Physics of nuclear radiations: concepts, techniques and applications
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boca Raton
CRC Press
2014
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 369 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781439857779 1439857776 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Physics of nuclear radiations |b concepts, techniques and applications |c Chary Rangacharyulu |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804152200737325056 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface
xi
1
Physics Preliminaries
1
Л
Conservation Laws
..................
ι
1.2
Basics of Relativity
.................. 4
1.3
Energetics of Photons
................. 6
1.4
Energetics of Matter
................. 8
1.5
Matter Waves
..................... 14
1.6
Questions
....................... 17
Í.7
Endnotes ....................... 19
2
Radioactivity
21
2.1
Introduction
...................... 21
2.1.1
Exponential Decay Law
........... 21
2.1.2
Units of Radioactivity
............. 30
2.2
Natural Radioactivity
................. 32
2.3
Radioactive Secular Equilibrium
........... 40
2.4
Growth and Decay of Radioactivity
......... 43
2.5
Age Determination
—
An Application
........ 47
2.5.1
Radiocarbon Dating
.............. 48
2.5.2
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry
....... 51
2.6
Questions
....................... 54
2.7 Endnotes ....................... 57
3
Nuclear Energetics
3.1
Introduction
...................... 61
3.2
Q-Value of Nuclear Processes
............ 62
3.2.1
Q-Values from Atomic Masses
........ 63
3.3
Beta Decay
...................... 65
3.3.1
Q-Values from Nuclear Wallet Cards
..... 71
ví
Contents
3.4
Q-
Values for Populating Excited Levels
....... 72
3.4.1
Nuclear Excitation Energy Determinations
. . 73
3.5
Q-Values of Artificial Transmutation
......... 77
3.5.1
Positive Q-Values
............... 78
3.5.2
Negative Q-Values
.............. 81
3.6
Separation Energies
.................. 83
3.6.1
Neutron Separation Energy
.......... 84
3.6.2
Proton Separation Energy
........... 84
3.6.3
Alpha Separation Energy
........... 84
3.7
Questions
....................... 86
3.8 Endnotes ....................... 87
4
Interaction of Heavy Charged Particles with Matter
91
4.1
Introduction
...................... 91
4.2
Bethe Stopping Power Formula
........... 94
4.2.1
Minimum Stopping Power
.......... 99
4.2.2
Relative Stopping Power
........... 101
4.3
Range of Charged Particles
.............. 105
4.4
Bragg Peak
...................... 107
4.5
Range of
α
Particles
................. 109
4.6
Range of Particles in Mixtures and Compounds
...
Ill
4.7
Energy Loss of Electrons by Ionization
....... 112
4.8 Endnotes ....................... 114
5
Interactions of Photons and Electrons in Matter
117
5.1
Introduction
...................... 117
5.2
Radiation Length
................... 118
5.3
Photon Energy and Material Dependence of Attenua¬
tion Coefficients
................... 120
5.4
Photon Energy Loss Mechanisms
.......... 123
5.4.1
Photon Interactions
.............. 126
5.4.2
Photon Interaction Cross Sections
...... 128
5.5
Bragg s Additive Rule
................ 130
5.6
Electron Interactions
................. 131
5.7 Bremsstrahlung.................... 132
5.8
Radiation Length
................... 134
5.9
Cherenkov Radiation
................. 135
Contents
vii
5.10 Transition Radiation ................. 138
5.10.
l
Synchrotron Radiation............ 140
5.11
Questions
....................... 146
5.12 Endnotes ....................... 149
6
Interactions of Neutrons with Matter
151
6.1
Introduction
...................... 151
6Л.1
Nomenclature of Neutrons
.......... 154
6.J.2 Low Energy Neutrons
............. 156
6.2
Nuclear Fission
.................... 159
6.2.1
Chain Reactions
................ 165
6.2.2
Neutrons in a Nuclear Reactor
........ 165
6.3
Macroscopic Cross Section
.............. 169
6.4
Neutron Multiplication in Bulk Matter
........ 172
6.4.1
The Four Factor Formula
........... 173
6.5
Questions
....................... 174
6.6 Endnotes ....................... 175
7
Basics of Radiation Dosimetry
179
7.1
Introduction
...................... 179
7.2
Biological Considerations
.............. 186
7.3
Working Level Month
................ 194
7.4
Specific Gamma Ray Constant
............ 195
7.5 Endnotes ....................... 201
8
Radiation Sources
203
8.1
Background
...................... 203
8.2
Production of Electromagnetic Radiation
...... 207
8.3
Ion Beam Accelerators
................ 211
8.4
Electrostatic Accelerators
.............. 213
8.5
Alternating Current Accelerators
........... 216
8.6
Linear Accelerators
.................. 217
8.7
Cyclotron
....................... 221
8.7.1
K-Value of a Cyclotron
............ 226
8.8
Microtron
....................... 227
8.9
Synchrotron
...................... 229
8.10
Collider Machines
.................. 231
8.11
Questions
....................... 233
viii Contents
8.12 Endnotes ....................... 234
9
Nuclear
Radiation
Detectors
239
9.1
Introduction
...................... 239
9.2
Cloud Chambers and Bubble Chambers
....... 242
9.3
Gas Detectors
..................... 243
9.3.1
Ionization Chambers
............. 245
9.3.2
Proportional Counter
............. 246
9.3.3 Geiger-Müller
Counter
............ 247
9.4
Multi-Wire Chambers
................ 247
9.4.1
Multi-Wire Proportional Chambers (MWPC)
247
9.4.2
Multi-Wire Drift Chambers (MWDC)
.... 248
9.5
Semiconductor Solid State Detectors
......... 250
9.6
Scintillation Counters
................. 251
9.6.1
Scintillation Materials
............ 253
9.7
Cherenkov Detectors
................. 255
9.8
Photosensors
..................... 257
10
Measurement Techniques
261
10.1
Intensity Measurements
............... 262
10.2
Energy Spectroscopy
................. 263
10.3
Coincidence Measurements for Energy Spectroscopy
267
10.3.1
Time Correlation Measurements
....... 268
10.3.2
Energy Correlation Measurements for Charged
Particle Identification
............. 270
10.4
Timing Spectroscopy
................. 271
10.4.1
Time of Flight Measurements
......... 273
10.5
Particle Identification by Time of Right
....... 277
10.5.1
Particle Discrimination by Cherenkov Radia¬
tion Emission
................. 278
11
Nuclear Techniques
—
Λ
Few Applications
283
11.1
Introduction
...................... 283
11.1.1
Some Applications in Agriculture
...... 283
11.2
Applications in Medicine
............... 287
11.2.1
Radiological Imaging
............. 287
11.3
Radiation Therapy
.................. 295
11.3.1
Gamma Beams
................ 295
Contents ix
11.3.2
Treatment with
Radioactive Isotopes
..... 295
11.3.3
Gamma
Knife
................. 297
11.3.4
Electron
Beam Facilities
........... 298
11.3.5
Radiation
Therapy with Particle Beams
. . . 298
11.4
Trace Element Analyses
............... 299
11.4.1
Resonance Fluorescence
........... 300
11.4.2
Radioactivity Measurements
......... 302
11.4.3
Non-Destructive Testing of the Strength of
Materials
................... 302
11.4.4
Gamma Ray Attenuation Method
....... 303
11.4.5
Neutron Radiography
............. 304
A Radioactive Decays
309
A.I Radioactive Decay as a Random Walk Problem
. . . 309
A.2 Sequential Decays and Radioactive Equilibria
.... 310
A.2.1 Case
1..................... 312
A.2.2 Case
2..................... 313
В
Energetics
315
B.I Energetics of Nuclear/Particle Reactions
....... 315
С
Cross Sections
319
C J
Luminosity
...................... 329
D
Physics of Semiconductor Detectors
331
E
Websites
337
F
Glossary
341
Index
345
Physics
P H V S I C S
OF
Nuclear
Radiations
Concepts. Techniques and Implications
Physics of Nuclear Radiations: Concepts, Techniques and Applications makes
the physics of nuclear radiations accessible to those with a basic background
in physics and mathematics. Rather than convince readers one way or the
other about the hazards of nuclear radiations, the text empowers readers with
tools to calculate and assess nuclear radiations and their impact. It discusses
the meaning behind mathematical formulae as well as the areas in which the
equations can be applied.
After reviewing the physics preliminaries, the author addresses the growth
and decay of nuclear radiations, the stability of nuclei or particles against
radioactive transformations and the behavior of heavy charged particles, elec¬
trons, photons and neutrons. He then presents the nomenclature and physics
reasoning of dosimetry. covers typical nuclear facilities (such as medical x-ray
machines and particle accelerators) and describes the physics principles of
diverse detectors. The book also discusses methods for measuring energy
and time spectroscopies before concluding with applications in agriculture,
medicine, industry and art.
Features
Provides complete coverage of fundamental nuclear radiation physics
Requires only first-year university mathematics and physics knowledge
Reviews the necessary prerequisites, such as energy and momentum
conservation
•
Discusses cioud chambers, multi-wire chambers, semiconductor solid
state detectors and other detectors
Presents computational methods
Covers archeology, health and medical physics applications
CRC
Press
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ISBN:
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90000
|
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| spelling | Rangacharyulu, Chary Verfasser aut Physics of nuclear radiations concepts, techniques and applications Chary Rangacharyulu Boca Raton CRC Press 2014 XIV, 369 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Materie (DE-588)4037940-1 gnd rswk-swf Wechselwirkung (DE-588)4064937-4 gnd rswk-swf Kernstrahlung (DE-588)4140383-6 gnd rswk-swf Kernenergie (DE-588)4030318-4 gnd rswk-swf Anwendung (DE-588)4196864-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Kernstrahlung (DE-588)4140383-6 s Kernenergie (DE-588)4030318-4 s Wechselwirkung (DE-588)4064937-4 s Materie (DE-588)4037940-1 s Anwendung (DE-588)4196864-5 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027297559&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027297559&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Rangacharyulu, Chary Physics of nuclear radiations concepts, techniques and applications Materie (DE-588)4037940-1 gnd Wechselwirkung (DE-588)4064937-4 gnd Kernstrahlung (DE-588)4140383-6 gnd Kernenergie (DE-588)4030318-4 gnd Anwendung (DE-588)4196864-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4037940-1 (DE-588)4064937-4 (DE-588)4140383-6 (DE-588)4030318-4 (DE-588)4196864-5 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Physics of nuclear radiations concepts, techniques and applications |
| title_auth | Physics of nuclear radiations concepts, techniques and applications |
| title_exact_search | Physics of nuclear radiations concepts, techniques and applications |
| title_full | Physics of nuclear radiations concepts, techniques and applications Chary Rangacharyulu |
| title_fullStr | Physics of nuclear radiations concepts, techniques and applications Chary Rangacharyulu |
| title_full_unstemmed | Physics of nuclear radiations concepts, techniques and applications Chary Rangacharyulu |
| title_short | Physics of nuclear radiations |
| title_sort | physics of nuclear radiations concepts techniques and applications |
| title_sub | concepts, techniques and applications |
| topic | Materie (DE-588)4037940-1 gnd Wechselwirkung (DE-588)4064937-4 gnd Kernstrahlung (DE-588)4140383-6 gnd Kernenergie (DE-588)4030318-4 gnd Anwendung (DE-588)4196864-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Materie Wechselwirkung Kernstrahlung Kernenergie Anwendung Lehrbuch |
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