteer mosaic at Rudston villa
279
9.19
Central panel from the tyche mosaic at Brantingham villa
282
9.20
Venus mosaic from Rudston
282
9.21
Painted wall plaster showing Venus from
Maltón
283
9.22
Fragment of a smith pot from
Maltón
285
9.23
Plan of Blossom Street cemetery, York
287
10.1
Mortarium in Crambeck Parchment Ware
291
10.2
Inscription from Ravenscar
294
10.3
Plan of the Roman signal station at Scarborough
294
10.4
The Roman signal station at Scarborough
295
10.5
Stone blocks from Filey Roman signal station
295
10.Ó
Reconstruction of Filey Roman signal station
296
10.7
Reconstruction of Bowes Moor signal station
298
10.8
The Anglian tower at York
299
10.9
Reconstruction view of Catterick at the end of the fourth
century
303
10.10
Wattle Syke remains of a late fourth-century sunken-floored
building
306
Cross-section of the well at Langton villa
308
Catterick: late fourth-century buckles
312
Roman road across the Pennines at Bainbridge
323
Relief image of a Roman goddess at Ilkley
326
xiv
Roman Yorkshire
10.
I
1
IO.
12
r r.
I
I I.
2
List of tables
ι
No. of animal bone fragments of principal meat-giving
animals from late first- to early second-century contexts
139
2
Height to withers of cattle from selected sites
139
3
Height to shoulder of sheep from selected sites
139
4
Cattle age at death from Roman bone groups in Yorkshire
140
5
No. of pottery sherds in late first- and early second-century
assemblages
147
ó
No. of animal bone fragments from principal meat-giving
animals from second- or early third-century contexts
197
7
No. of pot sherds from various sources in mid-second to early
third-century contexts
205
8
Size of ten largest rooms in Roman houses in Yorkshire
249
9
Nos
of animal bone fragments from principal meat meat-
giving animals, late third- to fourth-century contexts
272
10
Roman figured mosaics from Yorkshire
280
XV
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Ottaway, Patrick 1951- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)142609013 |
| author_facet | Ottaway, Patrick 1951- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Ottaway, Patrick 1951- |
| author_variant | p o po |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041936381 |
| ctrlnum | (gbd)1043411 (OCoLC)888195778 (DE-599)BVBBV041936381 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>01746nam a2200445 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV041936381</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20140806 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">140627s2013 ab|| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781906259334</subfield><subfield code="c">hardback</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-906259-33-4</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">190625933X</subfield><subfield code="c">hardback</subfield><subfield code="9">1-906259-33-X</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(gbd)1043411</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)888195778</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV041936381</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">6,12</subfield><subfield code="2">ssgn</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Ottaway, Patrick</subfield><subfield code="d">1951-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)142609013</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Roman Yorkshire</subfield><subfield code="b">people, culture and landscape</subfield><subfield code="c">Patrick Ottaway</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Pickering</subfield><subfield code="b">Blackthorn Press</subfield><subfield code="c">2013</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XX, 375 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">Ill., Kt.</subfield><subfield code="c">25 cm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Includes bibliographical references (pages 342-366) and index</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Romans / England / Yorkshire</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Römerzeit</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4076769-3</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">York</subfield><subfield code="g">County</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4079436-2</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="688" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Britannien als Provinz [Barrington p. 8 & 9]</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-2581)TH000004033</subfield><subfield code="2">gbd</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">York</subfield><subfield code="g">County</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4079436-2</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Römerzeit</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4076769-3</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027379538&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">gbd</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="q">gbd_4_1404</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027379538</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">307.09</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09015</subfield><subfield code="g">37</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">930.1</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09015</subfield><subfield code="g">41</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| geographic | York County (DE-588)4079436-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | York County |
| id | DE-604.BV041936381 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:08:44Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781906259334 190625933X |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027379538 |
| oclc_num | 888195778 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | XX, 375 S. Ill., Kt. 25 cm |
| psigel | gbd_4_1404 |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Blackthorn Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Ottaway, Patrick 1951- Verfasser (DE-588)142609013 aut Roman Yorkshire people, culture and landscape Patrick Ottaway Pickering Blackthorn Press 2013 XX, 375 S. Ill., Kt. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references (pages 342-366) and index Romans / England / Yorkshire Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd rswk-swf York County (DE-588)4079436-2 gnd rswk-swf Britannien als Provinz [Barrington p. 8 & 9] (DE-2581)TH000004033 gbd York County (DE-588)4079436-2 g Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027379538&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Ottaway, Patrick 1951- Roman Yorkshire people, culture and landscape Romans / England / Yorkshire Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4076769-3 (DE-588)4079436-2 |
| title | Roman Yorkshire people, culture and landscape |
| title_auth | Roman Yorkshire people, culture and landscape |
| title_exact_search | Roman Yorkshire people, culture and landscape |
| title_full | Roman Yorkshire people, culture and landscape Patrick Ottaway |
| title_fullStr | Roman Yorkshire people, culture and landscape Patrick Ottaway |
| title_full_unstemmed | Roman Yorkshire people, culture and landscape Patrick Ottaway |
| title_short | Roman Yorkshire |
| title_sort | roman yorkshire people culture and landscape |
| title_sub | people, culture and landscape |
| topic | Romans / England / Yorkshire Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Romans / England / Yorkshire Römerzeit York County |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027379538&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ottawaypatrick romanyorkshirepeoplecultureandlandscape |