Finskaja razvedka protiv Sovetskoj Rossii: specialʹnye služby Finljandii i ich razvedyvatelʹnaja dejatelʹnostʹ na Severo-Zapade Rossii ; (1914 - 1939 gg.)
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Russian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Petrozavodsk
Verso
2013
|
| Ausgabe: | Izd. 2., dop. i ispr. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 295 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9785919971092 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | 221
SUMMARY
The Finnish special services were formed in
1914-1917
at the time when the
German officials were establishing the Intelligence Service, a broad secret-service
network that consisted of Finnish citizens, who collected information data and com¬
mitted diversions. At that Germany to attain its purposes used the national liberation
movement in Finland
—
activism. At the second stage of activism the foundation of
activity of Finnish special services started being laid
.
The special services of independent Finland were formed along with creation of
the state and army. The generals and officers of Russian army, which had come over
to White Finland s side, participated in their forming. Among them were representa¬
tives of Russian special services; the most famous were K. Mannergaim and O.K.Ankel
(one of the leaders of the tsar s military intelligence). There were a lot of Russians by
origin
(Karelians, Ingrian
Finns, Russians) in Finnish special services, because it
was important to have people who knew the USSR, the country of the main enemy
i.e. the Russian language, customs, traditions.
At the period of
1918 — 1920
the activity of special services had an aggressive
character that showed in Finns expeditions to Soviet Russia in
1918—1922.
Under
pretence of rendering assistance to the fellow citizens they planned to annex Western
Karelia to Finland i.e. there were signs of encroachment upon sovereignty and state
integrity of Soviet Russia.
The activity of Finnish special services in
1920—1930s
was determined by rela¬
tionships between Finland and the Soviet Union. The distinctive feature of these
relationships was distrust. Hence the special services of Finland and the USSR con¬
sidered each other as potential enemies.
At prewar time the idea of Great Finland was discussed in high circles of
Finish society. That showed especially in
1941 — 1944,
about that we will speak in
our next book.
On the other hand Soviet government supported Finnish communists hav¬
ing established in
1920
the Karelian labour commune like a peculiar base to com¬
mit socialist revolution in the north of Europe, mainly in Finland. Later on,
Karelian ASSR was rated by the soviet government as an example for workers to
choose socialistic way of development. Until the middle of
1930s
all the leader¬
ship of Karelia consisted of Finnish revolutionists-emigrants. At the same time
the Soviet Union in
1920—1930s
did not regard Finland as the main enemy,
apprehending it, first of all, as a potential ally of Germany, England and other
capitalistic countries.
Distrust at the level of the governments of both countries was one of the reasons
for running intelligence activity against each other to get proactive information about
the enemy.
222
Summary
The intelligence activity against the Soviet Union was run at the All-Union and
regional level by the department of reconnaissance and CCID
(
Central Criminal
Investigation Department).
In our opinion the Finnish special service at the researched period of time passed
four stages of development:
1914-1917, 1918-1919, 1920-1927
and
1928-1939.
Each of them ended with the reorganization and strengthening of special services.
The first stage
(1914—1917)
was the period of laying the foundation of Finnish
special services (the intelligence service and secret service) and forming of the main
body of cadre.
About
60
hunters gained experience in different subdivisions of the German
reconnaissance party, ran intelligence and diversionary activity against Russia with¬
in the territory of Finland, Scandinavia and Russian Murman. Henceforth many of
them continued working in native special services. Political and ideological views of
future members of Finnish special services had a great influence on the tendency of
all the activity of Finnish intelligence services and secret policy in
1920—1930s.
The intelligence agencies, which were established by Germany and activists,
were entirely controlled by the German intelligence service. That is why it is possi¬
ble to assert that Finnish special services were the products of secret-service network
of German reconnaissance party in
1914—1917.
The second stage
(1948—1919)
was the period of establishing of an independent
special service. It was characterized by the apparatus forming and close contacts
with the German intelligence service, whose missions fulfilled right up to the end of
the year
1918.
Soviet Russia was considered to be the main and only enemy, which
threatened the Finland safety. This point of view was kept till the end of
1930s
and
that predetermined the main tendency of the special service activity that was running
intelligence activity against the USSR. They used every possible way for it.
At that period of time the reconnaissance party in the person of the Special
Missions Department of Joint Staff third department strove for unification of all
intelligence and counterintelligence agencies in the context of one subdivision and
overriding them. It was the demands of the times to unify intelligence and repressive
agencies in one hand to fight against internal and external enemies. However, from
the beginning of the year
1919
the period of function demarcation of two agencies
(intelligent service and secret policy), that were different in missions, started.
In
1918—1919
the intelligence service organized and financed campaigns of
Finnish volunteers to the northwest region of Soviet Russia. At that it relied on
nationalistic and emigrant organizations in Finland. At that period of time the intel¬
ligence service activity had an aggressive character.
At the third point, at the end of
1920s,
the doctrine of military reconnaissance
finally formed. By that time the question with Sweden on Aland Islands had been
settled. Just at that period Finland rejected the alliance with Germany and its polit¬
ical allies were determined. Finland started directing its attention to Scandinavian
countries and sought an alliance with them, especially with Sweden. At that time the
Summary
223
structuring of Ministry of internal Affairs, OF (Defensive Forces) of Finland, Joint
Staffano
special services was over.
The fourth stage
(1928—1939)
was a period of active work. It was characterized
by definitive establishing of special service agencies, by rejection of attempts to
destabilize internal political situation in the USSR, of active using counter-revolu¬
tionary agencies and their members, which did underground work in Soviet Russia.
After several failures that were concerned with disclosure the Finnish side confined
using white-emigrant agencies, which were in Finland. It was compensated with
active using nationalistic, Karelian and ingermanland organizations in secret-ser¬
vice work. It also was compensated with involving Finnish citizens,
Karelians
and
Ingrian Finns, who were of a list of refugees from the territory of Leningrad and
Murmansk regions, in secret collaboration. Simultaneously the orientation of intel¬
ligence activity toward northwest of the USSR and Baltic States took place. At that
time the intelligence service worked out their methods of work, which were showed
in the organization and tactics of running the reconnaissance activity, in the way of
intelligence agents work.
At the interwar period of time the Soviet Union, its armed forces, political situ¬
ation and Finnish Diaspora was the focus of interest for Finnish special services.
Hence by the year
1939
Finnish intelligence services had been in every European
state that bordered with the USSR. At that special attention was given to northwest
region of Russia and that was the reason for the disposition of overwhelming part of
Finnish special service subdivisions at the eastern border in Leningrad, Petrozavod¬
sk, Belomorsk and Murmansk directions.
The world view of agents of Finnish special services in many respects influenced
the character of intelligence activity. Most of agents had progerman states of opin¬
ion, held right views, adhered to the side of Great Finland supporters and nega¬
tively treated the USSR.
Technique reconnaissancy and some forms of legal intelligence activity were
considered to be strengths of Finnish special services. The secret-service reconnais¬
sance was the most vulnerable.
To fulfil necessary missions the secret service used their relatives and acquain¬
tances, who lived in borders. At that in most cases soviet people did not know about
their friends and relatives belonging to Finnish special services. Having come into
contact with foreign secret service men, they accounted, according to existed soviet
legislation, for failure to report, concealment, complicity under clause
58
paragraphs
3, 4, 6, 12
of Criminal Code of RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Repub¬
lic). At the same time among people, who were subjected to repressions, were fami¬
lies of agents of Finnish special services, members and activists of Finnish national¬
istic organization, which consisted of emigrants from the USSR living in Finland,
and Russian citizens.
In its turn the secret service of a list of subjects of Russian Empire frequently
coldly behaved toward collaboration with Finnish secret service. In
1921
224
5um.rn.aty
V.N.Tagantsev told about it: ...this is the secret service of a little power without
special pretensions. It is not held in high respect by couriers and is extremely at odds
with Finnish secret policy . Many agents hired by Finns evaded to fulfil missions
and after they were sent to the USSR, they independently left for the previous place
of residence.
Having the furcated infrastructure, the necessary regular and secret-service ap¬
paratus, Finnish special services (the intelligence service in the first place) did not
fulfil their principal mission. They could not warn the leadership of Finland about
the potential war with the USSR in the autumn of
1939
in proper time and that
evoked strict criticism about them.
It should be mentioned that the intelligence activity of Finnish special services
on the territory of the USSR attracted attention of soviet security services.
For the PCIA (People s Commissariat of Internal Affairs) of Karelia to fight
against Finnish espionage was the priority.
According to our incomplete data in the time of
1918 — 1939 35
agents of Finn¬
ish special services were arrested. From the year
1919
the security services of the
USSR arrested
1 — 2
agents of Finnish special services every year.
The first grave failures of Finnish special services appeared in
1921,
when
12
agents of Finnish intelligence service were arrested in the USSR,
5
of them were
detained in Karelia. Detained were members and agents of the special services of
Third World countries, representatives of white-emigrant organizations, anarchists
—
terrorists, who used the territory and special services of Finland ( windows on the
border to let the members of the secret service penetrate the USSR). Besides, in
1920s
the soviet intelligence and counterintelligence services conducted three suc¬
cessful counterintelligence campaigns concerned with Finnish special services.
So at the prewar period of time the soviet counterintelligence service had reli¬
able information about intelligence and subversive activity of Finnish special ser¬
vices against the USSR, about their purposes and structure, members and agents,
methods of work, using Karelian and Ingrian Finns refugees, representatives of na¬
tionalistic, emigrant and counter-revolutionary organizations, about involving sovi¬
et people in collaboration, rendering assistance to terrorists and special services of
Third World countries.
The intense intelligence activity of Finland against the USSR, productive activ¬
ity of soviet counterintelligence service and concerned with it Finns failures in pre¬
war years were used by stalin leadership to attain their own political purposes. Dis¬
closure of Finnish espionage was one of the pretences for conducting large-scale
repressions against their own nation, particularly with respect to people of Finnish
nationality both in the USSR and in its Northwest, especially in Karelia, where around
15000
Finns, originates from Finland, the USA and Canada lived.
The first reaction for Finnish espionage related to the middle of
1920s.
On the
16th of April,
1925, SPD
(State Political Department) of AKSSR (Autonomous Kare¬
lian Soviet Socialictic Republic) having appealed to the defense materials of coun-
Summary
225
terinteliigence department, reported to USPD (United State Political Department)
that the espionage existed at the frontier of Karelian south district was abolished by
the conducted campaign. Around
85
peasants, who took part in espionage, were ar¬
rested just in
Petro
vski and Konchezerski districts . At the same time
SPD
of AKSSR
reported: The Finnish counterintelligence service, having failed, moved to the area
of Tivdijski and Myanduselski districts of Petrozavodsk uyezd
<...>
there was no¬
ticed the illegal arrival of Finnish counterintelligence agents of native
Karelians
living in Finland since
1921.
The first large-scale repressions against Finnish inhabitants under pretence of
fighting with Finnish espionage started
1933.
In March (April)
1933
the Special
department of USPD of the USSR conducted a campaign on the clearance of fron¬
tier, which bordered with the territories of Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Rou-
mania, Turkey and Persia. On the territory of Leningrad military district it led to
exposure of so called The Finnish Joint Staff Plot by
SPD
agents and as a result of
it on the Karelian territory and northern part of the Leningrad area several insur¬
gent c.-i. Centers, which were established by Finnish Joint Staff by way of the intel¬
ligence services of
1, 2, 3
divisions (Kern, Vyborg, Serdobol), were disclosed. In all
1641
people were arrested. Among them were kulaks, churchmen, white-bandits,
white officers, re-emigrants, fin- deserters etc . We should mention that in general
these people were of Karelian and Finnish nationalities.
The repressions culminated in
1937—1938.
So, just in KASSR in
1937
from the
first of January up to the 31st of December
535
people were called to account for
espionage,
446
of them were arrested for Finnish espionage and in the year
1938
from the first of Junuary up to the first of August
1525
people were detained,
1405
of
them were prosecuted for Finnish espionage.
It is necessary to mention that repressions touched both exposured members and
agents of Finnish special services and various strata of society of the republic.The
specific character of the repressions in Karelia consisted in that the fight against
intelligence and subversive activities of Finnish special services and Finnish bour¬
geois nationalism developed into repressions against the Finnish inhabitants. So, in
the latter half of
1
930s
3000 — 3500
Finns were arrested, more that
70%
of them were
prosecuted for espionage in favour of Finland.
Finnish party could help mahy of its nationals, but at the beginning of
1930s
the
secret policy prevented from Finns official return home. In CCID (Central Crimi¬
nal Investigation Department) opinion the Finnish deserters were adventurers ,
communists , idlers , perpetrators hired in the USSR, trouble-makers and spies.
Later, at the time of mass arrests in the USSR, CCID granted them a pardon but it
came late, as thousands of Finns were repressed.
It is obvious that Finnish special services were guilty of repressions of Finnish
inhabitants in the USSR. Having followed State interests they did not take the re¬
pressive judicial system of the USSR into account. The special services were inter¬
ested in the information about contiguous territories and preventing the penetration
226
Summary
of hypothetic spies, agitators and trouble-makers into the country more that in lives
of inhabitants and their former citizens.
In conclusion, it is necessary to say that there was a lot of common between the
special services of Finland and the USSR. They used the same forms and methods of
work (e.g. the information gathering was realized by secret-service, legal and tech¬
nical way, i.e perlustration of correspondence and phone listening), fought against
inner opposition, accomplished the intelligence work on the emigration abroad etc.
In the activity of counterintelligence services and secret policy (CCID, PCIA) of
both states repressive arrangements prevailed.
At the same time it should be mentioned that the intelligence activity of Finnish
special services against the USSR could not be compared with the intense activity of
soviet secret services on the territory of Finland. So, the reaction of soviet officials
on the reconnaissance activity of the Finnish party was inadequate to it. In the scale
and brutality of repressive arrangements in
1930s
PCIA had no equal.
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Введение
........................................................................................................... 9
Глава
I.
Создание специальных служб Финляндии
(1914—1919
гг.)
...................... 29
1.
Предпосылки возникновения финских спецслужб.
Финское сопротивление и спецслужбы иностранных
государств в
1914—1917
гг.
...................................................................... 30
1.1.
Органы разведки активистов
.......................................................... 41
1.2.
Отношение властей Российской империи
к деятельности финских активистов
..................................................... 50
2.
Создание и становление финских спецслужб
(1918—1919
гг.)
.......... 53
2.1.
Органы тайной полиции
................................................................. 55
2.2.
Органы разведки
............................................................................. 57
Глава
II.
Специальные службы Финляндии в
1920—
1930-е гг.
................................. 71
1.
Финская военная разведка: ее задачи, кадровый состав
и место в структуре ОС Финляндии
......................................................... 72
2.
Управление военной разведки
.............................................................. 86
2.1.
Отдел статистики
............................................................................ 87
2.2.
Иностранный отдел
........................................................................107
2.3.
Радиоразведка Финляндии
.............................................................118
3.
Органы контрразведки и тайной полиции Финляндии
........................123
3.1.
Центральная сыскная полиция
—
Государственная полиция
......................................................................124
3.2.
Отдел надзора Управления военной разведки
...............................133
3.3.
Задачи отдела надзора и Центральной сыскной полиции
.............136
3.4.
Деятельность подразделений контрразведки
и политического сыска
..........................................................................138
Глава
III.
Разведывательная деятельность финских специальных служб
...................145
1.
Разведывательная деятельность военной разведки Финляндии
..........146
2.
Разведывательная деятельность тайной полиции Финляндии
............153
3.
Виды разведывательной деятельности
.................................................163
3.1.
Агентурная разведка
.......................................................................163
3.2.
Легальная разведка
.........................................................................194
3.3.
Техническая разведка
.....................................................................201
3.4.
Результаты разведывательной деятельности финских
спецслужб, отношение к ним политического
и военного руководства страны
............................................................205
Заключение
.......................................................................................................213
Summary
............................................................................................................221
Библиографический список
............................................................................227
Перечень имен, упоминаемых в книге
............................................................237
Приложения
......................................................................................................277
Список сокращений
.........................................................................................292
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Lajdinen, Ėjnar Petrovič Verigin, Sergej Gennadʹevič 1956- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)142169595 |
| author_facet | Lajdinen, Ėjnar Petrovič Verigin, Sergej Gennadʹevič 1956- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Lajdinen, Ėjnar Petrovič |
| author_variant | ė p l ėp ėpl s g v sg sgv |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041839736 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)880367504 (DE-599)BVBBV041839736 |
| edition | Izd. 2., dop. i ispr. |
| era | Geschichte 1914-1939 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1914-1939 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Finnland (DE-588)4017243-0 gnd Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd Russland Nordwest (DE-588)4405169-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Finnland Sowjetunion Russland Nordwest |
| id | DE-604.BV041839736 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:06:37Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9785919971092 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027284445 |
| oclc_num | 880367504 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 295 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Verso |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Lajdinen, Ėjnar Petrovič Verfasser aut Finskaja razvedka protiv Sovetskoj Rossii specialʹnye služby Finljandii i ich razvedyvatelʹnaja dejatelʹnostʹ na Severo-Zapade Rossii ; (1914 - 1939 gg.) Ė. P. Lajdinen ; S. G. Verigin Izd. 2., dop. i ispr. Petrozavodsk Verso 2013 295 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1914-1939 gnd rswk-swf Spionage (DE-588)4056287-6 gnd rswk-swf Finnland (DE-588)4017243-0 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Russland Nordwest (DE-588)4405169-4 gnd rswk-swf Finnland (DE-588)4017243-0 g Spionage (DE-588)4056287-6 s Russland Nordwest (DE-588)4405169-4 g Geschichte 1914-1939 z DE-604 Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g 1\p DE-604 Verigin, Sergej Gennadʹevič 1956- Verfasser (DE-588)142169595 aut Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027284445&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027284445&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Lajdinen, Ėjnar Petrovič Verigin, Sergej Gennadʹevič 1956- Finskaja razvedka protiv Sovetskoj Rossii specialʹnye služby Finljandii i ich razvedyvatelʹnaja dejatelʹnostʹ na Severo-Zapade Rossii ; (1914 - 1939 gg.) Spionage (DE-588)4056287-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4056287-6 (DE-588)4017243-0 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4405169-4 |
| title | Finskaja razvedka protiv Sovetskoj Rossii specialʹnye služby Finljandii i ich razvedyvatelʹnaja dejatelʹnostʹ na Severo-Zapade Rossii ; (1914 - 1939 gg.) |
| title_auth | Finskaja razvedka protiv Sovetskoj Rossii specialʹnye služby Finljandii i ich razvedyvatelʹnaja dejatelʹnostʹ na Severo-Zapade Rossii ; (1914 - 1939 gg.) |
| title_exact_search | Finskaja razvedka protiv Sovetskoj Rossii specialʹnye služby Finljandii i ich razvedyvatelʹnaja dejatelʹnostʹ na Severo-Zapade Rossii ; (1914 - 1939 gg.) |
| title_full | Finskaja razvedka protiv Sovetskoj Rossii specialʹnye služby Finljandii i ich razvedyvatelʹnaja dejatelʹnostʹ na Severo-Zapade Rossii ; (1914 - 1939 gg.) Ė. P. Lajdinen ; S. G. Verigin |
| title_fullStr | Finskaja razvedka protiv Sovetskoj Rossii specialʹnye služby Finljandii i ich razvedyvatelʹnaja dejatelʹnostʹ na Severo-Zapade Rossii ; (1914 - 1939 gg.) Ė. P. Lajdinen ; S. G. Verigin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Finskaja razvedka protiv Sovetskoj Rossii specialʹnye služby Finljandii i ich razvedyvatelʹnaja dejatelʹnostʹ na Severo-Zapade Rossii ; (1914 - 1939 gg.) Ė. P. Lajdinen ; S. G. Verigin |
| title_short | Finskaja razvedka protiv Sovetskoj Rossii |
| title_sort | finskaja razvedka protiv sovetskoj rossii specialʹnye sluzby finljandii i ich razvedyvatelʹnaja dejatelʹnostʹ na severo zapade rossii 1914 1939 gg |
| title_sub | specialʹnye služby Finljandii i ich razvedyvatelʹnaja dejatelʹnostʹ na Severo-Zapade Rossii ; (1914 - 1939 gg.) |
| topic | Spionage (DE-588)4056287-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Spionage Finnland Sowjetunion Russland Nordwest |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027284445&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027284445&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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