Budeč: významné mocenské centrum prvních Přemyslovců = Budeč : an important power centre of the first Přemyslids
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Czech |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Praha
Nakladatelství Lidové noviny
2014
|
| Ausgabe: | Vyd. 1. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Archeologica
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 182 Seiten Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9788074222955 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | BUDEČ - AN IMPORTANT POWER CENTRE
OF THE FIRST PŘEMYSLIDS
RÉSUMÉ
One of the most important early medieval localities connected
with the beginnings of Christianity and the formation of the early
Bohemian state was indisputably the fortified settlement of Budeč,
approximately 15 km southwest of Prague. Even the modest litera-
ture of the 10th-11th centuries recorded its importance at the time.
The beginnings of the research interest in Budeč reaches all the way
to the 19th century and it is logical that an exceptional amount of
valuable archaeological sources and information have been amassed
by archaeological research to this day. The fundamental knowledge
was provided particularly by the systematic archaeological research
conducted in 1972-1990 by the Institute of Archaeology of the Cze-
choslovak Academy of Sciences in Prague and subsequently also the
revision analysis of the already published results of the archaeological
research of the acropolis of Budeč, which after the justified eliminati-
on of the archaeologically unfounded or mistaken conclusions led to a
new interpretation presented in this book of the settlement-historical
development of the fortified settlement of Budeč.
The early medieval history of Budeč (cadastre area of Kováry,
district of Kladno) began to develop in a continual line from the
end of the 8th century, or the first half of the 9th century, when
Slavonic settlers established themselves on the highest position of
the expansive spur, moulded in the then forested terrain of Central
Bohemia with deeply carved valleys of the area of Zákolany and
the Brook Týnec. They found there the stone remnants of a prehis-
toric Knoviz wall (the Knoviz culture was part of the Urnfield cul-
ture), which at the highest place of the spur (ca 289 m a.s.l.) encir-
cled a complex of a size of 3.5 ha, which in the later development
became the acropolis of the early medieval fortified settlement.
To the north, west and east an extensive plane spread out where
later the bailey was created; at that time it remained unsettled.
Other than by the numerous fragments of ancient ceramics of an
Old Fortified Settlement character, the presence of Slavonic in-
habitants at Budeč during the first half of the 9th century is proved
particularly by spurs with hooks and an Avar-Slavonic bronze dec-
oration of the belt and the horses halters, which also demonstrate
the existence of a higher social class (the elite). The earliest early
medieval settlement of Budec dated in the framework of the first
half of the 9th century with an overlap into its second half was
concentrated only on the area of the inner complex, which at that
time was still not enclosed by the early medieval wall, but a cer-
tain form of walling could have been fulfilled by the stone remains
of the prehistoric wall. Their large unprocessed stones were later
used in the construction of the earliest early medieval fortifica-
tion, which covers the destruction of the Knoviz wall (Br D ֊ Ha A)
and mirrors its course.
The building of the fortified residence occurs in the last de-
cades, at the latest at the end of the 9th century, when the settled
highest area of the Budec spur was enclosed with the early me-
dieval wall, which circumscribed the acropolis and began the era
of the early medieval fortified settlement of Budec. The earliest
early medieval fortification is a one-piece wall of wood-and-clay
construction, which was furnished with a facial stone screen of
large, roughly processed stones of local origin (slate, chert and
sandstone) and a back wooden wall. A small outer moat (width 3.1
m; depth 1.1 m) was also connected with the wall reaching a max-
imum of 4.5 m width. The settlement of the earliest fortified com-
plex (3.5 ha) represents a deepened right-angle object (half-sunk-
en house) with a layout of ca 4x4 m with a fireplace in the SW
or NW corner and along with it an above-ground structure with
a sand or clay finish of the floors and with a wooden construction
of the walls woven with twigs and covered with clay (daub). The
buildings mainly determined to have been used for housing are
connected in time with also a number of functionally undifferen-
tiated pits, of which a small group of buildings intended for grain
storage stand out. Also the construction of the earliest preserved
building monument in the Czech Republic, the rotunda of St Pe-
ter, the foundation of which by the Premyslid, Duke Spytihnëv I
(894/5-915), was repeatedly mentioned in the written sources of
the 10th-11th centuries - Crescente fide, Gumpold, Christian s Legend
and the Second Old-Slavonic Legend of St Wenceslas falls in the peri-
od when the acropolis of the fortified settlement was encircled by
the earliest early medieval wall. It arises from the stratigraphic si-
tuation at the rotunda, where the graves of the cemetery founded
immediately after the construction of the church and functioning
on the basis of the Great Moravian and post-Great Moravian cha-
racter of the grave goods inventory in the first half of the 10th cen-
tury, respected the early medieval wall. We do not know precisely
the builder of this fortification. According to the ceramic finds of
the advanced middle fortified settlement period character from
the wood-and-clay body of the walling, the construction of the
fortification falls in the last third of the 9th century, i.e. the period
of the emergence of the first Přemyslids on the historical scene.
The impulse for fortifying Budeč could have been given by Duke
Bořivoj, the first historically proved Přemyslid (as of 872), or his
son Spytihněv, who would, however, have had to reinforce the
peak of the spur still before the creation of the cemetery around
the rotunda of St Peter.
Following the conception of J. Sláma, the organized Přemys-
lid territory (the Central Bohemian Přemyslid domain), which was
delimited by the fortified settlements of Stará Boleslav, Mělník,
Libušin, Tetin and Lštění, was built in the central part of Central
Bohemia during Spytihnev s twenty-year reign. The system of ad-
ministrative castles included also Budeč, lying in the northwest
part of the Central Bohemian Přemyslid domain on the route of
the long-distance paths, connecting the Prague Basin with North-
west Bohemia and heading on to Meissen. After Levý Hradec and
Prague, Budeč is the third place where Christian s legend records
the building of a church. Thus, it attests to the establishment of
another Christianization centre in Bohemia. Spytihnev s founda-
tion of the church of St Peter is tied to a period when a change of
the political and ecclesiastical orientation took place in Bohemia.
That happened in 895, when the Bohemian princes took advan-
tage of the weakening of the Great Moravian Empire and political-
ly and ecclesiastically turned to the West, or to the East Frankish
Kingdom. Nevertheless, the close cultural connection of Bohemia
and Moravia endured. Archaeologically, it manifests itself particu-
larly in the appearance of the Great Moravian type of jewellery at
Bohemian early medieval cemeteries. The Great Moravian horizon
is traditionally dated in the Central Bohemian find milieu to the
interval between the end of the 9th and first half of the tenth cen-
turies. At Budeč, two places of burial belong in this time interval, ■
of which the cemetery at the rotunda of St Peter is related to the *
area of the acropolis and the cemetery at Zákolany to the imme-
diate northwest surroundings of the fortified settlement. The rich
personal grave goods of those buried at the rotunda of St Peter as
well as at the non-church burial grounds of Zákolany demonstrate
people with high social positions. The Budeč elite were buried at
the rotunda, who had undergone the ritual of baptism and resided
at the ducal court, archaeologically uncovered in the southwest
part of the Budeč acropolis. The impetus for building the curtes
was most likely given by the founder of the rotunda of St Peter
Duke Spytihnév, because the rotunda is in the complex of the pali-
sade-encircled curtes and at the same time it arises indirectly from
the sources that the curtes also existed at the time of the reign of
Spytihnev s successor Duke Vratislas (915-921), because we dis-
cover from the legends of St Wenceslas Crescente fide, Cumpold,
Christian s legenda, and also from the First and Second Old-Slavonic
Legends of St Wenceslas the stay here of the duke s son Wence-
slas, who was sent to Budeč by his father Vratislas to learn the
Latin alphabet here with the priest called “Uceno , hence Učený
(Learned). In the selection of a place for Wenceslas to learn Latin,
it was certainly taken into account that a priest known for his edu-
cation worked at Budeč in the church of St Peter, but there also
had to be a residence here (ducal curtes), ensuring the stay of the
firstborn son of the duke. Whereas the main construction boom
at Budeč at the beginning of the 10th century was to the credit of
Duke Spytihnév, who besides the construction of the church of St
Peter and the ducal curtes created the enclosure of the outermost
complex of Budeč from the originally one-piece fortified settle-
ment to a two-part fortified residence (15.2 ha), divided into the
acropolis (3.5 ha) and bailey (11.7 ha), at the time of Wenceslas’
stay at Budeč the fortified settlement became an residence of an
important member of the Premyslid dynasty, moreover of the fu-
ture duke. In Prolog s legend of St Wenceslas, which was created in
the second half of the 12th century or the first half of the 13th cen-
tury in Russia, Budeč is mentioned as the place of the temporary
residence also in connection with Wenceslas mother, Duchess
Drahomíra, whom Duke Wenceslas banished from Prague imme-
diately after being seated on the throne after her reign as regent
(921-924/925). After the time of Wenceslas, which ends with the
murder of the duke in Stará Boleslav in 935, Budeč was not men-
tioned at all in the written sources for more than three hundred
years. The absence of historical reports must therefore be replaced
in the interpretation by the testimony of the archaeological sourc-
es placed in the wider historical context.
According to the archaeological findings, there was a violent
raid on Budeč connected with a takeover of the fortified settle-
ment during the second third of the 10th century. The proof of the
violent raid on the fortified settlement is the destruction by fire of
the earliest (early medieval) fortification at a place a few tens of
meters from the rotunda of St Peter, where on the other hand the
wall was not destroyed - perhaps out of fear of disturbing a holy
site. Further evidence of the violent conquest of Budeč is also a
mass grave of 33-60 massacred people, discovered in the south-
ern outer bailey of the fortified settlement, at the site Na Týnici.
With the exception of three female skulls, the skeletal remains had
stabbing and cutting strikes including traces of the decapitation of
men between the ages of 20 to 40. The mass grave, the creation
of which is placed in connection with the bloody event, is primar-
ily based on the find of eight small, S-shaped hair-rings (0 12-16
mm; wire thickness 1.5 mm) on one of the female skulls dated to
the interval between the end of the first third to the middle of the
10th century. The burning of the wall at the acropolis and the mass
placement of the individual parts of the bodies of the massacred
people in a shared grave in the southern vicinity of Castle Budeč
corresponds in time also to the sudden end of the ducal curtes
and the earliest cemetery at the rotunda of St Peter, where the
noble population of the curtes were buried. The curtes complex
included the rotunda with its adjacent cemetery. The end of the ce-
metery, dated according to the stratigraphically latest graves with
S-shaped hair-rings with a diameter of 13 mm and wire thickness
of 2.5 mm in the second third of the 10th century, was sealed by
the construction of a new wall, representing the second phase of
the internal fortification. In the place of the burning of the wall 60
meters north of the rotunda an entirely new fortification was built
with a two-part wood-and-clay construction with a frontal marl-
stone plinth. On the other hand, in the area next to the rotunda
of St Peter, the original fortification of a one-part wood-and-clay
construction with a frontal stone plinth was preserved only ex-
panded in the direction towards the church by another part, which
already covered the graves of the former earliest church cemetery
at Budec. The renewal of not only the internal but also the ex-
ternal fortification falls into the second third of the 10th centu-
ry at Budec. The second phase of the external fortification was
composedly similarly to the second phase of the internal wall of
a two-part, tiered-arrangement wood-and-clay construction with
a frontal stone plinth. The establishment of a second church at
Budec, consecrated to Our Lady and situated outside of the frame-
work of the former ducal curtes, was the last distinctive event that
is tied to the period when the ducal curtes at Budec ceased to exist
and along with that also the burial of its population at the rotunda
of St Peter ended, where the acropolis and bailey were fortified
by a new wall, which is the second phase of the construction of
the interior and external fortifications. None of the period written
sources inform on this small, rectangular, single-nave church with
a horseshoe apse around which they started to bury soon after its
construction - the first mention was not until from 1541. In the
absence of written reports from the period of the Early Middle
Ages, the dating of the creation of the church of Our Lady relies ex-
clusively on the results of archaeological research. What is decisive
is the time determination of the surrounding graves, of which one,
uncovered in the vicinity of the apse, had next to the skull a silver
denar of Henry I of Bavaria (948-955). Another support of the dat-
ing are the smaller, S-shaped hair-rings with a diameter of 1.6 cm,
which were found in the earliest graves, sunken in a radial arrange-
ment around the apse. Based on these indications, it is possible to
determine that the church of Our Lady had to exist already at the
latest in the second half of the 10th century and along with that also
the earliest graves of the adjacent cemetery. The noteworthy hiatus
in the burial at the rotunda of St Peter - approximately between
the middle of the 10th and the end of the 11th centuries - indirectly
indicates that burial at the acropolis shifted from the rotunda of St
Peter to the newly built church of Our Lady, which assumed the
function of the main church at the fortified settlement.
All of the mentioned events, testifying to a radical reversal in
the development of the Budec fortified settlement and archaeo-
logically dated to the course of the second third of the 10th cen-
tury, fall historically in the reign of Duke Boleslas I (935-972).
It is highly likely that they are connected with Boleslas power
politics, because the violent conquest of Castle can be joined with
Boleslas bloody liquidation of the adherents to Duke Wenceslas,
murdered on 28 September, 935 on a visit to Boleslas՛ castle, on
which all of the legends of St Wenceslas inform, because according
to the testimony of the written sources the adolescent Wenceslas
lived at Budeč where he learned the Latin alphabet. And it was
precisely from here that he was according to Christian s legend
called to Prague and raised to the ducal throne after the sudden
death of his father, Duke Vratislas. Budeč was thus the residence
of the future duke and an important support of the power of the
first Premyslids and nothing changed about that even after Wen-
ceslas enthronement as duke. Boleslas, whose fratricide opened
the path to the ducal throne, needed to ensure a solid power posi-
tion in the actual Premyslid duchy in Central Bohemia immediately
after his violent takeover of the reins of governance. Only then
could he begin to implement his ambitious plan, the aim of which
was to seize all of the non-Premyslid principalities in Bohemia. If
we connect the violent conquest of Castle Budeč with Boleslas I,
then it must have occurred soon after the murder in Stará Bole-
slav at the end of 935, possibly just afterwards, because Boleslas
already in July 936, when according to the record of the Saxon
chronicler Widukind he conquered the castle of the neighbouring
viceroy , had expanded beyond the original Premyslid domain.
The framework archaeological dating of the violent conquest of
Castle Budeč in the course of the second third of the 10th century
would thus acquire the maximal specifying contours in the line of
the given historical interpretation.
It can be assumed that at Budeč in the second half of the 10th
century the new representative of power became the duke s au-
thorized castle administrator (castellan), who defended ducal
power at the entrusted castle. His seat could have been in the
southern part of the acropolis, where stone foundation walls of
the best preserved and grandest settlement architecture at the
fortified settlement have been uncovered. The aboveground
structures built on the stone foundational walls testify to an al-
ready stable arrangement of the settlement built-up area, which
in comparison with the other power centres in early medieval Bo-
hemia indicates the exclusivity of the Budeč milieu. The definitive
form of the organized built-up area of the settlement s space is
particularly the paved path that connected the south entry to the
fortified settlement with the church of Our Lady. The path was
paved on both sides with a furrow, which is the residue of fencing
and that limited the free entry of the people from the suburbtum
to the residential area of the acropolis. It is absolutely clear that
the captured remnants of the aboveground settlement buildings
(large post buildings, multi-room log cabins and buildings with
stone foundations) fully respect the course of this paved route. At
the time of this spatially arranged (ate fortified settlement built-up
area, the acropolis was fortified again sometime at the turn of the
11th century, the third time by a three-part wall, a tiered-arrange-
ment wood-and-clay construction with a frontal and back stone
plinth with a maximum width of the wall being 13 m. A compo-
nent of the latest fortification of the acropolis was also a large
external moat (width 8.2 m; depth 2.5 m). There was only a rein-
forcement of the wall in the bailey. Whereas the end of settlement
and fortification of the Budeč bailey falls at the latest in the course
of the first half of the 11th century, the settlement and fortification
of the acropolis does not end until the course of the second half of
the 11th century. From the beginning of the 12th century, they more
or less only buried at Budeč. An important dating support for the
end of the Budeč fortified settlement is provided by the grave
with the denar of Bořivoj II (minted from 1100-1107, 1109-1110),
which in the function of an obolus of the deceased was placed in
the right hand of a child buried along with other dead in the south
part of the acropolis. The graves of this row, non-church burial
ground were already sunken into the stone destruction of the lat-
est settlement buildings and fortification. The Budeč fortified set-
tlement, which in the 10th century had significantly participated in
the Christianization of the land and figured in a substantial way in
the cruel process of building the early medieval Bohemian state,
disappeared in the second half of the 11th century without further
settlement continuity. The end of the formerly significant power
centre of the first Přemyslids was sealed in 1262 by the wife of
Přemysl Otakar II, Queen Kunigunda, who renounced the patronal
rights to the Budeč church in favour of the Vyšehrad Chapter. By
this act, the ruler expressed the definitive loss of interest in Budeč.
OBSAH
Úvod
Přemyslovská doména v jádru Čech a co jí předcházelo
Seznámení s Budčí
Svědectví nejstarších legend
Topografie lokality
Historie archeologického výzkumu
Periodizace raného středověku
a významné opory archeologického datovaní
Před založením raně středověkého hradiště Budeč
Budeč v pravěku
První slovanští obyvatelé budečské ostrožny
Vznik přemyslovského hradiště
První raně středověké opevnění -
ohrazení vnitřního areálu (akropole)
Nejstarší raně středověká sídlištní zástavba
Budeč na vrcholu svého mocenského postavení
Rotunda sv. Petra a nejstarší kostelní hřbitov
Knížecí dvorec
Opevnění a osídlení vnějšího areálu (vznik předhradí)
Nejstarší sídlištní a pohřební aktivity vně budečských hradeb
Zásadní zlom ve vývoji budečského hradiště
ve druhé třetině 10. století
Vypálení nejstarší raně středověké hradby na akropoli
Hromadný hrob a pohřebiště v jižním předpolí hradiště
Náhlý konec pohřbívání u rotundy sv. Petra
Zánik knížecího dvorce
Obnova hradby na akropoli (druhá fáze vnitřního opevnění)
Obnova hradby na předhradí (druhá fáze vnějšího opevnění)
Stavba druhého budečského kostela (Panny Marie)
a pohřbívání v jeho okolí
Historické souvislosti zlomových udalostí na Budči
Změny na hradišti ve druhé polovině 10. století
Organizace zástavby plochy hradiště
a stavby na kamenných podezdívkách
Doklady výrobních aktivit
Výstavba mohutné hradby na akropoli
(třetí fáze vnitřního opevnění)
Zánik budečského hradiště
Datování zániku akropole
Korekce chronologie mladohradištní keramiky
Datování zániku předhradí
Budeč po zániku hradiště
Vznik českého raně středověkého státu a Budeč
Seznam citovaných pramenů
Seznam citované literatury
Budeč - An important power centre
of the first Přemyslids (Résumé)
Figuře Captions
Rejstřík jmenný
Rejstřík místní
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Bartošková, Andrea 1952- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1052947468 |
| author_facet | Bartošková, Andrea 1952- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Bartošková, Andrea 1952- |
| author_variant | a b ab |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041884618 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)882552606 (DE-599)BVBBV041884618 |
| edition | Vyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Budeč (DE-588)4469021-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Budeč |
| id | DE-604.BV041884618 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:07:25Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788074222955 |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027328664 |
| oclc_num | 882552606 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 182 Seiten Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Nakladatelství Lidové noviny |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Archeologica |
| spelling | Bartošková, Andrea 1952- Verfasser (DE-588)1052947468 aut Budeč významné mocenské centrum prvních Přemyslovců = Budeč : an important power centre of the first Přemyslids Andrea Bartošková Budeč Vyd. 1. Praha Nakladatelství Lidové noviny 2014 182 Seiten Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Archeologica Zusammenfassung auf Englisch Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd rswk-swf Budeč (DE-588)4469021-6 gnd rswk-swf Budeč (DE-588)4469021-6 g Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027328664&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027328664&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Bartošková, Andrea 1952- Budeč významné mocenské centrum prvních Přemyslovců = Budeč : an important power centre of the first Přemyslids Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)4469021-6 |
| title | Budeč významné mocenské centrum prvních Přemyslovců = Budeč : an important power centre of the first Přemyslids |
| title_alt | Budeč |
| title_auth | Budeč významné mocenské centrum prvních Přemyslovců = Budeč : an important power centre of the first Přemyslids |
| title_exact_search | Budeč významné mocenské centrum prvních Přemyslovců = Budeč : an important power centre of the first Přemyslids |
| title_full | Budeč významné mocenské centrum prvních Přemyslovců = Budeč : an important power centre of the first Přemyslids Andrea Bartošková |
| title_fullStr | Budeč významné mocenské centrum prvních Přemyslovců = Budeč : an important power centre of the first Přemyslids Andrea Bartošková |
| title_full_unstemmed | Budeč významné mocenské centrum prvních Přemyslovců = Budeč : an important power centre of the first Přemyslids Andrea Bartošková |
| title_short | Budeč |
| title_sort | budec vyznamne mocenske centrum prvnich premyslovcu budec an important power centre of the first premyslids |
| title_sub | významné mocenské centrum prvních Přemyslovců = Budeč : an important power centre of the first Přemyslids |
| topic | Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Funde Ausgrabung Budeč |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027328664&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027328664&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bartoskovaandrea budecvyznamnemocenskecentrumprvnichpremyslovcubudecanimportantpowercentreofthefirstpremyslids AT bartoskovaandrea budec |