Aşezarea romană de la Cristeşti:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cluj-Napoca
Editura Mega
2011
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| Schriftenreihe: | Bibliotheca Musei Marisiensis
Seria archaeologica ; 3 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Literaturverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zusammenfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The roman settlement from Cristeşti |
| Beschreibung: | 447 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9786065431201 |
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| adam_text | The Roman Settlement from Cristesti
j
Abstract
This study has the purpose to show all the information about the roman
settlement of Cristesti and the material discovered in his area.
On the left bank of the Mures, at the place called “The Earth Fortress” there
are the vestiges of a large Roman settlement, spreading over a surface of several
hectares. First recorded in 1870, when the visible remains of a Roman road are also
mentioned, this setdement has always caught the attention of the researchers through
a great number of discoveries.
The history writes was occupied more with the spectaculars material:
epigraphically monuments, funerary monuments, coins, sculptures.
My interest for this settlement and its materials start when I saw the material
discovered in the settlement in the Targu-Mures County Museum. Such material
proves the existence of a large settlement.
This study is structured in two parts: the first part present the results of
the discoveries and the history of the settlement and the second part present the
materials.
PartI
I. The Habitation. Building Systems. Workshops and
furnaces
Although the planimetry of the Roman site of Cristesti cannot be, for the
time being, satisfactorily reconstituted, the archaeological researches revealed both
the intense inhabitation in the settlement and its organization into the Roman
civilization parameters.
Placed on the secondary road which separated from the imperial road at
Salinae, following, along the Mures the Razboieni - Lunca Muresului - Bogata -
Brancovenesti itinerary, the vicus of Cristesti started its existence soon after the
organization of the province. The Roman vicus does not superpose any former Dacian
settlement of the La Tene type, but does not exclude the possibility that some native
settlements existed in its proximity.
263
In the Roman settlement of Criste^ti, only surface dwellings were also
discovered, with stone foundations and walls made of trellis work or beams
and covered with shingle, straw or, occasionally, with tiles. The most important
construction investigated at Criste§ti is a imposing edifice - partitioned into 16 rooms
- which covers a surface of approximately 1600 m2. Four construction stages were
identified in this building. The foundations were built of a gravel layer, strengthened
with lime, on which were layer river stones and grit stone pieces, tied in the first two
stages with clay, and in the last ones with mortar. The walls, made of trellis work,
were plastered up red, green and yellow, were also found. Some of the rooms in this
building - probably the one of the prosperous workshops owners dwelling in - were
endowed with hypocaustum, the floors being made of cocciopesto. Thus, this imposing
building reveals the fact that at Criste§ti were some elements of urban comfort - the
hypocaustum heating system, painted plaster etc. - which is the expression of a life
style which was characteristic of the Roman civilization. We consider that building
represent the therme of the roman camp alike at Ili§ua.
Also, the discovery of an overflow sewer - built of bricks -, which was
explored on a length of 30 m, could indicate the existence of a sewerage system, as
the disposition of the dwellings investigated does not exclude the existence of an
irregular street network.
Archaeologically, workshops were not discovered at Criste§ti. A. Filimon
described a workshop, which was destroying by fire. Despite this situation we can
identify some workshops, throw analyse of the epigraphically material, which show
some name in graffiti apply on the ceramic vases. This name is: Gaius Gemellus,
Titus, CAI, AO NLA, FELIX, which prove the activity of many ceramists. In the vicus
of Criste§ti were found 7 furnaces, together with the abundant pottery material,
which reveal a real local pottery industry.
Thus, the constructions and the arrangements of public utility at Criste§ti
point out the fact that Roman architecture and town-planning elements are present,
on a smaller scale, in the rural area, too. At the same time, the settlement of Cristesti,
were the town-planning became manifest as an element of civilization, not as a social-
juridical phenomenon, reveals the multiple valences of the urban aspects of life in
Dacia.
II. Population of the settlement
The population of the Roman settlement of Cristesti can be examined thanks
to the epigraphical documentation (onomastics) and to the archaeological material
(funerary monuments, ceramics).
Owing to the scarcity of inscriptions the proportion of the population
whose origin and ethnicity can be established is extremely reduced. The epigraphical
documentation offers 15 personal names gentilicia and cognomina (civilian
population and soldiers). Among these, the greatest part are Roman names as
264
follows: Q. Caecilius Caecilianus, M. Fabius..., P. Aelius..., P. Aelius Quintus,
Pos(tumius?) Clemens Tyranni (filius), Finitus, Supi(nus?), ... Super, Avita. As for
the non-Roman names, two of them are Greek-Oriental (Dionysia, Hermeros), two
other are Thracian (Heptapor, Isius) and another one, if the completion is accurate —
Aurelius Sa(turninus?) - seems to be a specifically African Latin name.
It is a well-known fact that a lot of inhabitants of non-Roman origin from
the provinces of the Empire carry nomina Romana, even at Criste§ti the situations
does not seem to be different. Therefore, in two cases only - when origo is indicated
- one can specify the ethnic-territorial origin of the colonists: we speak about the
ex-serviceman Heptapor (Bessus) - the beneficiary of the diploma from 158 AD
- and about Isius, his father. Lastly, it should be remembered that the epigraphical
manifestations of the natives are absent, reported by the evidence of another nature
which certifies their presence.
As previously mentioned, the funerary monuments from Cristejti, offer signs
for understanding the ethnic-territorial origin of the inhabitants. Thus, on several
stelae and aediculae walls the typical Noric-Pannonian dress and jewellery are repre-
sented, as we could have seen them. On the other hand, the figurative repertory of the
sepulchral monuments illustrate, as previously mentioned, the cultural-artistic-inter-
course between the Noric elements and the Eravisco-Pannonian ones.
Finally, the Dacian typical pottery could seem to indicate the presence of a few
natives, side by side with the colonists or in the close vicinity of the vicus. Therefore,
this ethnical structure shows a mixtum compositum in which the most firmly outlined
elements are the Pannonian ones.
The Roman settlement of Criste§ti knew typical social stratification of the
epoch. The colonists had diversed juridical status - cives Romani or peregrini - as
well as social positions. Evidently, the greatest part were peregrini. The discussion
about the population of the settlement of Cristejti could not exclude the soldiers,
as the majority of the information offered by the epigraphic documentation are
connected with them. All soldiers had to be considered - from an economic point
of view - as belonging to honestiores in the same social category and also belonging
to the workshop owners and certain merchants. Concerning the lower echelons of
society (the so-called humiliores), the wider they were in fact - craftsmen, merchants,
agricultural producers, etc. - the less conclusively were revealed by the epigraphical
sources. Seldom do we know their concrete occupations - Hermeros lapidarius is, in
this respect, a singular example -, and the differences concerning the material level
among them have still not been grasped. Lastly, as regarding the liberti and servi -
whose presence is beyond doubt - they are not epigraphically certified.
265
III. The Economy
1. The Handicraft Production
Ceramics. The settlement of Criste§ti is known as one of the greatest centres
of ceramic production in Roman Dacia. At Criste§ti, the pottery is outstanding, not
only by its large quantity but also by its wide range of shapes, which, implicitly, leads
us to its remote functionality.
The 7 furnaces, together with the abundant pottery material and the
numerous moulds discovered, reveal a real local pottery „industry” which covered
not only the needs of the settlement, but spread out to the neighbouring zones, too.
The pottery, extremely varied in shape and quality, is composed of a few luxury
enamelled vessels or in the terra sigillata technique, but mainly of pots manufactured
in the local workshops, some of them imitating the terra sigillata stamped vessels,
others, for common use, red or grey. Besides the abundant Roman provincial pottery
material, numerous lucernae, statuettes and clay figurines, were also found. Thus, the
production of the local workshops appears to us as being extremely diversified.
In study of pottery we are adapted the criterion of the shape of the vessels
and partially that of their functionality.
We can distinguish more variants of bowls, plates, mortaria, mugs, jugs, pots,
provision vessels ( dolia) and amphorae.
The common pottery manufactured at Criste§ti presents two categories of
pastes: a yellowish-red paste and a grey paste. The quality of the paste of the common
pottery differs depending on the type of pot. According to their shape, the red pots
are more frequently encountered then the grey ones. The grey ceramics of Criste§ti
is manufactured of a porous paste, the shapes are less varied compared with the red
pots, and the decoration is more stereotype.
But, by far the most interesting vessels are the stamped pottery of pure paste,
generally dated in the 2nd century. The bowls are the shape of pottery on which
appear pre-eminently the stamped motifs. The decoration of these vessels shows a
rich geometrical, vegetal and animal repertory. A considerable part of the decorative
motifs was inspired by the decorations found on the luxury vessels, terra sigillata. The
import pots of the terra sigillata type found at Cristejti come from manufacturing
centres situated in Gallia Lugdunensis (Lezoux) and Belgica (Rheinzabern).
Concerning the vessels with applied decorations, we must mention that from
the settlement of Criste§ti proceeds few serpent decorated pot, probably serving the
mithraic cult.
These various types of pots and many other ceramic products were manufac-
turated in the local workshops, as proven by the numerous burnt-clay moulds and
one of lead found during the excavations.
In the settlement of Cristesti, numerous oil lamps ( ) made of clay
- the majority of the Firmalampen type - were discovered, but just a part of them
representing the local production. Some of them belong to the import of luxury
266
goods. The frequency of imitations and their quality prove the craftsmanship of the
local ceramists who were performing faithful copies of certain famous products.
Finally concerning the construction materials made of ceramics - manufac-
tured in special furnaces — we must mention the numerous tiles, hollow-tiles,
hypocaustum tubes and the different types of bricks, among which we also find the 35
bricks having the stamp of the troop garrisoned in the Roman camp of Criste§ti (ala
I Bosporanorum). We presume that the tegular unstamped products proceed from
civilian brickyards, but, for the time being, no stamps of any private workshops are
known at Criste§ti.
However, the typically local products reflect a revealing image of a certain
part of the economic life and daily activities.
Stone Processing. The activity of the stone cutters from Criste§ti - among
whom, Hermeros lapidarius, is epigraphicaly certified - is illustrated by the numerous
stone monuments found in the area of this Roman settlement. In the local workshops,
several fragments of architectural elements (two capitals, a window or a door frame)
were probably processed, which complete the image of the public utility activity and
- as it could be an element of civilization - of the Romanization process itself.
Metallurgy. Although there were not identified blacksmith workshops, the
discovery of a few iron slag pieces and also a great number of iron tools, enables us
to presume the practice of this craft in the settlement of Criste§ti. The presence of
blacksmiths is witnessed by a great number of tools and finished products.
Bone Processing. The bone objects are rather numerous at Cristejti, and their
local processing is certain. Among the jewellery one can remark the hair pins (acus
crinaliSj comatoria) with the end decorated with incised lines or concentric incised
circles. The hair pins were used both by men and women in order to arrange and
maintain their hairdo. Various commonly used objects, needles for in sewing, spoon
handles, blades, also the dice and the gaming pieces (tesserae), were made of bone, too.
2. Agriculture and Breeding
If the vicus of Criste§ti had a predominantly handicraft and commercial
character, it is also true that a part of the inhabitants were occupied by agriculture
and its annexes.
During the Roman epoch, agriculture was greatly stimulated on a techno-
logical level by the adoption of new methods of land exploitation and the intro-
duction of new species of plants.
The agricultural tools from Cristejti are few but nevertheless related to
essential work such as preparing the land for planting and harvesting. Thus, the two
ploughshares of Roman type, and also other numerous agricultural tools - sickles,
grape-cutting knives, etc. - prove the agricultural practices, such as the discovery
of an iron implement served for cattle stamping indicates that breeding also had a
certain weight in the economy of the settlement.
267
3. Coinage and Currency
The coins found fortuitously or during systematic researches in Criste§ti -
more than 80 pieces come from isolated discoveries - are dispensed from Traian
to Philippus Arabs. From the Roman settlement come some other currency discov-
eries. In 1963, for instance, a treasure of about 150 imperial coins was found there,
out of which were recovered 118 pieces, which ranged from Marcus Aurelius to
Gordianus III. The treasure, hidden in the first years of Philippus Arab’s reign, proves
that the settlement of Criste§ti was not spared by the disturbances caused by the
Carpic tribes, the attacks or at least the threats, brought about troubles on the banks
of the River Mure§. A money-box made of burnt clay was found in 1964. Initially it
contained 17 denarii, out of which 13 pieces — ranged from Vespasian to Antoninus
Pius - were acquired. From the study of the currency it can be concluded that the
silver denarius prevailed at Criste^ti.
In the same settlement, it is believed but not proved, that the following coins
subsequent to Philippus Arabs Aurelian (2), Probus (l), Constantius Chlorus (l),
Constantius I (1), Constantin II (1), Constantius II (14), Valentinian (4), Honorius
(1) were found.
4. Trade. Foreign Commercial Relations
The import of luxury goods required an efficient organisation of trade, not
only on the regional level, but beyond the provincial borders. For this purpose it was
vital to be able to rely on a well developed network of roads and waterways. Cristesti
was situated on the artery linking the East of Dacia with the imperial road; the vicus
also profited from its position - on the left bank of Mure§ River - which gave access
to an entire system of waterways.
At Cristesti, the imported products were amphorae (contained oil), luxury
vessels terra sigillata, oil lamps, as well as glassware. Thus, the well-to-do population
indulged in a certain luxury: the inscription on the neck of an amphora proves the
importation of the oil from the South of Gaul. Moreover, some other products were
imported over a great distance. Some of terra sigillata pots come from the specialized
workshops of Lezoux and Rheinzabern and others from the north of Italy; more
frequently found at Cristesti are the lucernae FORTIS (4), OCTAVI (4), IEGIDI
(3) and STROBILI (2).
Finally, a statuette of a high artistically level — the head of Juno belonging to a
cult statue made of alabaster — is considered as being imported, as it is impossible to
determine, for the time being, the workshop from which this statuette issues.
IV. Art and Religions
Besides the epigraphical pieces, the products of Roman provincial art frame
are a revealing image of the spiritual life. In this respect, the statues and the funerary
268
monuments relevant to the tastes and the possibilities of the inhabitants of Gristesti
- occupy a considerable place.
Thus, the statuaria is illustrated at Criste^ti by some works of good artistic
level: a limestone statue representing Jupiter on his throne (the iconographic type
Jupiter tronans or Verospi), the alabaster head of Juno and a white marble torso.
The stone statuettes — ex-votos with deity’s image — are also well represented.
In this category can be placed an alabaster fragmentary statuette representing Liber
Pater (?) as Apollo Lyceios and a statuette of a
There is no doubt that, in the modest dwellings, the little figurines of deities
are made of burnt-clay, the local coroplastics manufacturing numerous terracotta
statuettes of the kind - Juno, Hygia, Silenus, etc. In Criste§ti certain iconographic
representations on burnt-clay moulds were also known. So, the mould of a votive
tablet represents Liber Pater, and another - in the shape of a medallion - the bust of
Serapis.
If the statues of high artistic skill - the head of Juno, for instance - were
products from importation, the funerary monuments illustrate the activity of the
local lapicides and of the itinerant artisans.
Indeed, at Criste§ti several categories of funerary monuments such as
aediculae,stelae, and medallions were also represented. These sepulchral monuments
reveal certain specific features. Owing to the preference for Noric-Pannonian „origin”
type of monuments (the aedicula, „family stthe medallion with a smooth profile
and the niche with a flat bottom), the settlement of Cristesti - as the whole Eastern
zone of Roman Transylvania - seems to be closer to Dacia Porolissensis than to Dacia
Superior, where the direct north-italic influences are most significantly outlined.
Thus, in the figurative repertory of the sepulchral monuments found at
Cristesti the Noric-Pannonian motifs prevail: the simplified banquet of the Noric-
Pannonian type, the horseman piercing the enemy at the feet of the horse, the
hunting horseman and the lion attacking a horse.
A special signification has an image representing the Lupa Capitolina, seen on
two sepulchral monuments from Cristesti. Such a representation - signum originis -
has a clear social and cultural significance: the symbol of the Eternal City represented
on the funerary monuments proves the pride of being a Roman citizen, of belonging
to the Roman world.
As regarding the persons represented on the sepulchral monuments, the
deceased and the participants to the coenafunebris, it was pointed out some time ago
that in the majority of the cases, the clothes (the typical dress - long tunic covered
by a shorter one fastened on the shoulders by shirts with broad sleeves, girdle
fastened round the waist), the hairdo and the ornamental pieces are typical for the
Noric-Pannonian ethno-cultural area.
All this evidence undoubtly certifies the presence of the Noric-Pannonian
colonists in the settlement of Cristesti. But, as in Cristesti, and also in other zones of
the Roman Transylvania, the Noric-Pannonian influence on the funeral art reveals
269
itself, especially through the spreading of certain general provincial features, typical
for the „European Art of Rome” - as being defined by R. Bianchi-Bandinelli it
means that we deal with a contribution of the Noric-Pannonian Roman world.
So, as it was pointed out, the funerary monuments - perhaps the most signif-
icant products of Roman provincial art - show that the Roman way of life and the
Latin language imposed themselves in the rural environment of Dacia. From this
point of view, the strong stimulus given to Romanization by the stable links, firstly
economic but military and cultural as well, with the provinces of the Rhine and the
Middle Danube and through these with Northern and Central Italy, must be noted.
Finally, Attis, Gorgona Medusa, Thanatos and protomes of Winds - frequent
appearances in the funeral symbolistics of the entire Roman world - complete the
figurative repertory of the sepulchral monuments from Criste$ti.
Imagery gives clues as to how the gods were envisaged and worshipped.
The production of a religious representation may serve several different purposes,
not necessarily all mutually exclusive. If a stone carving which portrays a deity is
places in a temple, shrine or locus consecratus, it may possess a function separate from
one which comes from a domestic context or grave. As regards the area of religious
beliefs, the archaeological evidence is augmented by a vastly increased iconography
- mainly in stone.
Thus, the sculptural monuments - cult-images or ex-votos - found at Criste§ti
illustrated the image of the religious life in this Roman settlement. On the other hand,
images of the deities - Jupiter, Hercules, Amor - also appear on the ceramic products
currently used in daily life, as on the iconographic representations on moulds.
One can more or less clearly distinguish two categories of deities: those
related to official Roman cults and those which, although apparently Roman, have
not a truly Roman origin. When epigraphic documentation is lacking, it is quite
difficult to attribute an ex-voto to this latter category.
The majority of the deities attested at Criste§ti belong to the classical Greek-
Roman pantheon: Jupiter, Juno, Mars, Mercurius, Hercules, Liber Pater, Hygia, Amor
and Silenus. The sphere of the personifications is also present, a beautiful marble
statuette representing a genius of abundance.
The Mithraism is represented by the serpent decorated vessels, which are
supposed to have served in the Mithriac cult. The images of other deities such as
Attis, Atargatis (Dea Syria), Serapis and Thracian horseman illustrate the presence
of the Asian (Asia Minor), Syrian, Egyptian and Thraco-Moesian Beliefs. As one
can observe, only the Celto-Germanic and the North-Western African cults are not
certified at Criste^ti.
The great number and diversity of beliefs which are attested at Criste§ti
through the different categories of iconographic representations show two general
specific features of the religious life in Roman Dacia.
270
V. The character of roman settlement
In Eastern Transylvania - whose administrative structure still remains
unknown — the few more developed centres in the epoch of the provinces seem to
be the garrisons of auxilia. The division into the hypothesis proposed by
R. Ardevan, is based upon analogies with certain European provinces better studied,
but comparable with Dacia from the point ofview oftheir specific character and their
level of Roman civilization - the East of Germania Superior, Northern and Western
Britannia; in these less urbanized ones there are situations when in the vicinity of
the auxiliary camps obtained analogous functions to a centre of civitas.
At Cristefti, an important and prosperous settlement on the Middle Muref,
there were not identified traces of a Roman camp, but its existence is beyond doubt. On
the other hand, the camp could have been placed somewhere farther from the civilian
settlement, so that it could also have had a different evolution from that of a military
vicus. However, in the proximity of the important settlement from Cristefti a few
smaller settlements are known. Therefore, as Mr. Ardevan presumes, the settlement
of Cristefti could have fulfilled the role of a centre of a civitas in the Muref valley.
The archaeological researches emphasized an intense inhabitancy in the
settlement, whose existence does not end at the same time as the abandonment of
Roman Dacia under Aurelianus (271/274 AD). Briefly, the whole life of this great
settlement took place between the parameters of the Roman provincial civilization.
The vicus of Cristefti started its existence soon after the province was
organized, at the same time as the arrival of the first groups of colonists. In the 2nd
century AD, Cristefti experienced a tremendous economic boom. The archaeo-
logical material reveals the preponderant manufacturing and trading character of
the Roman site of Cristefti. Hence we can ascertain that the vicus of Cristefti is the
most developed settlement of the Eastern part of Dacia Superior, a zone were Roman
towns did not exist. The pulsations of the economic life considerably diminished after
the middle of the 3rd century AD, but the Roman settlement continues its existence
after the oficial abandonment of the province. In the Late Roman epoch, when a
Roman world without an Empire was perpetuated in Transylvania, the settlement of
Cristefti did not essentially change either its topography or its economic functions.
On the other hand, the affluence of Late Roman coins to Cristefti seems to be related
to the continuation of the 4th century AD, that the Romanic population of Cristefti
abandoned the settlement.
271
Part II
Archaeological materials discovered in the settlement
The imported pottery
The imported pottery contains 21 fragments of terra sigillata bowls, oil lamps
- the Firmalampen types and a neck of an amphora with inscription.
The terra sigillata bowls come from South Gaul - 1, Central Gaul -13 (80%)
and Rheinzabern - 2 bowls. The imported oil lamps are coming mainly from the
North of Italy, more frequently met at Criste^ti are the lucernae Fortis (4), Octavi
(4), Iegidi (3) and Strobili (2).
The imported amphora is represent by a single example, by amphora with the
inscription „tituli picti” on the neck witch prove the importation of the oil from the
South of Gaul by the negociatores Amantinus.
The local production of luxury pottery
Local terra sigillata production
Al the ceramic fragments of the local terra sigillata were discovered at the
beginning of this century in the roman settlement. In this study we presents 52
fragments witch made part from Drag. 37 and Drag. 39 shapes.
This bowls are decorated with a rich geometrical, vegetal and animal repertory.
A considerable part of the decorative motifs was inspired by the decoration met on
the luxury vessels, terra sigillata manufactured in western part of Empire.
The stamped ceramics
The stamped ceramics represent a great part of the local production, generally
dated in the 2nd century. The bowls are the pottery shape where appear pre-eminently
the stamped motifs. The decoration may be classified in 3 categories: geometrical
motifs, vegetal motifs and animal motifs. A considerable part of the decorative motifs
was inspired by the decorations met on the luxury vessels, terra sigillata. The paste of
this kind of pottery is yellowish or red covered by a red angoba.
Vessels decorated in „barbotine” technique
This vessel category is represent throw 12 fragments of bowl, plates and a cup.
The decorative elements are only vegetal one. The same paste and the same „angoba”
like the stamped ceramic and local terra sigillata bowls prove the same handicraft
production.
Moulds and instruments made of clay
1. Moulds for terra sigillata pottery
In roman settlement of Criste§ti were discovered 8 fragmentary moulds for
terra sigillata pottery. The existence of this TS mould proves a TS local production
like the other centre of Dacia: Micasasa, Apulum, Potaissa, Porolissum, Tibiscum
and Romula.
272
2. Moulds for votive tablet and medallion
In the territory of the settlement were discovered a mould of a votive tablet
represents Liber Pater and another in the - shapes of a medallion - the bust of
Serapis. This one seems to be used for the ritual cookies.
3. Sigilla
The sigilla discovered at Criste§ti were produced by the local ceramists and
used for the decoration the stamped ceramic. The motifs presents on this sigilla were
identified on the stamped ceramic.
The common pottery
As well as in the majority of excavations carried out in different archaeological
sites, in the roman settlement of Cristeçti the common pottery are outstanding, not
only by their large quantity, but also by their wide range of shapes, which, implicitly,
leads us to their remote functionality. Thus, we are offered a revealing image of a
certain part of the economic life and of daily activities as well.
Of course, a large part of the material was lost in there years, particularly
because, in a certain epoch, common pottery was less studied, in favour of objects
and monuments categories bringing i mmediate and spectacular results.
The adopted criterion was that of the shape of the vessels and partially that of
their functionality.
The common pottery manufactured at Cristeçti presents two categories of
pastes: a yellowish-red paste with a pure paste and a paste less pure with sand, and
a grey paste with the same classification. The quality of the paste of the common
pottery differs depending on the type of pots. According to their shape, the red pots
are more frequently encountered then the grey ones. The shape of grey ceramics
of Cristeçti is less varied compared with the red pots and the decoration is more
stereotypes.
In point of view of shape and functionality we can distinguée the same forms
of ceramic pots like in the other parts of Dacia: some types of bowls, plates, mortaria,
mugs, jugs, pots, provision vessels (dolia) and amphorae.
Cult vessels
Turibulae
The turibula are a controversial category, from the point of view of its denom-
ination and functionality. The general accepted hypothesis has related to their use in
different ritual practices (even funeral), for burning aromatic substances, for diverse
libations and sacrifices, for lighting.
Serpents decorated pots
This category of vessels, well represents in settlement was manufactured in
the local workshops and served to the mithraic cult.
Paterae s handles
The patera represent a kind of vessel used in religious purpose. Their handle
where beautiful decorated and in this respect, this handles became a veritable art
273
pieces. We present in this study 14 handles, chronological disposed on the whole
roman period.
Oil lamps (Lucernae)
At the Cristesti were discovered 62 lamps, 19 lamps ranging among the
Firmalampen type, but a part of them representing the local production. Some of
them belong to the import of luxury goods. The frequency of imitations and their
quality proves the craftsmanship of the local ceramists who were performing faithful
copies of certain famous products. Certain, local production are the lamps stamped
by CAI, GIP, Titus, AQVIN, AO NLA and the lamps unstamped.
Construction materials made of ceramics
In this category we include the tiles, hollow tiles, hypocaustum tubes and the
different types of bricks, among which we find also the 35 bricks having the stamps
of the troop garrisoned in the Roman camp of Criste§ti (ala I Bosporanorum). We
presume that the tegular unstamped products precede form civilian brickyards, but, for
the time being, there are not known at Criste§ti the stamps of any private workshops.
Terracota
The little figurines of deities are made of burnt - clay, and represents Juno,
Venus, Hygia and Silenus. This kind of terracota is well represented in Dacia, and the
iconography is certain stereotype.
Bronze objects
The bronze objects discovered at Criste§ti may be structured in following
classes:
1. Bonze vessels - pateras and jugs;
2. Bronze handles;
3. Ornaments: Brooches and rings;
4. Military equipment;
5. Medical instruments - sound;
6. Varia: stilus.
A few conclusions can be drawn at the end of the analysis of all the bronze
material from the vicus of Cristesti. They are part of the classical accessories of the
entire Roman world and can be dated not only on the bases of the analogies but also
because the mentioned types circulated in the same patters all over the Empire.
Iron objects
The iron objects discovered at Cristesti covered a large diversity of iron object
known in Roman period. These pieces are presents in following category:
1. Agricultural tools;
2. Manufacturing tools;
274
3. Construction materials;
4. Weapons;
5. Varia
The material is classified typologically on the ground of similar objects
discovered in Dacia.
Glass vessels
An ancient skill, well known and practised several thousands of years, glass
processing was an important part of the daily activities.
Both older and more recent discoveries brought to light numerous fragments
of glass vessels in Criste§ti. Since glass is a fragile material, with a much higher deteri-
oration than that of ceramics or metals, its preservation has been more problematic.
The fragments proceed by 86 vessels glass (ampulla oleania, unguentum,
lagoena) and common vessels (cups and glass).
Epigraphical Monuments
The inscriptions on stone, almost all fragmentary, are in number of 20,
among which only 3 are included in the CIL, III (7714-15, 12550), the others being
published afterwards. The greatest part of the epigraphical sources are funerary
inscriptions, only one being an altar dedicated to Mars Augustus by Q. Caecilius,
praefectus alae, another being a dedication to the emperor Antoninus Pius, and the
third being an architectural fragment with the inscription: Hermeros lapidariusf(ecit).
At Criste§ti all the known inscriptions are written in Latin, a fact which
expresses without ambiguity the linguistic situation: in the settlement and inside the
Roman camp Latin was spoken.
An important discovery, made in 1886, was that of a military diploma (AD
158) belonging to a soldier from ala I Gallorum et Bosporanorum. Numerous tegular
inscriptions belong to ala I Bosporanorum - the troop garrisoned in the castrum of
Criste§ti —, but other stamped bricks were also known there (legio VMacedonica).
Finally, it should be also mentioned the smaller epigraphical traces such as
the stamp-inscriptions on the lucernae: AQVIN, CAI, CAL GEM, CASSI, C. DESSI,
FESTI, FORTIS, G.I.P., IEGIDI, LVPATI, MIA, OCTAVI, PVLLI, SEXTI,
STROBILI, VALERIVS, ALBIVS(?).
Funerary Monuments
The funerary monuments illustrate the activity of the local lapicides and of
the itinerant artisans, as well. In this chapter are presented 8 stelaef 3 medallions and
9 lateral walls of aediculae.
The an alyses of funerary monuments prove the preference of the inhabitance
for the Norico-Pannonian types of monument. All these evidences undoubtly certify
the presence of the Noric-Pannonian colonists in the settlement of Criste§ti.
275
Statuaria
The stone statuaria is illustrated by a limestone statue representing Jupiter
on his throne (the iconographie type Jupiter tronans or the alabaster head
of Juno and a white marble torso. The statuettes is represented by Liber Pater une
alabaster fragmentary statuette, the marble head Liber Pater and a statuette of a
Bone objects
The bone objects are well represented at Cristeçti. In the dwelling was found
pins and needles, handles, ornaments and medical instruments.
276
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262
CUPRINS
Cuvánt inainte .................................................................7
Prefatá..........................................................................11
Partea I-a
I. Asezarea ín literatura arheologico-istoricá sí stadíul actual al cercetárilor.13
II. Asezarea geográfica si importanta strategicá si economicá a zonei............27
III. Planul asezárii.............................................................33
1. Locuinte si anexe................................................33
y y
2. Ateliere de produse ceramice.....................................35
3. Cuptoare de olar.................................................37
4. Drumurile si reteaua stradalá....................................43
y y
5. Morminte....................................................... 45
IV. Populada...............................................................47
V. Economía asezárii.............................................................-51
1. Productia mestesugáreascá........................................51
A. Productia cerámica.........................................51
y
B. Prelucrarea pietrei...................................... 52
C. Alte activitáti mestesugáresti.............................53
2. Agricultura si cresterea animalelor.......................... 53
3. Monedele si circulada monetará...................................54
4. Relatii comerciale. Importurile..................................56
VI. Arta si credinte religioase.............................................59
VII. Caracterul asezárii romane de la Cristesti..................................63
y 7
Partea a II-a
VIII. Materialul arheologic descoperit ín asezare................................67
A. Cerámica....................................................... 67
A.l. Cerámica de ímport........................................67
5
A. 1.1. Cerámica terra sigûlata de import................ 67
A. 1.2. Opaite.............................................71
A. 13. Amfore..............................................72
A.2. Cerámica lócala de lux.....................................73
A.2.1. Terra sigillata lócala..............................73
A.2.2. Cerámica stampilatá.................................89
A.2.3. Cerámica decoratä ín tehnica barbotinei............142
A.2.4. Vase antropomorfe..................................145
A3. Tipare si instrumente din cerámica..........................146
A.3.I. Tipare pentru confectionat vase terra sigillata....146
A3.2. Tipare pentru pläci votive..........................149
A.3.3. Sigilii pentru decorarea ceramicii stampilate......151
A.4. Cerámica de uz común.......................................152
A.5. Vase cu destinatie specialá................................162
A.5.T Turibulae....................................... 162
A.5.2. Vase decorate cu serpi aplicad.....................164
A.5.3. Mánere de patera...................................166
A.6. Opaite.....................................................170
A.7. Materiale de constructie din cerámica......................189
A.8. Piese de armament din lut..................................189
A.9. Statuete din lut...........................................191
B. Obiecte din bronz.................................................194
C. Materiale din fier................................................198
D. Vase si alte obiecte din sticlá...................................201
E. Materiale epigrafice..............................................206
E.l. Diploma militará...........................................206
E.2. Vase ceramice cu inscriptii incizate.......................207
E.3. Cárámizi si tigle cu inscriptii incizate...................209
E.4. Carámizi si tigle stampilate...............................209
E.5. Monumente epigrafice.......................................210
F. Monumente funerare................................................213
G. Piese arhitectonice...............................................225
H. Statui sí statuete din piatrá.....................................227
I. Obiecte din os....................................................229
IX. Concluzii................................................................237
Abrevien.....................................................................245
Bibliografie.................................................................247
The Roman Settlement from Cristesti (Abstract)...............................263
Planse.......................................................................277
6
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| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Man, Nicoleta ca. 20./21. Jh |
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| author_facet | Man, Nicoleta ca. 20./21. Jh |
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| era | Geschichte gnd |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:06:14Z |
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| series | Bibliotheca Musei Marisiensis |
| series2 | Bibliotheca Musei Marisiensis : Seria archaeologica |
| spelling | Man, Nicoleta ca. 20./21. Jh. Verfasser (DE-588)1098351959 aut Aşezarea romană de la Cristeşti Nicoleta Man Cluj-Napoca Editura Mega 2011 447 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Bibliotheca Musei Marisiensis : Seria archaeologica 3 Zusammenfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The roman settlement from Cristeşti Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Archäologische Stätte (DE-588)4318315-3 gnd rswk-swf Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd rswk-swf Cristeşti <Mureş> (DE-588)1101496630 gnd rswk-swf Römisches Reich (DE-588)4076778-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4163417-2 Katalog gnd-content Cristeşti <Mureş> (DE-588)1101496630 g Römisches Reich (DE-588)4076778-4 g Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 s Archäologische Stätte (DE-588)4318315-3 s Geschichte z DE-604 Bibliotheca Musei Marisiensis Seria archaeologica ; 3 (DE-604)BV036885481 3 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027269196&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027269196&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027269196&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Man, Nicoleta ca. 20./21. Jh Aşezarea romană de la Cristeşti Bibliotheca Musei Marisiensis Archäologische Stätte (DE-588)4318315-3 gnd Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4318315-3 (DE-588)4054858-2 (DE-588)1101496630 (DE-588)4076778-4 (DE-588)4163417-2 |
| title | Aşezarea romană de la Cristeşti |
| title_auth | Aşezarea romană de la Cristeşti |
| title_exact_search | Aşezarea romană de la Cristeşti |
| title_full | Aşezarea romană de la Cristeşti Nicoleta Man |
| title_fullStr | Aşezarea romană de la Cristeşti Nicoleta Man |
| title_full_unstemmed | Aşezarea romană de la Cristeşti Nicoleta Man |
| title_short | Aşezarea romană de la Cristeşti |
| title_sort | asezarea romana de la cristesti |
| topic | Archäologische Stätte (DE-588)4318315-3 gnd Siedlung (DE-588)4054858-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Archäologische Stätte Siedlung Cristeşti <Mureş> Römisches Reich Katalog |
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