Oružništvo Nezavisne Države Hrvatske: redarstveno tijelo i vojna postrojba 1941. - 1945.
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Croatian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Zagreb
Despot Infinitus [u.a.]
2014
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Biblioteka Hrvatska povijest
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 391 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9789537892210 9789537840259 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Oružništvo Nezavisne Države Hrvatske |b redarstveno tijelo i vojna postrojba 1941. - 1945. |c Davor Kovačić |
| 264 | 1 | |a Zagreb |b Despot Infinitus [u.a.] |c 2014 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1806961910093971456 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
SADRŽAJ
PREDGOVOR
.9
UVOD
.
И
DOSADAŠNJI REZULTATI HISTORIOGRAFIJE U PROUČAVANJU
ORUŽNIŠTVA NDH
.11
PRVI DIO
.15
ULOGA ORUŽNIŠTVA (ŽANDARMERIJE) U DRUŠTVU KROZ POVIJEST
.15
Posebnosti oružništva (žandarmerije) u usporedbi
s
redarstvenim
(policijskim) i vojnim sustavima
.17
Povijest oružništva u Hrvatskoj
.20
Žandarmerija Kraljevine Jugoslavije
.23
DRUGI DIO
.29
DJELOVANJE ORUŽNIŠTVA I USPOSTAVA NEZAVISNE DRŽAVE HRVATSKE
.29
TREĆI DIO
.41
USTROJ, HIJERARHIJA I ORGANIZACIJA SLUŽBE ORUŽNIŠTVA NDH
.41
Ustroj Oružništva NDH
.43
Hijerarhija Oružništva NDH i oružnički činovi
.65
Obavljanje oružničke službe
-
osobine i ponašanje oružnika prigodom
obavljanja službe
.70
ČETVRTI DIO
.87
OSNOVNA OBILJEŽJA DJELOVANJA ORUŽNIŠTVA NDH
1941.-1945.87
Osnovna obilježja djelovanja oružništva tijekom
1941.
godine
.89
Napadi na oružništvo
1941.
godine
.105
Osnovna obilježja djelovanja oružništva tijekom
1942.
godine
.111
Napadi na oružništvo
1942.
godine
.124
5
Osnovna obilježja djelovanja oružništva tijekom
1943.
godine
.135
Napadi na oružništvo
1943.
godine
.144
Osnovna obilježja djelovanja oružništva tijekom
1944.
godine i do
sloma NDH
.150
Suradnja oružnika
s
partizanima
.153
Povratak oružnika iz partizanskog i četničkog zarobljeništva
.158
PETI DIO
.161
ODNOS ORUŽNIŠTVA NDH PREMA KRALJEVINI ITALIJI
.161
Odnos Oružništva NDH i Kraljevine Italije do potpisivanja Rimskih ugovora
.163
Odnos Oružništva NDH i Italije nakon potpisivanja Rimskih ugovora
.166
Odnos Oružništva NDH prema Kraljevini Italiji
1942.-1943.
godine
.180
Oružništvo poslije kapitulacije Italije i uspostava vlasti NDH
u bivšoj Drugoj zoni
.195
ŠESTI DIO
.201
ODNOS ORUŽNIŠTVA NDH PREMA TREĆEM
REICHU
.201
Odnos Oružništva NDH premaTrećem
Reichu
do kapitulacije Italije
.203
Odnos Oružništva NDH prema Trećem
Reichu
poslije kapitulacije Italije
.214
SEDMI DIO
.229
ODNOS ORUŽNIŠTVA
S
REDARSTVENIM, VOJNIM I SUDSKIM
VLASTIMA NDH
.229
Odnos oružništva
s
Ministarstvom unutarnjih poslova, Ravnateljstvom za javni red i
sigurnost i Ustaškom nadzornom službom
.231
Odnos
Eugena
Dide Kvaternika, ravnatelja RAVSIGUR-a i zapovjednika UNS-a sa
zapovjednikom oružništva Vilkom Pečnikarom
.246
Odnos oružništva
s
domobranstvom NDH
.250
Odnos oružništva prema ustašama, Ustaškoj vojnici i ostalim
ustaškim postrojbama
.261
Oružništvo i sudstvo NDH
.274
OSMI DIO
.283
POLOŽAJ SRBA U ORUŽNIŠTVU NDH
.283
DEVETI DIO
.291
POPUNJAVANJE I IZOBRAZBA ORUŽNIŠTVA
.291
Javne priredbe i manifestacije za oružnike
pitomce
.302
DESETI DIO
.315
SMJEŠTAJ, MORAL I STEGA ORUŽNIKA
.315
JEDANAESTI DIO
.325
PROCJENE
О
BROJČANOM STANJU ORUŽNIŠTVA
.325
ZAKUUCAK
.331
PRILOZI
.337
IZVORI I LITERATURA
.359
SUMMARY
.367
KAZALO OSOBA
.373
DODATAK
.379
Kronologija važnijih događaja u NDH
1941.-1945.379
KRATICE
.389
BIUEŠKA
О
AUTORU
.391
SUMMARY
The constabulary or the gendarmerie is the auxiliary corps that serves to maintain public order
and safety. The constabulary is a military unit responsible for carrying out police tasks, although
some may perform military tasks, and often serve to perform humanitarian missions (example;
search and rescue). Depending on the countries, the constabulary may be under the jurisdiction
of the Ministry of Defense or the Ministry of Interior, or under the authority of both ministries.
In some countries the term used for the constabulary is military police; military police, however,
have the power to deal only with military personnel. The constabulary is the main link between
the gendarmerie and the army, specifically well trained for situations that exceed the capa¬
bilities of police, but still do not justify the use of the army. Unlike the police who are usually
confined within cities, the constabularies tend to serve in smaller towns and in the country side.
The constabulary in the
Banovina
of Croatia acted within the Royal Hungarian Croatian
-
Slavonian Constabulary Command, which had headquarters in Zagreb, and the official language
of the Croatian Constabulary was Croatian. The Constabulary in
Dalmaţia
and
Istria
remained
within the Imperial
-
Royal Constabulary after the
Austro
-
Hungarian compromise. This situati¬
on essentially held up until the dissolution of the
Austro
-
Hungarian Empire in
1918.
The Yugoslav gendarmerie reflected Serbian domination, and former members of the Croa¬
tian Constabulary were few and neglected. The gendarmerie of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was
infamous for conducting a regime of terror. With the establishment of the Croatian
Banovina
unsuccessful personnel changes were taken to cease the gendarmerie from being a source of
state repression in Croatia. The relationship between local (Croatian) government and mem¬
bers of the gendarmerie was often tense and full of controversy and conflict. Regulation of
Constabulary Croatian
Banovina
was signed on
5
April
1941;
but soon the Axis powers attack on
Yugoslavia began and this regulation as well as other decisions remained only formal. However,
this regulation ended up being the foundation of the initial organization of the Constabulary in
the newly established Independent State of Croatia (NDH).
With the establishment of the new government, the NDH, the constabulary assumed a
more important role and served as one of the pillars of the new regime. The newly established
constabulary of the NDH intentionally sought to have nothing in common with the work of the
constabulary of former Yugoslavia. It was emphasized that the constabulary of the NDH must
work for the benefit of the Croatian state, the Croatian people, and particularly the Croatian
peasantry. However, it soon became clear to the
Ustaša
authorities that the constabulary is
not sufficiently reliable. With the establishment of the NDH, the majority of the constabulary
was composed of former Yugoslav gendarmes, and initially part of the Serbian population of
Croatia did feel hostile towards the constabularies. In numerous statements the constabulary
has reported about the arbitrariness of the
Ustaša
which often worsened the security situation
367
in villages and small towns. Soon the NDH authorities "cleansed" the constabulary and filled it
with its own people. In fact, a number of former Austro-Hungarian and constabulary officers
were activated who did not serve in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia or were retired. Most Serbs or
Orthodox Christians who were gendarmes for the former Yugoslavia were released, but there
were some individuals who were retained in service, in order to prevent abuse of gendarmerie
Serbs or
Orthodoxes,
and those who have committed crimes were captured and put on trial.
For the purpose of enhancing the constabulary, the Minister of the Home Guard could, if
necessary, at the proposal of the Supreme Command of the Constabulary, temporarily assign
to the constabulary the required number of Croatia Home Guard soldiers. To fill up the missing
ranks in the constabulary advertisements for recruitment were sent out in order to get young
citizens to join up. Constabulary training school lasted six months. Upon graduation, future con¬
stabularies are referred to the constabulary station to be admitted into practical service. When
the recruit proved his physical, moral, and mental ability and after one-year of experimental
service in the constabulary he could be admitted as a permanent constabulary.
Establishment and organization of the constabulary service in Bosnia and Herzegovina, es¬
pecially in eastern Bosnia, was harder to carry out than on Croatian territory, and attacks on the
Constabulary were frequent in the early months of the establishment of the NDH. These attacks
did not only take place in Bosnia and Herzegovina but also occurred on Croatian territory, es¬
pecially in areas with a Serb majority. During the spring and summer of
1941
the constabulary
tried to calm the situation in the regions populated predominantly by Serbs. The constabulary
sought to prevent violence and calm the frightened population that increasingly fled into the
woods, but often these attempts were unsuccessful.
Legal provisions in August
1941
formally established the Constabulary of the NDH assi¬
gned to maintain public order, public, personal, and property safety. The Constabulary of the
NDH was a regimented organization which carried out mainly police work, but due to the war
situation at times they were ordered fight on the ground. The main objective was to adapt the
constabulary to the war situation and transform them into one of the carriers of the regime.
However, these plans were not realized.
The whole organization of the Constabulary of the NDH was strictly centralized. Service
around the constabulary was led by the Supreme Commander of the Constabulary who was
appointed by the
Poglavnik
from the class of constabulary officers at the proposal of the Mini¬
ster of the Croatian Home Guard. After the establishment of the NDH, the NDH Constabulary
Commander was appointed Constabulary General Milan Mizler.
In the process of maintaining public order and security the constabulary was subordinated
to the political
-
administrative fields, but it is located within the Home Guard and constituted
a part of the armed forces of the NDH. In the event of war the constabulary could, without
prejudice to public safety, be used for very specific military purposes, which are established as
follows: "ordering
administratíve
institutions and regulations for the Battle Field Constabulary
Croatian Home Guard". The Ministry of Home Guard, along with the Ministry of Interior
(MUP)
of the NDH issued provisions and instructions in regard to the maintenance of public security
measures. The constabulary has a duty to maintain public order, peace and security, from which
it follows that it was obligated to defend all persons, without distinction of class and gender.
It was mandatory to prevent all illegal acts and to make sure law offenders were brought to
368
lawful punishment. Cases relating to public order and safety would be delivered to
MUP
via the
RAVSIGUR, and political subjects would get sent to
MUP
and Command
UNS.
Items on military
matters were sent to the Ministry of Home Guard.
The constabulary did not act as an organ of the administrative authorities because the
Ustaša
police took over this duty and the constabulary which was not considered reliable was
only allowed to register individual events. The constabulary did not participate in the establis¬
hment, neither monitoring nor defending assembly or labor camps, or concentration in the
NDH that belonged to the jurisdiction of the
UNS.
Calls that the courts and the state prosecutor's office brought to the constabulary typically
demanded the execution of a service that is concerned with fines in certain cases. In these
cases, the call could refer to official business, such as arresting someone, etc. It could be of
a general nature such as to find witnesses to a specific event. The President of the Court, the
Attorney General, a district judge or his deputy and the investigating judge had the right to
order the constabulary to investigate traces of offenses or to investigate public opinion about
them. It was required of constabularies to request an escort to take the detainees and convicts.
In order to keep the detainees and conduct services at court hearings constabularies were to be
used only in case of emergency and when dealing with dangerous criminals.
Due to the increase of the National Liberation Army (Partisans) in the remaining area of the
NDH, there was more disorganization and instability. During partisan attacks on constabulary
stations, constabularies were often captured, and part of them crossed over to the Partisans. In
addition, the constabulary was composed of officers and non-commissioned officers who were
sympathetic to partisans. From the spring
1942
constabulary command began sending mailers
about the "disappearance" of constabularies and home guardsmen and their joining "commu¬
nist gangs". These mailers were often sent out, and the number of fugitives in the Partisans was
increasing. This has contributed to and influenced the government attempts to direct the NDH
organized constabulary to strengthen the regime.
From the middle of
1942
the constabulary was separated from the Home Guard and inclu¬
ded in the
Ustaša
army; and when it came to matters of maintenance of public order and peace,
then it was directly subordinated to the Ministry of the Interior
(MUP).
The government of the
NDH was dissatisfied with the holdings of the Home Guard and this resulted in the constabu¬
lary being directly linked to the
Ustaša
organization, or
Ustaša
army. Warlord S. Kvaternik in
June
1942
ordered that the constabulary be converted into the composition
Ustaša
army. The
constabulary was claimed by the
Ustaša
and did not do what the
Ustaša
demanded of them,
and as a consequence, arguments arose between members of the constabulary and the
Ustaša
movement and
Ustaša
troops.
In August
1942
Vilko Pečnikar,
Ustaša
colonel, was appointed commander of the constabu¬
lary. Upon his arrival to commander, the name Supreme Command Constabulary was changed
to the Main Command Constabulary.
Pečnikar
established the Central Constabulary School in
Bjelovar,
which had about
2,000
attendees. The constabulary wings arose out of the six consta¬
bulary regiments with the purpose of public order and safety, compliance with laws and regula¬
tions and to conduct intelligence service through its regional headquarters.
369
At the beginning of
1944
the constabulary was separated from the Ministry of the Armed
Forces and was placed directly under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Interior
(MUP).
The NDH found itself in increasingly difficult circumstances due to increasingly successful
Partisan movements and as a result had to make changes to the constabulary. Due to a booming
and massive development of the partisan movement, the effectiveness of the constabulary de¬
creased, as did the efficiency of all military and police institutions of the NDH.
The constabularies were usually housed in inadequate buildings. During the entirety of the
NDH the food and equipment the constabularies received was weak and insufficient and the
impression the constabularies received was that they were forgotten by the government of the
NDH. Despite this situation, mood and morale in constabulary units, particularly in comparison
with the Home Guard of NDH was generally at a high level.
Despite the demonstrated courage and dedication in the fight against the Partisans and the
Chetniks, constabularies compared with the Home Guard often did not received awards and de¬
corations. The reason was that the constabulary commanders lightly crossed the achievement
of their subordinates and did not deliver the necessary proposals for the praise and accolades
in a timely manner.
The Italian occupation zone establishment and operation of the constabulary proceeded
slowly and with difficulty because it interfered with the Italian occupation authorities practically
until the capitulation in September
1943.
Deployment of the Italian
Carabinieri
police station in the NDH was the first step in taking
over the Italian surveillance in the coastal zone. The Italians in different ways and violent me¬
asures precluded the operation. Italians occupied the police stations, but then still demanded
that the constabularies cooperate with them. One of the first measures that the Italians con¬
ducted was the confiscation of weapons from the constabulary station. Soon this trend occu¬
rred in all constabulary stations in the coastal zone, and constabularies were removed from
the barracks. NDH authorities, district authorities, municipal authorities, police stations in the
Italian second occupation zone carried out mainly secondary duties. Reports of constabulary
confirmed the
reoccupation
and expropriation of Croatian institutions. The constabulary had
information on the military organization of Serbs in the annexed areas where the Italian aut¬
horities did not oppose the Serbs. Deteriorating relations between NDH authorities and the
Kingdom of Italy were reflected on the relationship of the constabulary and the Italian army.
Because of this relationship with the Italians the constabulary of the NDH was outraged, and it
came to incidents with members of the Italian army, sometimes with tragic endings.
After the capitulation of Italy in September
1943
the 7th Police Regiment was established in
Split from the former responding regions. After the Italian capitulation, the NDH army managed
to keep the crew and Croatian authorities in most cities, but now only with the direct help of
German military units. The Germans from the beginning of October
1942
to April
1943
began
taking all the power in the NDH. The main command of the constabulary in late May
1943
announced to subordinated constabulary units the establishment of a German police organi¬
zation made up of Croats and Germans. The main Constabulary headquarters commanded by
the constabulary is obliged to cooperate with the German police organization. Since then the
Croatian armed forces
,
especially the constabulary and the Home Guard lose independence
370
and become extra, poorly equipped army and through acquisition. The constabulary has almost
marginalized at the arrival and establishment of the
SS
police. Because they thought the consta¬
bulary is not reliable enough and is prone to crossing over to the Partisans, the Germans moni¬
tored them. The constabulary has reported that the Croatian people after the departure of the
Italians and the arrival of the German army and the establishment of the Croatian authorities
in the coastal areas expected to have security and protection. However, it began and continued
to be all the more blatant to people that the German military authorities were willing to arrest
and send individuals to work camps.
In the history of the constabulary of the NDH, and thus the constabulary in Croatia, the last
provision came in
16
August
1944,
and it caused the constabulary to no longer be a part of the
armed unit of the
Ustaša
army and instead to become a part of the armed forces of the NDH.
Prijevod:
Tin
Udovičić
Purchase College History
-
State University of New York
371 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kovačić, Davor 1966- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1065475829 |
| author_facet | Kovačić, Davor 1966- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kovačić, Davor 1966- |
| author_variant | d k dk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041844329 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)900729068 (DE-599)BVBBV041844329 |
| era | Geschichte 1941-1945 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1941-1945 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Kroatien (DE-588)4073841-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Kroatien |
| id | DE-604.BV041844329 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:26:03Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789537892210 9789537840259 |
| language | Croatian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027288933 |
| oclc_num | 900729068 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 |
| physical | 391 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Despot Infinitus [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Biblioteka Hrvatska povijest |
| spelling | Kovačić, Davor 1966- Verfasser (DE-588)1065475829 aut Oružništvo Nezavisne Države Hrvatske redarstveno tijelo i vojna postrojba 1941. - 1945. Davor Kovačić Zagreb Despot Infinitus [u.a.] 2014 391 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biblioteka Hrvatska povijest Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1941-1945 gnd rswk-swf Polizei (DE-588)4046595-0 gnd rswk-swf Kroatien (DE-588)4073841-3 gnd rswk-swf Kroatien (DE-588)4073841-3 g Polizei (DE-588)4046595-0 s Geschichte 1941-1945 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027288933&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027288933&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Kovačić, Davor 1966- Oružništvo Nezavisne Države Hrvatske redarstveno tijelo i vojna postrojba 1941. - 1945. Polizei (DE-588)4046595-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4046595-0 (DE-588)4073841-3 |
| title | Oružništvo Nezavisne Države Hrvatske redarstveno tijelo i vojna postrojba 1941. - 1945. |
| title_auth | Oružništvo Nezavisne Države Hrvatske redarstveno tijelo i vojna postrojba 1941. - 1945. |
| title_exact_search | Oružništvo Nezavisne Države Hrvatske redarstveno tijelo i vojna postrojba 1941. - 1945. |
| title_full | Oružništvo Nezavisne Države Hrvatske redarstveno tijelo i vojna postrojba 1941. - 1945. Davor Kovačić |
| title_fullStr | Oružništvo Nezavisne Države Hrvatske redarstveno tijelo i vojna postrojba 1941. - 1945. Davor Kovačić |
| title_full_unstemmed | Oružništvo Nezavisne Države Hrvatske redarstveno tijelo i vojna postrojba 1941. - 1945. Davor Kovačić |
| title_short | Oružništvo Nezavisne Države Hrvatske |
| title_sort | oruznistvo nezavisne drzave hrvatske redarstveno tijelo i vojna postrojba 1941 1945 |
| title_sub | redarstveno tijelo i vojna postrojba 1941. - 1945. |
| topic | Polizei (DE-588)4046595-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Polizei Kroatien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027288933&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027288933&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kovacicdavor oruznistvonezavisnedrzavehrvatskeredarstvenotijeloivojnapostrojba19411945 |