Pijane zverine: o moralni in patološki zgodovini alkoholizma na Slovenskem v dobi meščanstva
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Slovenian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Celje
Zgodovinsko Društvo
2009
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Zgodovini.ce
9 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T: Drunken animals : on the moral and pathological history of alcoholism in Slovenia in the bourgeois period Opombe z bibliografijo na dnu strani in str. 166-177 Kazalo Povzetek |
| Beschreibung: | 180 str. ilustr. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789619122297 |
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| 490 | 1 | |a Zgodovini.ce |v 9 | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T: Drunken animals : on the moral and pathological history of alcoholism in Slovenia in the bourgeois period | ||
| 500 | |a Opombe z bibliografijo na dnu strani in str. 166-177 | ||
| 500 | |a Kazalo | ||
| 500 | |a Povzetek | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804152211016515584 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | VSEBINA
Predgovor
................................................................................................................................................5
O pijanost ti ostudná, preveč razširjena pregreha
............................................................................9
Prvi
diskurz
o nezadržnem pohodu strupenega
demona
.............................................................27
Drugi
diskurz
o
nezadržnem pohodu strupenega demona
..........................................................41
Ne spodobi se, da meščan pijančuje
.................................................................................................47
Gremo na »arbajterkonjak«
................................................................................................................60
Poučne
morálke
о
zlu alkoholizma ali
kratek
diskurz
о
propadlih ljudeh
................................93
Prizadevanja katoliŠkih protialkoholnih borcev,
da bi slovenski živelj odvrnili od žganjepitja
...................................................................105
О
pijanih zvereh ali
о
alkoholizmu
in
degeneraciji
.....................................................................125
Namesto epiloga: ekstremi oziroma duh uide iz stekleničke
.....................................................152
Drunken Animals..............................................................................................................................
161
Viri in
literatura
.................................................................................................................................166
Viri slikovnega gradiva
.....................................................................................................................178
Imensko kazalo..................................................................................................................................
179
Drunken Animals
On the moral and pathological history of alcoholism in Slovenia in the
bourgeois period
in the past as well as in the present, alcoholic beverages have been the
usual companion of every holiday as well as every workday in Slovenia. Drink¬
ing in moderation has never been a virtue of our lands. Unquenchable thirst
has therefore been and still is the constant of our lives and existence. In the
past, sinful drunkards were chided by a number of moralists, who in their
sermons and essays promoted moderate drinking if not complete abstinence.
However, their preaching most often stumbled upon deaf ears, and was as use¬
ful as flogging a dead horse. People thirsty like camels prevailed in our lands.
Taverns, which were seen as the Devil s playground, were in abundance, and
the consumption of alcoholic beverages had always been more than enviable.
Drunkards and tavern keepers in our lands bothered especially the Catholic
moralists. The opinion that in churches people worshipped God, while in the
taverns next to the churches they bowed down to the Devil, was widespread. Let
us also mention that the state and society had always been relatively tolerant of
drinking and alcoholics, paying far too little attention to severe and profound
social consequences of alcoholism. For example, the interests of the industry
and filling the budget with excise duties were argued for, while physical and
mental health of the citizens was not cared about enough. Alcoholism and love
of alcohol represented a social phenomenon that the society was seemingly
ashamed of at the first glance, while at the same time it tolerated it quietly.
The Drunken Animals monograph focuses on the problem of alcoholism
in Slovenia in the past from various angles. First it explores the consumption
of alcoholic beverages in the preindustrial period, focusing especially on the
sermons about the sinfulness of drinking, given by modern Catholic moralists.
However, the book focuses especially on heavy drinking during the long century
of bourgeoisie. Namely, alcohol was the drug of choice in the 19 th century. The
victorious conquest of spirits was especially alarming, influenced decisively by
the economic and technological development in the 18th and 19th century. With
the success of heavy liquor, alcoholism exceeded the boundaries of what could
be deemed as normal. For the first time, spirits were available as a mass product
(and a widespread drink), causing the change in the consumer behaviour of
the working classes in the rural areas as well as in the factories, for whom
alcohol was part of their daily diet.
Besides the Catholic moralists, doctors, who have since then seen the
addiction to alcohol as a disease, also detected the irrepressible spreading of the
zgodovini-ce
161
toxic demon. Doctor
Fran
Viljem Lipič
(Franz Wilhelm
Lippich)
from Ljubljana
belonged among the pioneers of the modern exploration of addictions (like
Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland,
for example), and this monograph pays special
attention to him. His book Main Characteristics ofDipsobiostatics
(Grundzüge
zur Dipsobiostatik)
of
1834
is deemed as the first scientific
antialcohol
work in
world literature.
Lipič s
devoted
antialcohol
work has not yet been analysed in
detail and placed into the wider context of the figures involved in the global
history of alcohol addiction from the end of the 18th and the first half of the
19th century. Doctor
Lipič
left us extraordinarily valuable information about
alcoholism in Ljubljana and Carniola in the 1820s and 1830s. Unfortunately,
however, all of his appeals to sobriety fell on deaf ears.
Even though etiquette forbade the virtuous and reasonable members of
the bourgeoisie to drink in excess, the author demonstrates with numerous
examples that they also often indulged in heavy drinking, nevertheless. The
period of introducing the model of bourgeoisie leading the society, coinciding
with the period of the gradual introduction of machinery and industrial soci¬
ety, also influenced the ways that leisure time was spent, of course
-
including
the time spent in the taverns and coffeehouses, public establishments where
alcoholic beverages were served. Namely, in the period of the new bourgeoisie,
which decisively marked the long 19th century, after the bourgeois sociability in
salons gradually decreased, the characteristic fear of mixing the genders (fear
of the forms of socialising which men as well as women took part in) became
prominent in the context of the social life in taverns and coffeehouses. In fact,
in the century of bourgeoisie a twofold system of sociability was formed and
established in the field of hospitality industry. Permanent men s tables in »bet¬
ter« taverns were characteristic of the bourgeois society. Men from the ranks
of bourgeoisie also sat in coffeehouses, while women had to stay at home, in
the sphere of privacy. On the other hand, taverns also became the place of so¬
cialising for the proletariat. For proletarian men, visits to the taverns became a
socially acknowledged and completely ordinary form of organising one s leisure
time. The ritual drink after working hours stood for an unwritten men s right.
Workingclass taverns played a special role in the context of the sad situation
of the workers. In light of cramped residences and general lack of places where
they could meet, taverns and bars acquired the essential function of organising
leisure time, social life and political agitation. Workers in general drank far
more alcoholic beverages as bourgeoisie. They especially drank cheap schnapps
as an efficient means of forgetting their trouble, retreating from reality into the
world of intoxication. For proletarians, cheap barrooms behind the corner were
for a long time the only place they could relax and unwind at, especially when
they received their wages. In light of the social misery, schnapps became the
means of driving away worries (i.e.
Sorgenbrecher )
due to its cheapness in
162
zgodovini-ce
comparison with wine and beer. On the other hand, the unwritten law excluded
women from the taverns. In accordance with the bourgeois moral notions, the
only women that visited the taverns were insolent and impudent drunkards or
prostitutes. Women who drank alcoholic drinks (a habit seen as an exclusive
»men s thing«) were stigmatised, since drinking was seen as neglecting one
s
family. By indulging in the hideous habit of drinking, not only did women
fail to carry out their women s duties in the context of the family (cooking,
bringing up children, cleaning and tidying up, taking care of the relatives,
and so on). By paying for luxury drinks they also squandered money instead
of being economical. Numerous bourgeois and Catholic moralists condemned
the drinking of the working class and proposed various solutions to the social
problem of alcoholism among the workers.
Throughout the 19th century, many Catholic and bourgeois moralists
in Slovenia saw sinful drunkards as derelicts. All of them associated the sin of
boozing with the sin of crime. Namely, the selfperception of model Catholics
and what the members of bourgeoisie came to think of themselves was in¬
compatible with the image of drunks and criminals. Catholics were supposed
to lead pious and sinless lives. On the other hand, the goal of the bourgeois
selfperception was the realisation of individuality, oriented towards a sensible,
virtuous and moral life. Naturally, both perceptions also marked the concepts
of criminal identity, which was deemed as the negative mirror image of the
Catholic or bourgeois identity. Similarly as with the development of the ca¬
pabilities and morality of the bourgeoisie, the careers of criminals or notori¬
ous drunkards, for example, were also seen as a result of decisions, made by
criminals or alcoholics themselves, which they themselves were responsible
for entirely. The polarisation between the moral Catholics or members of the
bourgeoisie and immoral criminals or drunkards was in line with the good and
evil in the society. The authors of didactic literature about crime and criminals
or alcoholism and alcoholics of the 19th century insisted on the responsibility of
the individual. The farreaching
marginalisation
of criminals and alcoholics as
THE OTHERS, foreigners to the bourgeois (and Catholic) society, was in line
with this viewpoint. It was supposedly the choice of drunkards and criminals
to turn away from the usual, sensible and moral life, and their sins brought
together the remainders of the Christian way of thinking in the bourgeois
conceptions of deviance. Arrogance and presumptuousness were expressed in
the Christian as well as in the bourgeois mentality. The difference, of course,
lies in the concepts of the wounded authority: in the bourgeois way of thinking,
arrogance and presumptuousness questioned the authority of REASON as the
grounds for socially established and acceptable behaviour; while the Christian
mentality saw them as an attack against a higher authority, an attack against
the almighty GOD.
zgodovini
-
ce
163
The monograph also presents the efforts of the Catholic
antialcohol
cam¬
paigners since the middle of the 19th until the beginning of the 20th century in
more detail. Already in the 1840s, Anton Martin
Slomšek
strived to establish
a brotherhood that would oppose the spreading spirits plague . A more or¬
ganised
antialcohol
movement had not affirmed itself in Slovenia until as late
as the onset of the 20th century, and its endeavours were unsuccessful despite
the widespread propaganda.
At the turn of the 19 th century, a decisive change took place in the atti¬
tude towards alcoholism, which had until then only been condemned morally
as a catalyst for sin. However, towards the end of the 19th century alcoholism
was finally pronounced a disease. At that time the opinion finally took root
that the children of alcoholics were degenerates, physical and mental cripples,
not fit to participate in the struggle for survival. Medical texts emphasised
that excessive consumption of alcohol was a disease degrading all of the tissue
and every organ of the human body. In general, harmful effects of alcoholism
on the physical and mental health of individuals as well as the whole nation
were emphasised increasingly. Alcoholism as a disease supposedly also caused
significant social damage, and it was considered dangerous for families as well
as the wider environment. It supposedly caused crime and suicides, economic
decay and atrophy in children, contributing to the worsening of the race and
degeneration of descendants. Alcoholism was seen as a demonic combination of
social and bodily perversion, and the inferior physical makeup of the alcoholics
children was supposedly a consequence of the direct poisoning of the foetus.
Therefore in a dedicated chapter the monograph explores alcoholism
and the reception of the Morel s theory of progressive degeneration in Slov¬
enia. By indulging in drinking, alcoholics allegedly destroyed especially their
brain, and the drinking supposedly threatened their offspring
-
the future
generation would be even weaker, more lethargic, despondent and degenerated.
Among the Austrian psychiatrists, Professor Richard
von
Krafft-Ebing was an
especially fervent advocate of the theory of progressive degeneration, while in
Slovenia this theory was promoted in the essays on alcoholism and insanity
by the psychiatrists Fran Goestl and Ivan Robida. Chronic alcoholism in more
severe cases supposedly caused moral degeneration and alcoholic perversion.
In short, the saddest consequence of alcoholism was supposedly the ethic and
moral degeneration of drunkards, which developed while their reason and soul
decayed. Alcoholism was allegedly especially detrimental for their descend¬
ants, who were deemed as even more degenerated and inferior psychologically.
It was believed that the children of alcoholic parents were usually alcoholics
themselves; namely, evil supposedly begot evil.
164
zgodovini.ee
Typical degenerated alcoholics allegedly had mental degeneration in¬
grained in their very essence, and they were also seen as responsible for poison¬
ing the next generations and contributing to their progressive decay. Simultane¬
ously with the acceptance of the degeneration theory of biological psychiatry
in the general population, more radical solutions to this problems appeared.
The nation and the responsibilities towards the nation and state became the
norm. In accordance with the progressive degeneration theory, those individu¬
als who succumbed to the lure of alcohol became the burden and plague of the
society. Because of their evidently poisoned genetic material, in the eyes of
the improvers of the national essence alcoholics became inferior, an obstacle
on the path of evolutionary idealists who dreamed about the next stage in
the development of mankind. Due to the more and more obvious increasing
numbers and moral decay of inferior alcoholics, in Slovenia the ideas of eu¬
genics also spread, although relatively late. Eugenics argued for a radical and
necessary intervention in the society and the national body
-
for castration
(sterilisation) of the degenerate alcoholics. However, the ideas of those who
argued for eugenics failed to take root.
zgodovini-ce
165
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Studen, Andrej 1963- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1068355913 |
| author_facet | Studen, Andrej 1963- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Studen, Andrej 1963- |
| author_variant | a s as |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041859644 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)904813122 (DE-599)BVBBV041859644 |
| era | Geschichte 1800-1941 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1800-1941 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Slowenien (DE-588)4055302-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Slowenien |
| id | DE-604.BV041859644 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:07:06Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789619122297 |
| language | Slovenian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027303910 |
| oclc_num | 904813122 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 180 str. ilustr. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Zgodovinsko Društvo |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Zgodovini.ce |
| series2 | Zgodovini.ce |
| spelling | Studen, Andrej 1963- Verfasser (DE-588)1068355913 aut Pijane zverine o moralni in patološki zgodovini alkoholizma na Slovenskem v dobi meščanstva Andrej Studen. [Prevod S. U. R.] Celje Zgodovinsko Društvo 2009 180 str. ilustr. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zgodovini.ce 9 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T: Drunken animals : on the moral and pathological history of alcoholism in Slovenia in the bourgeois period Opombe z bibliografijo na dnu strani in str. 166-177 Kazalo Povzetek Geschichte 1800-1941 gnd rswk-swf Pivski običaji / Zgodovina / Slovenija ssg Alkoholizem / Zgodovina / Slovenija ssg Abstinenzbewegung (DE-588)4450748-3 gnd rswk-swf Alkoholismus (DE-588)4001220-7 gnd rswk-swf Slowenen (DE-588)4055300-0 gnd rswk-swf Nationalcharakter (DE-588)4137343-1 gnd rswk-swf Volkskultur (DE-588)4063849-2 gnd rswk-swf Trinkverhalten (DE-588)4078415-0 gnd rswk-swf Slowenien (DE-588)4055302-4 gnd rswk-swf Slowenien (DE-588)4055302-4 g Alkoholismus (DE-588)4001220-7 s Geschichte 1800-1941 z DE-604 Slowenen (DE-588)4055300-0 s Trinkverhalten (DE-588)4078415-0 s Volkskultur (DE-588)4063849-2 s Nationalcharakter (DE-588)4137343-1 s Abstinenzbewegung (DE-588)4450748-3 s Zgodovini.ce 9 (DE-604)BV021591188 9 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027303910&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027303910&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Studen, Andrej 1963- Pijane zverine o moralni in patološki zgodovini alkoholizma na Slovenskem v dobi meščanstva Zgodovini.ce Pivski običaji / Zgodovina / Slovenija ssg Alkoholizem / Zgodovina / Slovenija ssg Abstinenzbewegung (DE-588)4450748-3 gnd Alkoholismus (DE-588)4001220-7 gnd Slowenen (DE-588)4055300-0 gnd Nationalcharakter (DE-588)4137343-1 gnd Volkskultur (DE-588)4063849-2 gnd Trinkverhalten (DE-588)4078415-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4450748-3 (DE-588)4001220-7 (DE-588)4055300-0 (DE-588)4137343-1 (DE-588)4063849-2 (DE-588)4078415-0 (DE-588)4055302-4 |
| title | Pijane zverine o moralni in patološki zgodovini alkoholizma na Slovenskem v dobi meščanstva |
| title_auth | Pijane zverine o moralni in patološki zgodovini alkoholizma na Slovenskem v dobi meščanstva |
| title_exact_search | Pijane zverine o moralni in patološki zgodovini alkoholizma na Slovenskem v dobi meščanstva |
| title_full | Pijane zverine o moralni in patološki zgodovini alkoholizma na Slovenskem v dobi meščanstva Andrej Studen. [Prevod S. U. R.] |
| title_fullStr | Pijane zverine o moralni in patološki zgodovini alkoholizma na Slovenskem v dobi meščanstva Andrej Studen. [Prevod S. U. R.] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pijane zverine o moralni in patološki zgodovini alkoholizma na Slovenskem v dobi meščanstva Andrej Studen. [Prevod S. U. R.] |
| title_short | Pijane zverine |
| title_sort | pijane zverine o moralni in patoloski zgodovini alkoholizma na slovenskem v dobi mescanstva |
| title_sub | o moralni in patološki zgodovini alkoholizma na Slovenskem v dobi meščanstva |
| topic | Pivski običaji / Zgodovina / Slovenija ssg Alkoholizem / Zgodovina / Slovenija ssg Abstinenzbewegung (DE-588)4450748-3 gnd Alkoholismus (DE-588)4001220-7 gnd Slowenen (DE-588)4055300-0 gnd Nationalcharakter (DE-588)4137343-1 gnd Volkskultur (DE-588)4063849-2 gnd Trinkverhalten (DE-588)4078415-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Pivski običaji / Zgodovina / Slovenija Alkoholizem / Zgodovina / Slovenija Abstinenzbewegung Alkoholismus Slowenen Nationalcharakter Volkskultur Trinkverhalten Slowenien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027303910&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027303910&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV021591188 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT studenandrej pijanezverineomoralniinpatoloskizgodovinialkoholizmanaslovenskemvdobimescanstva |