Pohřebiště na Loretánském náměstí v Praze - Hradčanech: archeologický výzkum Ivana Borkovského a jeho výsledky 1 Textové část
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Czech |
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2011
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| Schriftenreihe: | Castrum Pragense
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| Beschreibung: | 348 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9788087365304 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | SUMMARY
BURIAL GROUNDS AT
LORETÁNSKÉ
SQUARE IN PRAGUE
-
HRADČANY
The archaeological excavation of Ivan
Borkovský
and results thereof
1.
IVAN
BORKOVSKÝ
AND THE PRE-WAR ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION
AT
LORETÁNSKÉ
SQUARE IN PRAGUE
-
HRADČANY
Rescue excavation was undertaken almost
80
years ago at
Loretánské
Square
(Loretánské náměstí)
due to reconstruc¬
tion work on
Černínský
Palace. The City of Prague s Care of Monuments group delegated the task of heading the field
work to Ivan
Borkovský,
who since the year
1923
occasionally worked at the then State Institute of Archaeology in Prague
(* 8. 9. 1897
al
Čortovec
u
Horodenky, Ukraine;
f
17. 3. 1976
in Prague). Due to its close proximity to Prague Castle and
to the extent of the studied area (Figs.
7, 2
and
6),
the excavation at
Loretánské
Square is among the most significant exca¬
vations to have taken place within the historical centre of Prague s Early Middle Ages agglomeration. The excavation
is also one ol the earliest surface interventions in the complex
stratigraphie
environment of the Bohemian pre-urban and
urban organism. The excavation covering an area of approximately
200
ma unearthed burial grounds used over a longer
period of time and represent an area where, based on our knowledge today, over seven hundred deceased were laid to
rest
-
the first of which came to rest there during the Early Slavic period and the last during the Early Modern period.
Despite all his clear efforts,
I. Borkovský
was never able to conclude a comprehensive publication on the excavation.
The text from his find report (manuscript No. A.3
-
Borkovský
rkp. A.3), which was to have been its point of departure, wras
revised and modified several times, but remained unfinished and contains a number of mistakes. The necessary review,
started in
198 1,
of the field documentation and the sources stemming from this excavation showed that the terrain context
of the Square was significantly more complicated than indicated in the brief data which was preserved in manuscript form
or published after the author s excavation at
Loretánské
Square. Besides exposing a vast burial ground, the excavation also
showed unexpected evidence of the repeated alternation of burials with settlement activities for the advanced phase of the
Early Middle Ages and for the beginning of the ensuing period in an area situated at the edge of a continuously settled
territory of Prague s Early Middle Ages agglomeration. Only due to the use of modern documentation technology was it
possible now, several decades later, to complete the reconstruction and overall evaluation of the complicated find context.
The work is dedicated to the memory of Ivan
Borkovský.
2.
TRANSFORMATION OF
LORETÁNSKÉ
SQUARE OVERTIME
2.1
Topography and natural environment
Loretánské
Square is situated at the western end of the upper part of the
Hradčany
promontory {Figs.
2, 3
and
5).
The
Hradčan r
promontory is a distinct morphological formation making up the basic rugged terrain of the Prague Basin s
left bank, and providing an area suitable for settlement. Its steep slopes were shaped by the left-bank Vltava tributaries,
the
Malostranský
and
Brusnice
streams in Ordovician rock. The appearance of medieval
Loretánské
Square has changed
since, due to the vast terrain modifications conducted due to the construction of the baroque
Černínský
Palace at the end
of the 1660s and then to its reconstruction in the
1930s.
The southern end of the square reaches up to the peak of the
promontory and it is a location that, along with Prague Castle and
Petřín,
makes up the main dominating features of
the Prague Basin. This is also the site of one of the arterial routes leading eastwards towards the Prague
Častle
gate.
A large part of the square lies on a gentle northern slope of the upper part of the promontory {Fig.
2-5).
Here, the course
of today s contours is evidence of a shallow terrain depression opening towards the north, which may sometimes have
served also as a source basin.
2.2
Archaeological excavations at
Hradčany
The first archaeological activities at
Hradčany
(inside, as so as outside of the Prague Castle grounds) took place in
the first half of the 20th century. From the beginning this involved rescue excavations related to building activities and
reconstruction work. Among the most extensive activities undertaken at
Hradčany
(Fig.
6, 7)
were the excavations of
I. Borkovský
in
1934-1936
(Loretánské
Square; Fig.
6: 66)
and in
1944
(Hradčanské
Square; Fig.
6:
JOJ).
The number
of archaeological excavations at the western part of
Hradčany
(west of Prague Castle s main wall) grew substantially
during the first half of the
1980s.
Since then, the entire area of
Hradčany
has been studied in a systematic manner (Insti¬
tute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague
-
Prague Castle office).
337
The archaeological excavations of
Hradčany
provided evidence of the use of this area for settlement purposes from
as early as the Neolithic period. As of the early Middle Ages, settlement here was more or less continuous and it devel¬
oped primarily with regards to the establishment of the princely (thereafter royal) residence at the eastern part of the
Hradčany
promontory. The majority of the
Hradčany
excavations still await detailed evaluation. For the time being,
this is accessible only for the selected few, even if in terms of importance as initial excavations or part thereof. Obtaining
information on
Hradčany
is complicated to a large degree by damages to historical terrain due to intensive building
activities conducted in the distant past and recently. The latest overview of the results of archaeological activities at the
western part of the
Hradčany
promontory to date, which also includes information on the processing status of separate
excavations, is the study conducted by
/.
Boháčova
and
/.
Herichova
(2009).
2.3
Prehistoric
Hradčany
and
Hradčany
in the Early Middle Ages
Evidence of the presence of man in the western part of the
Hradčany
promontory for the period previous to the Early
Middle Ages is scant; only a few solitary finds from various phases of the prehistoric period are known. The only excep¬
tion is a layer with Neolithic stroked pottery found north of
Loretánské
Square. Solitary fragments of pottery are the only
traces of settlement in the Early Slavic period and the ensuing Early
Hillfort
period. A rare exception in this respect is
a find in situ of an cremation burial, found during excavation of the western part of
Loretánské
Square in
1935.
During the course of the Middle
Hillfort
period, the settlement of the western end of the promontory had grown sub¬
stantially. The early mediaeval settlement grounds of
Hradčany
ran from the main Prague Castle wall to at least the area
we know today as
Loretánské
Square. Despite a substantial level of damage caused in the Early Modern period
-
as was
the case with pottery fragments and other finds in secondary positions
-
preserved remains of in situ settlement layers
show evidence of continual and intensive settlement on the entire area of the grounds from the early decades of the
10tf) century at least (Fig.
7).
Also evidence of the presence of members of higher social ranks as well as the remnants
of craftwork, especially pyrotechnical, activities have been recorded. During this period, these grounds were apparently
settled on continuously and we can only assume that these grounds were separated into smaller settlement units. Burials,
which had earlier taken place along the perimeter of the settlement grounds, began to be carried out within the settlement
grounds during the 11th century. The question remains as to which part of the grounds was fortified during the Middle
Hillfort
and Late
Hillfort
periods. Only for the eastern part of the
Hradčany
foregrounds (i.e. the western foregrounds
of Prague Castle) do we have unambiguous evidence of fortifications, found in a short segment of its northern arm, which
were built onto the acropolis fortifications in two phases. As yet, we are unable to judge whether the settlement and burial
ground in the area of today s
Loretánské
Square was part of a fortified area of the
Hradčany
foregrounds, or whether it
was located outside of the wall [Fig.
3).
2.4
Hradčany
in the Middle Ages and in the Early Modern period
The future fourth town of Prague,
Hradčany,
was built west of Prague Castle sometime after the mid of the W1 cen¬
tury. The line of walled fortification at
Hradčany
of the 14th century can be marked out with a connecting line between
Jelení příkop
(Deer Moat) and
Úvoz,
which ran close to the eastern locality of
Loretánské
Square, where the
Strahovská
brána (Strahovská
Gate) was located on the main road leading from Prague Castle [Figs.
8
and
9).
From the beginning,
the composition of its inhabitants was largely based on the needs of Prague Castle. Under the reign of Charles IV
(1346-1378),
this mainly involved craft workers repairing the Castle and building the Cathedral of St Vitus. By the last
third of the 14lh century, the original marked out area of
Hradčany
had became too small and new burgher houses began
to be built outside of the initial fortification walls; the settlement of
Pohořelec
was established behind
Strahov
Gate in
1373.
Instigating changes after the I5lh century was the great fire of
Hradčany
and
Malá Strana
in
1541,
which paved the way
for the more significant urban restructuring of
Hradčany.
The en-masse rebuilding of burgher homes and building of new
noble palaces not only changed the composition of holdings of the inhabitants living there, but mainly transformed the
Gothic character of this part of Prague to one more Renaissance in character.
Hradčany
was designated a royal town by
Rudolf II
(1576-1612)
in
1598,
but despite this their feudal obligations from the previous period remained, such as the
guarding of prisoners at the
Dalibor
Tower or the gathering of hay at
Královská obora
(Royal deer-park). Nonetheless,
Hradčany
and
Malá Strana
blossomed and became a residential town which gained in popularity among the local and
foreign nobility, wealthy craftsmen, courtiers, various experts and suppliers to the court.
Several historical reports relating to a place of execution and executioners at
Hradčany
were preserved from the
15th and 16th centuries. It is not possible to determine the exact location of the sites related to in the reports. Due to some
executions taking place before the
Strahov
Gate, we can only but assume that they may have been linked to
Loretánské
Square, but we nevertheless still cannot rule out links to the square at
Hradčany.
The earliest preserved report of a place
of execution at
Hradčany
is linked to the execution of two pages in
1490,
who were sentenced by King Vladislav II;
another report refers to the execution in
1512
of two knights who were executed for robbery at
Hradčany
-
a depiction
of this can be seen at the Chapel of St Barbara in
Loretánská
St. and a report in
1588
on the execution of a murderer,
with a more exact location behind the
Strahovská
Gate.
.4.4
Я
Loretánské Square
gets its name from the
Loreto
-
it is a place of pilgrimage founded in
1626
and gained in impor¬
tance at the turn of the 18th century. The earliest known written account linked to
Loretánské
Square, as we know it today,
is the recount by the historian
Přibik
Pulka
va
of
Raděnín (f
1380),
who portrays events from the period of the beginnings
of Bohemian history. A more comprehensive account of the appearance of
Loretánské
Square however comes from
the Early Modern period. At the turn of the 17th century, two expansive burgher houses made up the southern border
of the residential buildings at the square: the House
U
zlaté koule
(At the Golden Orb) and across the small lane the
Kumerovský
House. The building of today s dominant feature, the
Černínský
Palace, in the last third of the 17th century
had a significant influence on the appearance of
Loretánské
Square (Figs.
4, 8, 12, 77
and
19).
Due to the building of this
palace (Fig.
11),
the two mentioned houses were demolished and in
1727-1732
and the Chapel of St Matthew was built
in their place [Figs.
8, 12, 13).
This chapel did not last long however, as the Emperor s decree ofjoseph II
(1780-1790),
dated
28
January
1783,
ordered the closing of all side chapels and places of prayer. The definite demise of the chapel
is linked to
1791
when it was sold as a source of cheap building material.
One of the earliest depictions of
Hradčany
after the
Strahov
Gate is the xylograph named the Prospect of Wroclaw
-Praga
Bohemiae metropolis accuratissime
expressa
by
Jan Kozel
and Michael Peterle, dated
1562
(Fig.
14).
A comprehensive
picture of Prague Castle and
Hradčany
is offered by the Codex
Borri
-
the work of general and engineer
Alessandro,
Marquis of
Borri
created in relation to the wall plans in
1638
(Fig.
15).
An overview of the development of
Hradčany
around the mid 18th century is offered by a map by an anonymous author, which
-
while primitive
-
clearly illustrates
the extent of the St Vitus parish (Fig.
16).
One of the most utilised period depictions of
Hradčany
is the drawing by Josef
Daniel Huber, dated
1769,
which relatively reliably captures the appearance of individual buildings (Fig.
7).
A Caspar
Pluth copperplate engraving coloured by
Filip
and
František Heger
dates to
1794
(Fig.
17).
The appearance of the lower
part of
Loretánské
Square is captured in two drawings from the first third of the 19th century (Figs.
18-19).
3.THE CIRCUMSTANCES SURROUNDING THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION
AT
LORETÁNSKÉ
SQUARE IN
1934-1936,
ITS COURSE AND PROCESSING
3.1
Excavation circumstances
The archaeological excavation of
Loretánské
Square commenced due to the lowering and widening of the street to
Loreto
and the modifications of the public area in front of
Černínský
Palace. The total area studied was approximately
200
m2 and the mass of the removed terrain reached up to
6
meters in some places (Figs.
21-23, 38-41).
The excavation
was primarily focussed on uncovering the ground plan of the baroque Chapel of St Matthew (built in
1727-1732
and
demolished before the end of the same century), the foundations of known Renaissance buildings removed due to the
construction of the
Černínský
Palace and on information that may have related to an area assumed here to be the site
of a medieval execution ground. According to preserved archive material, the excavation was however accompanied by
a lack of finances as well as by bad weather (Fig.
24).
The field work was carried out by workers provided by the Prague
commune, incl. occasional, so-called emergency workers (Borkomkj rkp. B).
3.2
I. BorkovskV s field excavation and documentation
The preserved primary documentation of the excavation is mainly comprised of a collection of field photographs from
1934
and
1935
(part II,
1.2),
ground plan sketches of graves (part
//, 7.
J
and Figs.
25-27)
and a sketch ofthe find context with
measurements which made up the overall excavation map (part II,
1.1
and addendum), supplemented by several cross-section
schemes (for modified section of excavation border see Fig.
33).
The initial manuscript notes contained data (words and
numbers, relative and absolute) on the subsoil context, the nature and thickness of the cultural layer,
stratigraphie
notes
and a sketch of the overall plan and terrain composition. Grave discrepancies were discovered during a review of the find
context and a comparison of the find report text and photos (i.e. incorrect age determination of deceased, incorrect
labelling or absence of graves), which significantly undermined its testimonial value.
Of the secondary documentation of the excavation, three versions have been preserved of the excavation report- manu¬
script describing the graves (manuscript No. A, version
1 -
continuous description of graves according to initial numbering,
version
2 -
separate sheets of grave descriptions, numerous modifications and renumbering of graves, version
3 -
type¬
script of intended find report, based on modified manuscript version
2),
separate manuscript
noto
and inventory of graves with
the (incomplete) transfer of two basic rows of
Borkovský s
entered grave records, and an acquisition list of finds, inventory
find tags and a fragment of the photographic documentation of the finds (see part
//, 2.1-2.4
and also Figs.
28-32, 34-37).
3.3
Terrain work procedure and excavation method (reconstruction)
The terrain work procedure can be seen mainly in the photographic documentation and its time-related data. Another
valuable source
ofinformation
on the course of the excavation are terrain sketches in which the individual excavation
339
phases
can be determined of a specific area, at least for some parts of the studied area, or at least the
timeframe
of grave
unearthing can be determined where photographic documentation is missing. A valuable guide for determining the
excavation process is the Hs numerical series which, to a certain level, respects the progress of the terrain work.
A homogenized cemetery horizon, i. e. stratigraphy created by repeated burials over the long-term, featured across
the majority of the studied area. Various types of documentation point to the fact that some of the graves remained
unearthed for several weeks. The speed at which the excavation advanced was naturally dependent on the number of
grave superpositions. Only the progress in general of the excavation can be reconstructed, and the duration in which
some graves remained unearthed can be determined only on an interval or relative basis (Fig.
40).
It also stems from
excavation documentation that the work continued even in very unfavourable weather conditions (April
1934,
November
1935),
when wet terrain in essence did not facilitate the preservation of finds nor
stratigraphie
monitoring. As a result
of these conditions, the documentation covering these phases of excavation is fragmented and grave labelling was also
duplicated in this period in some cases.
The excavation method is not entirely clear from the documentation. Photographs show that the terrain was not
excavated equally across the entire area; in
1934
and
193.5
the terrain was excavated successively in blocks of terrain
(Fig.
39, 41).
The walls of these blocks were however not used for documenting stratigraphy. The blocks were, as is
demonstrated by the images from the space at the Chapel of St Matthew (II,
1.2,
Figs.
6-7, 10-11)
unearthed in tier-like
fashion, most probably in small mechanical layers. The photographic documentation of all phases of excavation unam¬
biguously shows that not much attention was paid to the cleaning of covered terrain. On the other hand, it is evident from
the photographs taken that the unearthing process was conducted conscientiously, the mass of the uncovered layers was
not large and it is evident that efforts were made to minimise the risk of damages to the historic terrain or constructions.
3.4
I.
BORKOVSKÝ S
PROCESSING
I. Borkovský
most probably conducted the processing work in the
1950s
and, particularly, during the course of the
1960s.
A manuscript of a find report remained preserved from the later stages of processing, however I.
Borkovský
did not
consider it finalised and it was not handed over to the excavation report archive of the Archaeology Institute in Prague.
The fact that the excavation at
Loretánské
Square are ranked, in terms of the extent of the area studied and the amount of
finds, as one of the largest surface excavations in built-up settlement areas in the former Czechoslovakia, is also reflected
in the problems accompanying its processing and evaluation. It seems that
I. Borkovský,
in an attempt to rectify the errors
made during the initial recording of graves in the terrain, renumbered the graves at a certain stage of find report prepa¬
ration. These attempts were however not entirely successfully reflected in all the types of documentation and as a result
some graves were substituted for others and mistakes were made in the assigning of inventory numbers. At the same
time,
I. Borkovský
also evaluated the collection of finds and, over and above grave descriptions, his individual manu¬
script versions of the excavation report also include data on the chronology of grave goods and finds from grave fills.
The conclusion can be drawn from the records and the gradual modifications thereof that the author did change his
views on the chronology of the grave inventory and pottery. In general, these can be described as a change in dating
in the latest version of the excavation report to one of a hundred years earlier.
According to
Borkovský,
the significance of the excavation at
Loretánské
Square lay mainly in the uncovering of a large
burial ground. The total number of graves found is not known, although a manuscript of a find report states
592
graves,
where often-found secondarily placed human remains and some graves uncovered in situ were not included in this count.
By the brief information published on excavation, it can be concluded that
Borkovský
was not entirely aware of the
significance of settlement activities that were captured in the studied area
(Borkovský 1939a; Borkovský 1939b; Borkovský
1969, 35-37).
While
Borkovský
does note that there is discontinuity between the earliest burials of the Early Slavic
period and the first graves of the later Early Middle Ages, which he dates to the 9^1 century at the most , he does assume
that burials took place on a continuous basis until the 14th century. He understood some differences in burial rites as
evidence of the evolution thereof or as the social stratification of the inhabitants of
Hradčany.
He regarded the rarely
found burials of deceased in hunched positions and the square formation with a burnt-out base (i.e. hearth) lined with
stones as traces of acts relating to magic and rituals. He dated the establishment of the assumed place of execution to
the period after the cessation of the burial grounds.
3.5
Evaluation progress and results after
1984
Since
1984
the review and gradual evaluation of the excavation results took place in several phases and on an inter¬
mittent basis. After basic sorting of the documentation in the
1980s,
generally-focussed projects focussed on both the grave
inventory, which underwent special analyses
(2000-2002;
Tomková
ed. 2005),
and on the settlement context and find site
stratigraphy, including the relationship between burials and settlement activities, especially craftwork activities
(2005-2007;
Boháčova
2007;
Boháčova
-
Herichová
2009).
The aim of the current is to made accessible the basic excavation results and
present the source potential to the general public.
340
4.
THE METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATING ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION RESULTS
AND PROCESSING DOCUMENTATION
4.1
Work with field documentation and with the finds
The study of archive documentation and the excavation finds began with the identification of graves and a review
of their basic descriptions. Due to the fact that the testimony of several types of grave documentation, finds related to
these graves and their find context were not uniform for certain graves, a cross review of preserved documentation was
conducted. This review involved the identification of the grave in photographs, a comparison of the find situation with
its description in the manuscript excavation report and also a depiction on the excavation map. In the case of inconsis¬
tencies, the grave s find situation was verified in primary documentation (manuscript A.I and manuscript A.2) or field
sketches. In order to clearly distinguish the reviewed grave data from
I. Borkovský s
original data, a new numerical series
was created (H) to classify not the number of the grave, but rather the remnants of each of the identified buried indivi¬
duals. In this way burials and graves were positively differentiated from the original documentation and the records of the
specific buried individuals were simplified. In the majority of cases the
H
numerical series corresponds to the definitive
labelling numbering of graves by
I. Borkovský
(series labelled as Hn). An
H
number greater than
1000
(see Tab.
7)
was
used when this Hn number was not exist.
GIS
was used to illustrate the review results (erroneous labelling or position
of grave). The basic information layer is represented by the initial excavation map from the
1930s,
and another layer
represent a hypothetical range of the grave pit and position of other graves (or human remains without grave pits) not
captured on the map (see plans in the Supplement). The subsequent thematic layers of the map provide information on
the grave inventory and other characteristics of graves. The studied area was divided into
10
sectors to determine the
position of graves in the burial grounds. Sectors were also used to identify photographs. The number of graves for which
the identification of skeletal remains or an attendant grave inventory is not entirely clear is negligible, and amounts at
most to a nominal percentage of the total minimum number of buried individuals.
4.2
Burial ground evaluation
Information on the burial grounds, including a spatial analysis, was evaluated using the software
Geomedia
Profes¬
sional
6.2
(Intergraph Registered Research Laboratory of the Institute of Archaeology, Prague). The spatial analysis of
the burial grounds was based on a file of data in a MS Access database (Chapter
9,
Tab.
7)
containing data for graves and
burials whose descriptions did not contain any inconsistencies or for which the description was revised. Data concerning
gender, the position of the deceased and the treatment of the grave pits are not provided systematically in manuscript A.3
and in many cases are not amendable or verifiable. Due to the aforementioned circumstances, the age of the deceased
is recorded in the database only in basic age categories.
The position of the buried, the orientation of the grave and the treatment of grave pits were verified in photographic
documentation or sketches. Significant deviations from standard location and positions were indicated; grave orientation
was not verified for all graves, mainly in cases when the grave differed substantially from the basic orientation of the spe¬
cific part of the burial grounds.
The reconstruction of all
stratigraphie
relationships at a site with multiple cases of superposition proved unfeasible,
as they cannot be safely deduced from the preserved documentation. Special attention was also paid to clearly verified
stratigraphie
relationships that provide important information for defining basic burial phases.
4.3
Commentary on the presentation of field documentation and the find inventory
The final version of this excavation report manuscript
-
manuscript A.3
-
has been retyped and published in full
[Chapter
<?);
only obvious mistakes have been corrected (grammar and other formal errors), as these would undermine
the comprehensibility of the text. The original find report text is differentiated from annotation or additional text by
means of italics. Any inconsistencies between the description of graves and other types of documentation are dealt with
by the authors in the accessory commentary.
Part II contains the original
primar}
and secondary excavation documentation and the find inventory. Due to the vari¬
ety of sources, Part
//
is divided into three separate sections that present independently numbered documents. The first
section contains all preserved drawings and photographs except duplicates (plan, sketches;
//, 7.7-7.3).
The second section
provides a selection of facsimile of original written documents
(//, 2.7-2.4),
while the third section offers more recently
prepared documentation of finds from the cemetery horizon or finds important for establishing its origin and chronology
(//, 3.7-3.4).
Photographs of the studied site that best reflect the excavation progress are classified, where possible, chrono¬
logically according to excavation stages; grave details then maintain the sequence of numerical series H.
ЯД1
5.
THE BURIAL GROUNDS ON
LORETÁNSKÉ
SQUARE
(LORETÁNSKÉ NÁMĚSTÍ)
IN PRAGUE
-
HRADČANY
5.1
Material culture
The find contexts and a description of the preserved assemblage of grave goods, as well as artefacts and additional
finds from grave backfill are included in the annotated grave catalogue [Chapter
8;
for drawing documentation see II,
3.1).
Typical grave goods (knife, temple ring, coin), discovered outside of the grave context, and their find contexts are pre¬
sented in the commentary on the drawing documentation (II,
3.3, 3.4).
An overall summary of preserved small finds
of Early Medieval material culture that can at least theoretically be tied to grave finds is offered in Tab.
4-6,
a summary
of potsherds in Tab.
3.
Grave goods and finds from the cemetery horizon
Pottery
We can only claim an unequivocal connection between pottery and the burial ritual in the case of cremation burial
H
105.
Potsherd finds of Prague-type pottery permits the assumption of the existence of at least one other burial dating
to the same period at the studied site.
Also presented in addition to potsherds from grave backfill is a selection of pottery assemblages that define the course
or conclusion of burial (II,
3.2,
Figs.
49-56).
These assemblages together with pottery from grave backfill make it pos¬
sible to reconstruct the basic stratigraphy of the site. Only around
15%
of the graves contained pottery in their backfill.
The testimony of pottery from the grave backfill is only partially useful, and then with maximum caution, for dating the
graves. And yet, the absence or presence of pottery finds and their numbers is an important indicator for the intensity
of the settlement activity preceding burials at the given site (Figs.
59-61).
But this proposition does not apply to graves
studied under adverse weather conditions, the majority of which lack finds of any kind, and to sites at which the greater
part of the historical topsoil had been removed prior to excavation.
Metal
Metal finds among grave goods are represented mainly by small and simple jewellery in the form of temple rings
and rings, in more rare cases by simple jewellery or simple finds of a less common type made from cupper alloys.
The preserved assemblage of temple rings is not entirely complete. The current number of temple rings is
199
specimens
(originally up to
212);
their mean diameter is in the range of
11-66,5
mm, the diameter of the wire between
1-5
mm
(Fig.
46).
The basic types of temple rings are those clad in silver, silver temple rings or those with a high share of this
metal (according to the
2005
classification byj.
Frana,
В
1
and B2;
Frana
-
Tomková
2005)
and cupper alloy temple rings.
Clad temple rings
(24
specimens) make up a distinct group in which the diameter of the wire is mostly over
3
mm and
the diameter of the temple ring is less that
35
mm (Fig.
48).
Temple rings made of silver or a high share of silver
(16
spe¬
cimens) can be characterized as small and made of thinner wire, in some cases with a diameter of around
1,5
mm; the
temple rings mostly have an overall diameter of up to
16
mm (Fig.
49).
The most common temple rings are those made
of cupper alloy.
Rings (Tab.
6; 22
specimens, one of which has not been preserved) are of Medieval and Early Modern period origin.
The rings were made of bronze or white bronze, and were taken mainly from graves or the cemetery horizon
(16
preserved
specimens; for the find contexts of the remaining five specimens see Tab.
6).
The ring assemblage is made up of band
rings, rings from sticks with an oval, square or semicircular cross-section, and braided wire rings. The rings can also be
formally classified as open, closed, modified in various ways or with added elements. Six basic types of rings (Fig,
50)
appear in situ in graves or where there is a high probability of a link to grave goods. Four specimens from a secondary
position in Early Modem period contexts represent various types of rings, though always with a collet with a stone or glass.
The cup of a chalice and
a
palen
made of tin-plated bronze (H286) are remarkable finds from the grave of a clergy
member. A close analogy to these artefacts is the grave goods from the masonry tomb uncovered in the 3rd courtyard
at Prague Castle (Frolik
-
Siglová
2005).
Metal clothing accessories are represented by bronze loops, hooks and a small number of clasps from bronze or iron.
However, a relationship to a grave is undocumented for the most part for the latter of the aforementioned finds.
Additional metal finds include knives and several iron finds that are heavily corroded or in a state of ruin and their
function cannot be determined. These were retrieved from grave backfill, and it cannot be positively established that they
were grave goods. Some of these finds could, like the recorded iron spikes in the grave backfill, be connected to coffin
construction or hardware. Two fragments of lead stained glass frames retrieved from H14 at the Chapel of St Matthew can
be labelled as a remarkable find in the given context. A round lead find, apparently currency or a weight, was discovered
at the same grave.
342
Coins
Coins
appear with certainty as grave goods in Early Medieval (Fig.
51 ,
11th and 12th centuries) and Early Modern
period graves (Fig.
52;
16th century); additional Early and High Medieval and Early Modern period coins were also found
in the cemetery horizon (Fig.
53).
With respect to the dating, a Vladislaus II
denar
from the space between H268 and
220
could also be considered as a relocated grave find. The connection of a Regen-type
denar
(Fig.
53:
12883a) in the assem¬
blage of Early Modern period finds to a grave is not unequivocal.
Additional non-pottery finds among grave goods
Other grave goods include a flintstone (H105) in an early Slavic grave, a whet- or touchstone in the form of a pendant
(H109) and two necklaces (H241
-
glass, amber, H437
-
glass) in Early Medieval graves. Traces of textiles are documented
in the form of weave imprints on temple rings (H156H, Fig.
54),
while others come from the graves of executed indivi¬
duals (H567
-
silken fabric with metallic threads, H107
-
a wool(?) pouch with the aforementioned coin finds). Remnants
of a leather pouch with varied contents, including a knife and a bird s beak (domestic fowl?) and
alitile
fragment of string
(//, 3.7,
Fig.
35)
were retrieved from the grave of a man buried in an impious
(nonstandard)
manner (H294). Small
numbers of finds found in from the cemetery horizon were a glass ring from H357, a bronze bead and two bone rings, but
affiliation of these artefacts to grave goods cannot be proven.
Evidence of settlement activities in the cemetery horizon
The relatively high occurrence of slag and ferrous concretions (Tab.
4;
Fig.
62)
directly in the grave backfill is a conspicu¬
ous phenomenon. A less common find of a lump of highly homogeneous, high phosphorous metal was also recorded
(Hošek
2070).
The ferrous concretions were identified as low-quality iron ore and interpreted as a possible raw material.
Whorls fall into the category of rarely discovered finds. A whorl from the end of the Early Medieval period made from
characteristic pinkish stone, identified as Ukrainian soapstone, is a rare imported find
(Zavřel
2009a).
A torso is preserved from the assemblage of animal bone remnants. A total of only
100
animal bones were determined
(Peške
7984);
these form an inhomogeneous assemblage of animal remains from between the Early Medieval period and
the Early Modern period. The assemblage is dominated by large mammals, bird bones are rare (only a peacock bone
is present in the Early Modern period horizon). Several horse bones belonging to skeleton Hnl65 are noteworthy.
Grave finishing
Wood
-
the occurrence of wood cannot be verified in the majority of cases, and it is not even clear which type of burial
construction was used. The author of the excavation mostly reported the use of a coffin or boards, and a coffin carved
from the trunk of a tree is mentioned with several graves. Stone was used in six basic types of finish: continuous marlstone
lining, unconnected marlstone lining, individual stones, stones placed over the remains of the deceased, multiple tomb¬
stones above the grave pit, grave stones above the grave pit in the form of slabs and fragments of quarry stone worked to
a greater or lesser extent. The stone was taken from local sources. It is impossible to distinguish the types of stone finish
using the text of the excavation report. The presence of masonry graves can also not be ruled out (HI
15,
without human
remains, contained an assemblage of High Medieval vessels;
//, 2.7,
Foto
86).
Despite the condition of the preserved find
inventory, the absence of strip or other more opulent types of coffin hardware can be asserted.
5.2
Skeletal remains in situ
Elementary data regarding age and gender for the burial grounds as a whole are available only from archive docu¬
mentation, since at least
50%
of the total number of retrieved skeletal remains were left at the excavation site.
The area was used by the entire population (Fig.
55;
Tab.
7).
The burial grounds even contained the remains of mothers
that died in advanced stages of pregnancy or shortly after giving birth. Children s burials in the Infans
7
category (a total
of
3.9
cases verified in photos) represent just under
6%
of the recorded burials; these were found only in the southern and
most heavily used part of the burial grounds, scattered across almost this entire area, though not at its edges. This docu¬
ments the clear and common practice of integrating the smallest deceased children into the burial ground. Of the total
number of revisions of recorded burials (712/resp.
715
with pre-born child), approximately
16,4%
involved females,
22,3%
males,
23%
(164/resp.
167
individuals) children or adolescents and
38%
from adults
(174)
were either uncertain
or the gender was not provided (including relocated remains). From the perspective of gender and age composition,
the only grouping of the deceased recorded was a predominance of male burials in the northern part of the burial grounds.
Also recorded were anomalies such as robust or slender skeletons, various deformities (most frequently at the spine or
limbs), healed fractures, even in several instances at the graves of executed individuals. Originally preserved among finds
of material culture were vertebrae with traces of a violent death by beheading (Fig.
57).
The graves were divided into
10
groups according to the manner in which the remains were laid to rest (Fig.
56).
The majority of burials in these groups
ЧД.Ч
[Tab. 7)
represent
standard
pious burials in a stretched, supine position, with the differences found mainly in the way the
arms were placed. Others could be a variation on a standard pious burial, impious burial
nonstandard,
i. e.
bodies that
were simply thrown into the grave pit. Graves with two or more individuals are regarded also as a special,
nonstandard
category. It is not always possible to prove that these cases involved a double grave, or that remains weren t simply added
later to an earlier grave. These graves appear in the following combinations: child
-
child, child
-
woman, woman
-
man.
The orientation of graves was assessed and recorded in the database, mainly according to the excavation map with
an awareness of the fact that the depiction on the map needn t be entirely credible. Fig.
58
offers general conclusions on
basic grave orientation trends. The most frequent occurrence of atypical grave orientation was recorded in the northern
part of the burial grounds.
6.
SETTLEMENT AND BURIAL. THE CHRONOLOGY OF SITE DEVELOPMENT
6.1
Site stratigraphy
It can be assumed that a cultural layer with a depth of around
50
cm existed in the southern part of the studied area
prior to the commencement of burials. This layer was transformed by repeated burials into a more or less homogenous
cemetery horizon that was also settled on (perhaps only marginally in this part of the studied area) at the turn of the High
Middle Ages. A cemetery horizon with a depth that was up to twice the thickness was documented at the site of numerous
cases of grave superposition to the north, northeast and east of the Chapel of St Matthew, especially to the west and
northwest of the hearth. We can also identify in this area, in agreement with the author of the excavation, the former
surface level of the cemetery. The historical topsoil at the eastern edge of the studied area north of the Renaissance
houses was not preserved at a greater thickness prior to the commencement of excavation. In the western part at the
border of the excavation a substantial part of the stratigraphy was uncovered just before the beginning of the actual
excavation
(Д
7.2,
photos
38-57),
mostly likely resulting in the damage and contamination of the remnants of earlier
historical terrains. The historical terrain was also completely removed in the area immediately north of the Renaissance
houses; the northernmost part of our studied area was impacted earlier by significant terrain changes, the extent of which
can no longer be reconstructed.
6.2
Basic horizons in the development of the site and their chronology
The earliest settlement phase is the Middle
Hillfort
period settlement horizon; this appeared in the western half of the
studied area in the backfill of grave pits in the form of a smaller pottery assemblage (Fig.
59;
more than
200
fragments;
symbols RS3 or SH). A similar distribution of finds, though with a greater intensity of finds, was also recorded for earlier
Late
Hillfort
period potter) (middle of the
10*
century
-
second half of the
1
l h century; Late
Hillfort 1
period
- 854
pieces;
symbols RS4_1 or MH_1). The situation did not change much for the following advanced phase of the Early Medieval
period [Fig.
60;
12th century, possibly extending into the earlier or later period, at most the first half of the
ІЗ 11
century
-
1411
pieces; Late
Hillfort
Ages
2 -
symbols RS4_2 or MH_2 and the High Middle Ages
1 -
symbol VS1), with the dif¬
ference being that pottery from this period was found over a smailer section of the studied area and the fact that we
encountered numerous cases of intact vessels or their larger fragments (Fig.
42-45).
The distribution of the potsherds
documents settlement activity on the gentle western slope of the depression from the Middle
Hillfort
period up to the
beginning of the High Middle Ages. In the southern part of the burial grounds, where the terrain gradually runs to the
crest of the promontory, the area with potsherds from the earlier phase of the Early Medieval period stretches somewhat
farther to the east. Settlement in the Early Medieval period and in the beginning of the High Middle Ages alternated
with burials that proceed over the settlement area most distinctly to the southeast and also partially to the northeast.
The cemetery horizon was disrupted on the south side by building activity at the end of the 16 11 century, whereas the surface
of this horizon could have been damaged or contaminated by activities in later periods (Fig.
61).
The latest discernible
phase of settlement stratigraphy
-
the Early Medieval settlement or the settlement at the beginning of the High Middle
Ages (Late
Hillfort
Ages
2
or the High Middle Ages
1)
included a production zone, evidence of which came in the form
of numerous finds probably of blacksmith products and lumps of raw material (Fig.
62).
One feature that can be con¬
nected with this activity is the hearth
-
the feature with a burned bottom lined with stones and separated from the sur¬
rounding area both by a wooden frame and vertically laid stones; products of the pyrotechnological process (convex pigs
iron, slag) were discovered repeatedly in the vicinity of the feature. Originally identified by the author of the excavation as
a ritual fireplace, the feature was later interpreted as part of forge equipment
(Boháčova
2007).
The bottom of the feature
forms a distinct dividing point between the earlier (in general the period between the
1
11 1 and 12th centuries) and the later
(in general between the second half of the 13th century and the 16th century) burial horizon.
. -U/t
6.3
Burial stages and their chronology
Earl/er burial phases (Early Middle Ages)
The earliest Early Medieval skeletal graves that can be dated archaeologically are graves with denars issued by Vrati-
slaus II
(1061-1092).
Two of these are situated in the location with the highest intensity of burials (northern edge of
S
4).
One of the graves (H160) disrupts an earlier grave (H161). It was rare for graves with Late
Hillfort
grave goods to disrupt
eariier burials; these cases of superposition were recorded exclusively in the southern half of the studied area (Fig.
63: 4).
The overall area of the Early Medieval burial grounds reveals a distribution of graves with grave goods typical for the
Early Medieval period
-
namely temple rings and, in sporadic cases, additional Late
Hillfort
jewellery or other finds
[Figs.
63: 1-3).
This documents the fact that Early Medieval burials overlap with the area on which Early Medieval set¬
tlement is assumed.
It is possible to state that extensive burial grounds were established at the prior settlement site during the course of
the second half of the IIth century. Due to the fact that only approximately a quarter of the total number of graves with
Late
Hillfort
grave goods disrupt earlier graves and that the regular placement of graves can be seen in north-south rows
{Fig.
63),
we assume that the burial grounds were originally linear and that they gradually spread to the west slope of the
depression (facing east); more intensive burials were conducted in the southern part, near the ridge of the promontory,
where they evidently continued over the imaginary eastern border of the burial grounds, copying the axis of the depres¬
sion. Due to the fact that at least
56
graves contained Early Medieval grave goods (usually from
10
to
30
percent from
burial ground in Early Medieval Bohemia
-
Klápště
1994, 139-140;
Nechvátal
1999;
Boháčova
2003 ed., 224),
it is possible
to assume that the original number of graves from this period could range from
190
to
560
(comp.
Figs.
63, 64
and
66, 67).
The moment at which the number of cases of grave superposition rose to a level that permits us to speak of multiple super¬
imposed graves unclear for now.
Later burial phase (High Middle Ages, Early Modern period)
We have three aspects available to establish the stages of the later phase of burials (Fig.
65) -
grave goods (coins and
other finds such as parts of clothing), potsherds in backfill and the
stratigraphie
position of the graves (difficult to use in
the absence of grave goods). Graves with larger assemblages of late High Medieval or Early Modern period pottery are
concentrated in the central part of the studied area, in a location with relatively sparsely distributed burials and at the
northern edge of the burial grounds. Three graves with Early Modern period pottery in the backfill are also found in
the southern part of the burial grounds, though all of these graves are disrupted by Early Modern period structures, and
lhe
affiliation of the Early Modern period fragments to graves cannot be proven. Of the nearly twenty graves datable
to the late High Middle Ages
(
14th and first half of the 15th century, symbol VS2)
-
Early Modern period (from the sec¬
ond half of the 15th to first half of the 17th century, symbol RN or N), three-quarters had a non-standard orientation or
burial method; the northern part of the grounds in particular clearly contained the graves of individuals executed by
beheading. Nevertheless, it can be assumed that several additional graves of individuals buried in an impious manner
or executed, located in the southern part of the burial grounds, come from the same period, since those that occur in
locations with multiple cases of grave superposition belong to the latest stage of burial. The burial of a burned man (H24)
uncovered at the site of the future Chapel of St Matthew probably dates to this latest stage. This circumstance defies
the potential general trend of divided spaces intended for the burial of social outcasts
-
including those condemned
and violently executed
(comp.
Mašková
2009;
Sokol
2008).
The dating of the earliest graves with impious burials is still
unknown, and the continuity or discontinuity of burials in the later stage remains an open question. A gap between the
latest High Middle Age burials and Early Modern period burials cannot be ruled out.
6.4
A DISCUSSION ON THE TOPIC OF BURIALS IN THE SETTLEMENT, SETTLEMENT IN THE BURIAL GROUNDS,
AN UNDOCUMENTED CHURCH, THE GRAVE OF A PRIEST AND A NEIGHBOURING BLACKSMITH
Graves disrupted by burials with Late
Hillfort
grave goods, graves with Late
Hillfort
grave goods and graves with
backfill containing only pottery from the Middle Hillfort and earlier phase of the Late
Hillfort
period, surround in the
centre of the southern part of the studied area an open space approximately oval in shape (lengthwise axis with an E-W
orientation approximately
15
m
in length, crosswise around
12
m
in length and open from the north-east), in which the
earliest indentified graves are not found and in which only grave belonging to the later burial horizon occur. Uncovered
in this space was a structure with an apse (Fig.
68),
perhaps with an oval floor plan, built with masonry and mortar, and
it was described by
I. Borkovský
as a base wall covered with mortar without preserved peripheral masonry (for situation
see general excavation map; for description see the facsimile of manuscript A.I
-
Fig.
68;
see also
//, 1.2,
Photograph
No.
38, 40, 42, 54, 55).
λ
A-
The author of the excavation interpreted this structure as belonging to the High Middle Ages or Early Modern period.
The description of the find situation is insufficient and the testimony of the sketches and other archive documentation is
not uniform (the sketches apparently differ; II
7.3,
Figs.
76-77;
for detail see I, Fig.
25-26;
but the masonry of the struc¬
ture apparently covers several graves
-
II,
1.2,
Foto
54).
At the same time, it appears that the mentioned graves from
the earlier phase of burial respect this space by their placement and also, partially, by their orientation; the orientation
of some of the graves changes symmetrically in the east-west direction with the hypothetical axis of the feature. Located
directly to the west and south of the structure is a space with the most intensive burials and many other indicators testi¬
fying to the extraordinary importance of this site. For example, situated to the west of it are two graves with denars,
the remarkable child s grave
102
in a stone tomb and masonry feature
H
115;
to the south is the apparently medieval
(impossible to date with greater accuracy) grave H286 with grave goods belonging to a member of the clergy. It is striking
that the edge of the
intensivei}·
used area of the burial grounds surrounding the empty space seems to be also delimited
by graves with rings that belong to the later medieval horizon (High Middle Ages). The importance of the presented
information becomes apparent in connection with the question of the existence of the speculated, though unproven,
sacred structure. Also curious is the fact that the graves of three women who died in advanced stages of pregnancy or
during birth are found near the particular space. Two of these graves lie just west of the open space, the third to the south.
All three graves are of medieval age; the earliest is accompanied by a typical Late
Hillfort
grave good
-
a silver clad
temple ring. The accentuated placement of the graves in the central part of the burial grounds is unequivocal proof of
the integration of these women among the other deceased.
With respect to the necessity of additional study of the described find situation, a variety of model situations of the
development of the burial grounds were formulated for further testing. These address the possible relationship between
the settlement and documented craftwork activities and burials, their continuity or discontinuity, mutual spatial relation¬
ships and the question of the possible existence of a scared structure. On the basis of the information currently available,
it would appear most likely that there was a general trend toward the transformation of the originally extensive linear
burial grounds into layered burial grounds with repeatedly superimposed graves surrounding the church structure.
Masonry of an unknown age recorded by the author of the excavation is a relic of the later phase of the structure, which
could have been a wooden structure originally. In any case, no traces of the structure remain and its existence is indi¬
cated solely by the layout of the graves. The establishment of the superimposed graves could have temporarily freed
up space for specific trade activities (possibly a forge
-
but the working of non-ferrous metal is also documented) in the
immediate vicinity of the structure; these could also have been connected to the operation of the church or cemetery
grounds. Following the construction of the High Medieval town fortifications,
Loretánské
Square was likely pushed to
the outskirts of life in
Hradčany.
As such, at least after
1420,
it could have easily been used over the long-term as a burial
site for condemned people and other social outcasts; the site could have likewise been used for burials of the regular
population. The existence of the speculated building would have ended in this period at the latest, and along with it
convincing evidence that it had once stood at the site.
7.
LORETÁNSKÉ
SQUARE IN PRAGUE
-
HRADČANY
IN THE MIDDLE AGES
AND EARLY MODERN PERIOD, AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES (CONCLUSION)
For years, the archaeological rescue excavation of
Loretánské
Square represented one of the most significant activities
in the historical centre of the Prague agglomeration, both with regard to the scope and importance of the project, but
especially due to the amount and nature of the sources uncovered. To this day these sources are regarded as one of the
basic pillars of Prague archaeology, despite a limited and varied testimonial value resulting from the amount of time
that has passed between the completion of the field work and their current presentation. The aim of the two-volume
publication is to make available the inventory of sources relating to the extensive burial grounds that were used over
a long period of time in various phases of the development of the Early and High Middle Ages and the Early Modern
period. The grounds are unique in the fact that their function was not continuous and that settlement activity returned
repeatedly to at least part of the area. The relationship between settlement and burial was an aspect that could not be
ignored in the present-day processing of sources.
The establishment o{ the Early and High Medieval phases of the development in the space of today s
Loretánské
Square was supported solely by archaeological dating based on knowledge of the changes in the Prague pottery sequence
and the dating capacity of grave goods. In this respect, coins
-
mainly denars from the
1
1th-12th centuries
-
played
a specific role as obols for the deceased. The coins apparently date also the approximate end of burials at the studied
site
-
at the earliest in the final quarter of the 16th century. Historical sources only provide an absolute chronology in
the case of
Loretánské
Square for the Early Modern period and later years (the existence of the House
U zlaté
koule
documented to
1596,
the building of the
Loreto
in
1626,
the beginning of construction on the
Černínský
Palace in
1668
and the construction of the Chapel of St Matthew in
1726;
treated in greater detail in Chapter
2.4.3).
An earlier report
on the founding of the
Pohořelec
settlement
(1373)
cannot be unequivocally tied to the studied site.
If we disregard the isolated, in situ documented cremation burial from the early Slavic period, we can define two basic
horizons of burial on the grounds (Fig.
64, 65).
The first, the Early Medieval horizon, beginning around the middle of the
346
11th century, represents linear burial grounds with graves spread over the entire studied area. Burials in this horizon
reached their greatest density in the northern half of the southern part of the burial grounds; burials gradually thinned
out to the north and south, and only isolated graves were found at the north edge of the burial grounds. Burial continues
to the east on unstudied ground, whereas burial did not continue toward the west in a greater intensity. The part of the
burial grounds used the most is also surrounded by the earliest reliably dated graves (graves with Vratislaus II denars
and a grave that extends into one of these, as well as graves that are disrupted by graves with Late
Hillfort
grave goods).
The most common type of grave goods are temple rings. Sets from one to five pairs are proved. The relation between
the smallest temple rings and graves of children or young girls
(comp.
Stefan
2010, 184-185)
are often documented.
The sets seems to be homogenous. However, there are only some examples of the combination of silver (or clad in silver
rings) and bronze rings of different dimensions.
The graves were set in the settlement layer, only several dozen centimetres thick, which formed on the gentle slope
of a smaller terrain depression running from the crown of the
Hradčany
promontory to the north. The beginning of
settlement dates at the latest to the end of the Middle
Hillfort
period (the first half of the
IO 1
century), while the end
of settlement activity in this phase around the middle of the
11 ^
century is determined congruently by potsherds in
the backfill of the graves and denars among the grave goods.
Not as precisely demarcated, the later burial
hori2on
includes graves whose goods are less frequently and with less
certainty connected to the High Medieval period, somewhat more often to the Early Modem period. A gap between High
Medieval and Early Modern period burial cannot be ruled out. What is clear for now is a link between the Early Modern
period of burial and the graves of executed individuals, the impiously buried and the deceased that were simply thrown
into pits. These graves are concentrated in the northern part of the burial grounds, a section that seems to be spatially iso¬
lated from the main burial area. However, graves of the same nature are found scattered over the entire studied surface.
The clear division between the later and early burial horizons would not be possible without the existence of a dis¬
tinct dividing point, represented exclusively in this case by a feature labelled by
I. Borkovský
as a hearth, more recently
as part of a forge. The period of this feature s existence is documented mainly by a vessel preserved in situ, along with
additional potsherds from this vessel at its edge; the pottery bears morphological and technological signs that fall into
the period between the Early and High Middle Ages (second half of the 12th, first half of 13th centuries). We cannot
dismiss that settlement activity at the turn of the High Middle Ages was concentrated exclusively in this part of the
grounds, especially in its western half, and that burial continued uninterrupted on the rest of the grounds even if only
in the course of the High Middle Ages or up to the end of the Early Modern period. The High Medieval stage of burial
is documented mainly by small numbers of Gothic rings in graves situated in multiple superpositions and the upper level
of graves with stone tombstones; bracteate coins from the third quarter of the 14th century retrieved from the cemetery
iwrizon could also possibly be considered as indirect evidence. But for now we are unable to determine when the indivi¬
duals buried in an impious manner or those that died a violent and unusual death were first laid in the grounds of today s
Loretánské
Square; the end of burial at this location likewise remains unclear.
We still haven t managed to verify whether the latest burial activity was concentrated in the northern part of the burial
grounds or whether this outlying area was still used for burying executed individuals in the period of the Renaissance
development that covered the southern part of the burial grounds. Mentions in written sources of a place of execution
outside the
Strahov
gate or in
Pohořelec
support this possibility. At the same time, we also assume that the area no longer
served as burial grounds at the time the
Loreto
was built.
On a hypothetical level, the existence of a sacred structure can be considered for the second half of the 11th century
at the latest, since the central part of the burial grounds features an openly oriented space surrounded by the earliest graves
and which partially respect their orientation. The most significant of these graves are concentrated just west or south
of this space.
Additional studies on material culture or find situations are certainly necessary, and there will have to be a comparison
of available examples, at least on a Central European scale. This publication is a basic point of departure for these further
studies, despite the fact that not all the inconsistencies in the documentation and find inventory could be clarified.
8.
GRAVE CATALOGUE
The basic grave descriptions are retyped from
I. Borkovský s
excavation report, with added commentary, a basic
description of find contexts, as well as information on the contents of grave backfill and grave goods.
9.
BASIC GRAVE REGISTER, DATA INDICES
Basic data
-
see tables No.
1-9.
•a a
7
Díl
I.
Textová část
Obsah
1.
Ivan Borkovský a předválečný archeologický výzkum Loretánského náměstí
v Praze
-
Hradčanech
(IB
-
GB)
.............................................................. 7
2.
Loretánské náměstí na Hradčanech v proměnách času
2.1
Topografie a přírodní prostředí
(IB)
.................................................... 9
2.2
Archeologický výzkum Hradčan
(IB
-GB)
............................................ 10
2.3
Hradčany v pravěku a raném středověku
(IB)
.......................................... 13
2.4
Hradčany ve středověku a v novověku (GB)
.......................................... 16
2.4.1
Historie Hradčan v písemných pramenech a historiografii
.............................. 16
2.4.2
Hradčanské popraviště
................................................................ 18
2.4.3
Loretánské náměstí v písemných pramenech a historiografii
............................ 22
2.4.4
Loretánské náměstí v ikonografických pramenech
...................................... 25
3.
Archeologický výzkum Loretánského náměstí v letech
1934-1936
(IB)
3.1
Okolnosti výzkumu
.................................................................... 28
3.2
Terénní výzkum I. Borkovského a jeho dokumentace
................................ 28
3.2.1
Primární dokumentace
................................................................ 28
3.2.2
Sekundární dokumentace
............................................................ 36
3.2.3
Nálezový fond a jeho evidence
...................................................... 38
3.3
Postup terénních prací a metodika výzkumu
-
rekonstrukce
........................ 41
3.4
Zpracování výzkumu I. Borkovským
.................................................. 45
3.5
Postup a dílčí výsledky zpracování výzkumu po r.
1984 ............................ 47
4.
Metodika zpracování a prezentace výzkumu
I.
Borkovského
4.1
Práce
s
terénní dokumentací a nálezovým fondem
(IB)
.............................. 48
4.2
Vyhodnocení pohřebiště
(IB)
.......................................................... 51
4.2.1
Obecná a chronologická terminologie
-
komentář
к
vybraným pojmům
.................. 51
4.2.2
Popisné kategorie užité pro deskripci a analýzu pohřebiště
.............................. 52
4.3
Komentář
к
prezentaci dokumentace a nálezového fondu
(IB
-
GB)
.................. 53
5.
Pohřebiště na Loretánském náměstí v Praze
-
Hradčanech
(IB)
5.1
Hmotná kultura
........................................................................ 55
5.1.1
Hrobová výbava a nálezy ze hřbitovního horizontu
.................................... 55
5.1.2
Úprava hrobů
........................................................................ 66
5.2
Kosterní pozůstatky
in situ..............................................................
68
6.
Sídlení a pohřbívání. Vývoj lokality a )eho chronologie
(IB)
6.1
Stratigrafie
lokality
...................................................................... 74
6.2
Základní horizonty vývoje osídlení lokality a jejich chronologie
.................... 75
6.2.1
Raný středověk a počátek vrcholného středověku
...................................... 75
6.2.2
Mladší fáze vrcholného středověku a raný novověk
.................................... 80
6.3
Etapy pohřbívání a jejich chronologie
................................................ 81
6.3.1
Raný středověk
...................................................................... 81
6.3.2
Vrcholný středověk a raný novověk
.................................................... 84
6.4
O pohřbívání na sídlišti, sídlení na pohřebišti, nedoloženém kostele, hrobu kněze
a sousedu kovářovi (Diskuse)
.......................................................... 89
6.5
Poslední kapitola pohřbívání (GB)
...................................................... 93
7.
Závěr
(IB)
...................................................................................... 95
8.
Katalog hrobů
(IB
-
GB)
...................................................................... 97
9.
Základní evidence hrobu a rejstříky dat
(IB)
................................................ 293
Literatura, prameny a elektronické zdroje
...................................................... 333
Summary
.......................................................................................... 337
Errata ..........................................................................................
348
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Boháčová, Ivana 1954- Blažková, Gabriela 1974- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)137084358 (DE-588)1051091268 |
| author_facet | Boháčová, Ivana 1954- Blažková, Gabriela 1974- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Boháčová, Ivana 1954- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041847971 |
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| id | DE-604.BV041847971 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:06:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788087365304 |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027292501 |
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| physical | 348 S. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
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| series | Castrum Pragense |
| series2 | Castrum Pragense |
| spelling | Boháčová, Ivana 1954- Verfasser (DE-588)137084358 aut Pohřebiště na Loretánském náměstí v Praze - Hradčanech archeologický výzkum Ivana Borkovského a jeho výsledky 1 Textové část Ivana Boháčová ; Gabriela Blažková 2011 348 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Castrum Pragense 11 Blažková, Gabriela 1974- Verfasser (DE-588)1051091268 aut (DE-604)BV041847951 1 Castrum Pragense 11 (DE-604)BV035291135 11,1 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027292501&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027292501&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Boháčová, Ivana 1954- Blažková, Gabriela 1974- Pohřebiště na Loretánském náměstí v Praze - Hradčanech archeologický výzkum Ivana Borkovského a jeho výsledky Castrum Pragense |
| title | Pohřebiště na Loretánském náměstí v Praze - Hradčanech archeologický výzkum Ivana Borkovského a jeho výsledky |
| title_auth | Pohřebiště na Loretánském náměstí v Praze - Hradčanech archeologický výzkum Ivana Borkovského a jeho výsledky |
| title_exact_search | Pohřebiště na Loretánském náměstí v Praze - Hradčanech archeologický výzkum Ivana Borkovského a jeho výsledky |
| title_full | Pohřebiště na Loretánském náměstí v Praze - Hradčanech archeologický výzkum Ivana Borkovského a jeho výsledky 1 Textové část Ivana Boháčová ; Gabriela Blažková |
| title_fullStr | Pohřebiště na Loretánském náměstí v Praze - Hradčanech archeologický výzkum Ivana Borkovského a jeho výsledky 1 Textové část Ivana Boháčová ; Gabriela Blažková |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pohřebiště na Loretánském náměstí v Praze - Hradčanech archeologický výzkum Ivana Borkovského a jeho výsledky 1 Textové část Ivana Boháčová ; Gabriela Blažková |
| title_short | Pohřebiště na Loretánském náměstí v Praze - Hradčanech |
| title_sort | pohrebiste na loretanskem namesti v praze hradcanech archeologicky vyzkum ivana borkovskeho a jeho vysledky textove cast |
| title_sub | archeologický výzkum Ivana Borkovského a jeho výsledky |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027292501&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027292501&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV041847951 (DE-604)BV035291135 |
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