Istorija baškirskogo naroda: v semi t. 4
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
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| Sprache: | Russian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Moskva
Nauka
(2011)
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | 398 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9785020382763 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Istorija baškirskogo naroda |b v semi t. |n 4 |c Rossijskaja Akademija Nauk, Ufimskij Naučnyj Centr, Institut Istorii, Jazyka i Literatury. [Red. kollegija: ... Asfandijarov A. Z. ...] |
| 264 | 1 | |a Moskva |b Nauka |c (2011) | |
| 300 | |a 398 S. |b Ill., Kt. | ||
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| 700 | 1 | |a Asfandijarov, Anvar Zakirovič |d 1934- |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)1012953483 |4 oth | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | GENERAL
SUMMARY
The fourth volume of the
7
volume History of the
Bashkir People is dedicated to the history of the Bash¬
kirs in the XlXth century. Its chronological frame covers
the period from
1798
when the cantonal system of gov¬
ernment was introduced within the realm till
1903, /.
e.
the beginning of the XXth century
—
the period when
processes associated with the most modern history of
Russia started to develop. From territorial viewpoint the
volume considers history of the Bashkirs residing in the
Orenburg Government. Subsequently this history con¬
cerns the pristine lands where the Bashkirs used to set¬
tle, namely the Governments (goubernias) of Orenburg,
Ufa, also partly the Saratov, Perm and Vyatka Govern¬
ments.
In
1798
on the initiative of the Orenburg military
governor O.Jtelstrom the Czar s government had intro¬
duced the cantonal system of management in Bashkiria.
The Bashkirs having formed the Baskir-Mishar military
corps had been transferred to the military-cossack estate
which was kept under a strict supervision. The cantonal
management in Baskiria served the aims of realizing
the home and foreign policy of the Government in the
south-east of the Russian Empire. The population of
11
Bashkir and
5
Mishar cantons was put both under the
civilian authorities and the Orenburg military governor
and it was also subject to Bashkir military and civil func¬
tionaries. Freedom of the population s movement had
been restricted and its mode of life and behaviour were
put under strict surveillance, the remnants of Bashkir
self-government were being done with.
The autocracy has found a common language with
the national elite. The military corps functionaries were
active in the management affairs of the realm. The
rank-and-file Bashkirs having minimal rights bore all
the burden of carrying exceedingly heavy duties linked
with their entering the military estate. At the end of the
XVIlIth century nobility was known to be appearing in
the Bashkir society. Further formation processes of the
Bashkir nobility continued in the cantonal period as¬
sociated with Bashkirs involvement in military cam¬
paigns. It ought to be noted that generally during the
1st
half of the XlXth century there went a gradual but steady
transfer to the general imperial system of legislation and
governing with account being taken of the local customs
and traditions.
The cantonal system affected the Ural and Oren¬
burg Cossacks, the Stavropol Kalmyks, Bashkirs and
Mishars. Yet that system had been dismantled among
the Cossacks by the early 40s of the XlXth century with
new Rules of military service having been endorsed. The
Stavropol Kalmyk corps, the Kalmyks entering the body
of the Orenburg Cossacks were dismantled, too. It was
among the Bashkirs and the Mishars that the cantons
survived up to the year of
1865.
In
1834
they officially created the Bashkir-Mishar
military corps and its commander was appointed (as
a rule it being a General-major or general-lieutenant)
and governing structures were formed. The government
transformed the system in the 40S-50S, the number of
cantons was increased, a body of trustees was created.
In
1855
the Bashkir-Mishar military corps came to
be called the Bashkir one upon the Teptyars joining it
that year.
The chief task of Bashkirs was doing military duty
on the Orenburg border line, participation in raiding
the steppe and construction of military encampments
(fortifications). This service was effected by Bashkirs to¬
gether with the Orenburg and Ural Cossacks and with
soldiers of the Orenburg line s battalions.
Bashkirs took the most massive part in prepar¬
ing and conducting of the steppe campaign during the
Khiva expedition of
1839—1840,
also in the construc¬
tion of steppe fortifications in the 40-ies and during the
Kokand campaigns of
1852—1853.
The line service of
guarding the south-east frontiers of the Empire used to
be the chief duty for most of the Bashkirs up to separat¬
ing cantons into two groupings (the servicemen s one
and that of the taxpayers instead of doing service). The
line service of Bashkirs in the borderline cantons con¬
tinued up to
1863.
355
Apart
from performing the line service Bashkirs
were recruited in the wars waged by Russia in the
1
st half
of the XlXth century as a part of the national troops, the
latter being a component part of the Empire s irregular
army. Because of the Russo-French political tension
during
1806-1807 20
five-hundred men strong teams
totalling
10,000
Bashkirs had been sent to war. Two
teams
ofthat
number had time
tojóin
the army and took
part in action near Tilsit displaying valour in the Welau
battle. Since that time the Bashkirs came to be known in
Europe under the name of «The Northern amours» after
a nickname coined by the French. The Prussian cam¬
paign of
1807
contributed to developing skills for rapid
mobilization and those for organizing large cavalry units
on the march.
In
1811—1812
the Bashkir people formed and sent
to fight Napoleon
20
five-hundred men strong mounted
regiments. In
1813—
1814a thousand men strong Bash¬
kir military team accompanied
4,139
horses donated
by Bashkirs and Mishars to the Government. So the
number of Bashkirs who went to the war totalled
11,662.
In the Patriotic war of
1812
there were five Bashkir regi¬
ments in the army, viz. from one to five, the
1st , 2nd
,
4th and the 5th of them taking direct part in military
actions. The Bashkirs of the
1st
regiment covered them¬
selves with an unfading glory. Being in the rear covering
the Russian army s retreat they took part in battles, skir¬
mishes and shoot-outs with the enemy almost daily.
The first regiment took part in the Borodino battle
subsequently battling heroically in the guerilla detach¬
ments near Moscow. The
2nd
Bashkir regiment was
prominent in taking Kobrin by storm, later on fighting
successfully in Belorussia.
All twenty Bashkir regiments were in the allied ar¬
mies numbers during the foreign military campaign of
1813-1814.
They participated in many battles (those of
Leipzig, Laon, Paris), took part in the siege of enemy
fortresses in Dresden, Danzig, Glogau, Maudlin, Ham¬
burg. Also they accompanied prisoners-of-war and per¬
formed duties of an express mail. The first
—
ever mass
contact of Europeans and Bashkir warriors occurred
during the
1813-1814
campaign which was mainly of
peaceful nature. This led to the start of a process which
shaped the image of Bashkirs as representatives of the
Russia s Orient.
The Bashkirs ranked second in number after the Don
Cossacks among the Cossack and national cavalry in the
Russian army of the Napoleon wars period. Possessing
traditional weapons and equipment Bashkirs fought val¬
iantly staunchly bearing hardships of military campaign
life. Besides, in
1812
Bashkirs dispatched a reinforced
outfit to the Orenburg frontier line to the tune of
12,000
men; Bashkirs replacing Cossacks and the regular units
on the line enabled the military command to send to the
army at war the badly needed there Orenburg and Urals
Cossack army and infantry regiments. Being sure of the
Bashkirs safely guarding the frontier line the Orenburg
military governor was able to send to the army over
2,000
extra officers and men from the battalions in the
356
rear in
1812.
This was a substantial contribution to the
common victory in the Patriotic war of
1812.
Bashkirs
themselves had voluntarily donated in
1813 4,139
horses
that were accompanied to the army by over a thousand
combattants.
Bashkir people s part in the
1812
Patriotic war and
in the Foreign campaign of
1813—1814
has forever be¬
come an example of profound patriotism, fidelity to
Russia, a paragon of heroism and its warriors valour.
In the Napoleon epoch the Bashkir cavalry was
active in the foreign wars as a part of Russia s army.
The military command sought to find an optimal vari¬
ant of forming Bashkir mounted regiments by form¬
ing completely Bashkir regiments or making them half
the Orenburg Cossacks, the other half being Bashkir.
Two Bashkir and two mixed regiments took part in the
Russo-Turkish war of
1818—1829.
One of their last regi¬
ments went to war in the Russian-Polish campaign of
1830—1831.
Five Bashkir regiments were additionally
drawn into that war. Bashkirs executed all their duties
with honour bearing every hardship of the campaign life
along with everybody else. Four Bashkir regiments have
been formed during the Crimean war, two of them being
dispatched to defend the Baltic coast in case of a pos¬
sible enemy invasion.
Participation in the numerous wars fought by Rus¬
sia and the defense of the Orenburg line cost Bashkirs
dearly; meeting of any war demands lead to a depletion
of their forces. The prolonged stay in the military es¬
tate and tough regulation of everyday life bound their
social and political initiative and was a brake on their
economic development.
The cantonal system of government as the optimal
model of Bashkirs integration via military service into
the legal (judicial) institutions of the Russian Empire
mainly completed that process. For the State the can¬
tonal system resolved a two-fold military-political task
of defending the south-eastern frontier of the Empire
and that of integrating the Bashkir nation.
For Bashkirs it was fraught with a number of major
phenomena connected with transforming Bashkir land
use and land tenure.
The decimal event for the early XlXth century was
conducting a General survey of the Orenburg govern¬
ment (goubernia). Its chief purpose was putting land re¬
lations into order. An important task of the survey was
taking records and official fixation of the state s public
land borders. A major outcome of the survey was to clar¬
ify the particular delineation of the terrain in nobility s
(allotments) manors and in the factory possessions. The
other point was the official assignment to them of the
new lands owned by Bashkirs and the Treasury. In spite
of all its importance the general Survey was but the first
step in regulating land relations in the region. The next
stage was the Special land survey aimed at regulating
land management within the manors (allotments) spec¬
ified in the General survey. It was conducted since the
30ies of the XlXth century and lasted till
1917.
The importance of the General survey for the re¬
gion s further development consisted also in the fact
that for the first time the Government has received real
and full data on the distribution of land amongst various
categories of the population. Subsequently this infor¬
mation (in late XlXth
—
early XXth centuries) was used
by the government to continue the large-scale develop¬
ment of the region.
The government itself via the Orenburg military
governors has been continuously conducting a policy
aimed at the spread of agriculture and the settled mode
of life among the Bashkir people. In
1830—1840
the au¬
thorities policy to disseminate those features among
the semi-nomadic Bashkirs took an administrative and
compulsory nature. The government of Russia was
keenly interested in the spread of agriculture among
Bashkirs. Thereby it meant to release vast amount of
land used for pastures that were exploited with little ef¬
fect according to the authorities viewpoint. The intro¬
duction of the cantonal system of management and the
government s policy to render the semi-nomadic Bash¬
kirs settled and make them go into farming had lead to
a disruption of the ages-long mode of economy. It also
led to a general deterioration of the social and economic
state of the southern and south-eastern Bashkirs, this
directly affecting the demographic situation of the so¬
ciety under study. Yet it has to be noted that the young
population under
20
totalled over
50
per cent after each
census. This indicator and also high share of women of
reproductive age throughout the period investigated be¬
speaks of the viability of the Bashkir society.
In the first half of the XlXth century Bashkirs were
engaged in the industrial production
—
be it in mines,
gold mining or manufacture of potassium. All these
were of seasonal nature, the Bashkirs being involved
there chiefly for want of money. The military command
seeking to upkeep the economic and military potential
of the Bashkir corps strove to regulate relations between
Bashkirs and the owners of factories and gold fields.
Islam exercised certain influence upon the Bashkir
society in the post-reform period. Generally these were
spheres of religion, everyday life and the administrative
field. This influence was determined by activities of the
Orenburg Mohammedan Ecclesiastical Assembly which
attempted to frame all chief spheres of life in the Mos¬
lem communities, Bashkirs included. In this respect, in
certain cases it tried to replace the local administration
and the central bodies of power which kept a keen eye
on its activity, attempting to regulate it in their turn. On
the other hand the Ecclesiastical Assembly used to be
a true translator of the government policy in the main
even when that policy was at odds with the shariah s
dogmas. It is to be admitted in general that Islam failing
as it did to imbue deeply the Bashkir society, exercised
yet a positive influence on processes of Bashkirs inte¬
gration into the Empire.
The canton system had a dual nature. On the one
hand it depressed people and deprived them of their busi¬
ness initiatives and activities, imposing a strict frame on
all aspects of life. On the other hand it structured the so¬
ciety; it also promoted introduction of secular education
into Bashkir society. The system incorporated the Bash¬
kir elite into the nobility stratum, and what is foremost,
it assisted Bashkirs in preserving their ethnic self-con¬
sciousness. It should be admitted that in the historically
foreseeable time until the present day, it was only during
the cantonal system that all the Bashkirs had a unified
management irrespective of places of their habitation
and they represented themselves as a single unit which
contributed to consolidating the Bashkir people and to
the development of their self-consciousness.
Thus the cantonal system fulfilled its primary task
of finalizing the integration of Bashkirs into Russia s
imperial space, and nothwithstanding some negative
phenomena, it represented a stage of sustained develop¬
ment in the history of the Bashkir people. The cantonal
system yielded more positive results than the negative
ones.
The administrative, military, and social markers
stood clear in the integration completed. From the ad¬
ministrative standpoint, it was secession of the Samara
and Ufa provinces from the Orenburg province, abol¬
ishing the Bashkir military corps and the substitution of
the volost division for the cantonal one. In terms of so¬
cial strata, all Bashkirs joined the ranks of rural dwell¬
ers which led to a unification of their position, a small
part of the national elite having been incorporated into
the nobility layer.
The most weighty argument to confirm the point on
the
integrative
processes being completed is the Bash¬
kirs attitude to the military service after the cantonal
system was introduced. According to the
1874
statutes
all
non
-Russian peoples of Kazakhstan, Turkestan, the
Far East, Siberia, the North, the Caucasus, and Tran¬
scaucasia followed by Finland later on were exempt
from conscription, but the Bashkirs and other non-Rus¬
sian peoples of the Volga region along with the Slavonic
peoples were subject to conscription on general terms.
The social aspect concerns the events of the first half
of the XlXth century when one observed a gradual proc¬
ess of shaping the national intellectuals layer
-
mainly
the military and men of medicine. Among Bashkirs there
also appeared factory workers; a slow process of stratifi¬
cation of the rank-and-file was going on; in the cultural
area written works meant for the informed reader com¬
plemented the folklore.
The reforms of the
60s - 70s
of the XlXth century
opened a new era for Bashkirs; they set economic initia¬
tives free contributing to the general rise in the life of the
Bashkir people. The Bashkirs preserved their land ten¬
ure which was not meant for purchase. The people faced
new tasks, the ideals changed, the age of Enlightenment
set in; all aspects of life were undergoing a rapid mod¬
ernization. It should be taken into account that Russia
herself was undergoing changes and Bashkiria followed
suit simultaneously.
A massive withdrawal of Bashkir lands in various
forms took place in the
60s
and the
70s
of the XlXth cen-
357
tury.
The area of Bashkir landownership decreased by
virtue of the government course being realised. By the
end of the XlXth century the Bashkir landowners of the
Ufa and Orenburg provinces had retained about
6.7
mil¬
lion desiatinas of land in the form of plots (allotments) as
well as
1.7
million desiatinas in the collective ownership
which was free on a.per capita land basis. At that time
in the Bashkir economy there occurred the final decay
of cattle-breeding caused by an overall reduction of pas¬
ture lands. In the greater part of the areas the Bashkir
people used to settle, summer outings of the Bashkir fam¬
ilies with herds of cattle had practically ceased. Farming
spread everywhere. All this testifies to the following. The
post-reform period in the history of Bashkir economy
is the one when processes of agrarian modernisation
started to develop. The latter were associated both with
the heritage of the cantonal system
(/ .
e. forceful transfer
to the sedentary mode of life and to farming) and with
general processes of the development of capitalist rela¬
tions occurring in Russia. They were accompanied by
processes of social stratification of the Bashkir society.
Novel social strata commenced to appear in the
Bashkir society, namely rural entrepreneurs (kulaks),
factory workmen and so forth. Yet they constituted but
a small portion of the Bashkir people. However the ab¬
solute majority of Bashkirs continued to remain within
the framework of the traditional society while preserving
community self-consciousness propped by the agrarian
economy.
Fundamental changes have affected all spheres
of Bashkirs life. They were most conspicuous in ped¬
agogics. Here the European type schools of learn¬
ing made their advent with teaching conducted in the
mother tongue. The latter, alongside with the govern¬
mental Russian-Bashkir schools with Russian-language
schooling became the very foundation which had reared
modern national intelligentsia and fostered all modern
culture.
The process of forming the military service tra¬
dition in Bashkirs public consciousness was over by
the second half of the XlXth century; it was viewed
as men s honourable duty and subsequently it played
a considerable role in processes of forming of the
Bashkir corps and its combat activities in the course
of the Civil war.
Religious institutions exercised a serious influence
on the Bashkir society. They were both traditional
—
in the shape of the Orenburg mufti s office and in the
form of sufism which spread unexpectedly. Jadidism
was the most significant factor of Islamic integration
the Bashkirs. Having appeared at the time of profound
changes in the socio-economic, political and cultural
spheres of the post-reform Bashkiria, it became the fore¬
runner of the New and Modern times for the Bashkir
society. The spiritual dictatorship of religion was largely
dismantled, Islam and other institutions started to adapt
themselves to the bourgeois order in their peculiar ways.
This took place in spite of a fierce resistance of the old
feudal and clirical forces and that of conservative bod¬
ies of power. This was the outcome of the best intel¬
lectuals selfless activities. It resulted in an unheard-of
widening of Bashkirs outlook, and their vision of the
world has altered. It was on the way to becoming secu¬
lar. This circumstance also led to the idea of man s re¬
sponsibility before society gaining its ground. The result
also included a secular vision of the world
vis-à-vis
the
church s scholastic thinking. It contributed to the for¬
mation of the national culture as well. Generally speak¬
ing, the Reformist movement has laid the foundation for
a further rise of Bashkir national self-consciousness and
it has prepared the basics for the establishment of the
Bashkirs autonomous statehood.
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ (Р. К Рахимов)
.............................
ПРОЦЕСС ИНТЕГРАЦИИ БАШКИР В АДМИНИСТРАТИВНО-ПРАВОВУЮ СТРУКТУРУ
РОССИЙСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВА. КАНТОННАЯ СИСТЕМА
БАШКИРЫ В
XIX
ВЕКЕ.
ИСТОРИОГРАФИЯ И ИСТОЧНИКИ
Историография (Р. Н. Рахимов)
.................................................................11
Источники (Р. Н. Рахимов)
.....................................................................21
Источники на тюрки (Р. М. Булгаков, Р. Р. Кутушев)
................................................26
КАНТОННАЯ СИСТЕМА УПРАВЛЕНИЯ
Введение кантонной системы управления {А.
3.
Асфандияров)
.......................................29
Трансформация кантонной системы управления {А.
3.
Асфандияров)
..................................36
Башкиры в Уральском казачьем войске (Р. Н. Рахимов)
.............................................41
Военные губернаторы и башкиры {Н. Л. Семенова)
................................................44
ВОЕННАЯ СЛУЖБА БАШКИР
В ПЕРВОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ
XIX
ВЕКА
Башкирское войско. Проекты его реформ (Р. Н. Рахимов)
...........................................52
Служба башкир на Оренбургской линии {А.
3.
Асфандияров)
........................................59
Походы в степь. Трудовые и денежные повинности (А.
3.
Асфандияров)
...............................64
Башкиры в наполеоновских войнах: Прусский поход
1807
года (Р. К Рахимов)
.........................70
Башкиры в наполеоновских войнах: «Северные амуры» в Отечественной войне
1812
года (Р. Н. Рахимов)
. . .74
Башкиры в наполеоновских войнах: Заграничный поход
1813-1814
годов (Р. Н. Рахимов)
.................84
Башкиры в русской армии в войнах 20-50-х годов
XIX
века (Р. Н. Рахимов)
............................96
ХОЗЯЙСТВО БАШКИР
В ПЕРВОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ
XIX
ВЕКА
Земельное законодательство. Генеральное межевание и его последствия (А. И. Акманов)
................104
Хозяйство башкир (А.
3.
Асфандияров, Р. Н. Рахимов)
.............................................116
Процесс перевода полукочевых башкир к оседлости и земледелию (Ф. Ф. Шаяхметов)
.................124
Башкирский аул
(Φ.
М. Сулейманов)
............................................................139
Башкиры в пространстве хозяйственного ландшафта (Ю. М. Абсалямов)
.............................143
Башкиры в промышленности. Промыслы {Р.
3.
Мударисов)
.........................................146
БАШКИРСКОЕ ОБЩЕСТВО В КАНТОННЫЙ ПЕРИОД
Демография башкир (Г. А. Киньябаева)
..........................................................155
Башкирские чиновники: вертикаль социальной лестницы (А.
3.
Асфандияров, Л. Ф. Тагирова,
А. Я. Ильясова)
..............................................................................163
Башкирская семья (Г. А. Киньябаева)
...........................................................176
Исламский фактор в жизни башкирского общества (Д. Д. Азаматпов)
.................................190
Башкиры и припущенники: тептяри и мишари (Р. Н. Рахимов)
......................................200
Башкиро-казахские отношения (М Р. Мирхайдарова)
..............................................207
Социальный протест (Б. С. Давлетбаев)
.........................................................212
КУЛЬТУРА БАШКИРСКОГО НАРОДА
В ПЕРВОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ
XIX
ВЕКА
Фольклор {А.
3.
Асфандияров)
.................................................................221
Письменность и литература (Г. С. Кунафин)
......................................................226
Просвещение
(M. H.
Фархшатов)
..............................................................231
Образ башкир у европейцев (Р. Н. Рахимов)
......................................................233
396
БАШКИРСКИЙ НАРОД
В МОДЕРНИЗИРУЮЩЕЙСЯ РОССИИ
БАШКИРЫ В ИМПЕРСКОМ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕ РОССИИ
ВТОРОЙ ПОЛОВИНЫ
XIX -
НАЧАЛА
XX
ВЕКА
Отмена кантонной системы. Законодательство о башкирах (Б. С. Давлетбаев)
.........................241
Земство и башкиры (Г. Б. Азаматова)
...........................................................248
Мишари, тептяри, татары и их взаимоотношения с башкирами (М. К Фархшатов)
....................253
Военная служба башкир во второй половине
XIX
века (Р. Н. Рахимов)
...............................256
ХОЗЯЙСТВО БАШКИР
Земельное законодательство (А. И. Акманов)
.....................................................261
Расхищение башкирских земель {А. И. Акманов)
..................................................262
Начало аграрной модернизации (Ф. Ф. Шаяхметов)
...............................................269
Вовлечение башкир в промышленность и торговлю (С.
X.
Хакимов)
.................................274
БАШКИРСКОЕ ОБЩЕСТВО
Демография башкир (Г. А. Киньябаева)
..........................................................283
Социальная стратификация башкирского общества (Л. Ф. Тагирова)
.................................285
Дворяне из башкир (А. Я. Ильясова)
............................................................288
Начало процесса урбанизации башкир (А. И. Уразова)
.............................................293
НА ПУТЯХ К КУЛЬТУРНО-СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ ИНТЕГРАЦИИ
Религиозные институты в жизни башкирского общества: «официальный» ислам и Оренбургский муфтият
(Д. Д. Азаматов)
.............................................................................296
Религиозные институты в жизни башкирского общества: суфизм и власть (М Н. Фархшатов)
...........301
Джадидизм как мусульманский фактор интеграции (М Н. Фархшатов)
..............................308
Башкирские просветители (Г. С. Кунафин)
.......................................................313
Образ башкир у европейцев и в российской культуре (Р. Н. Рахимов)
................................325
КУЛЬТУРА БАШКИРСКОГО НАРОДА
Фольклор (А.
3.
Асфандияров)
.................................................................329
Башкирская мечеть (А. Р. Ширгазин)
............................................................332
Развитие башкирского литературного языка (И. Г. Галяутдинов)
....................................339
Литература (М.
X.
Надергулов)
.................................................................342
Просвещение (М Н. Фархшатов)
..............................................................346
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ (Р. Н. Рахимов)
................................................................351
SUMMARY
.................................................................................355
ИМЕННОЙ УКАЗАТЕЛЬ
.....................................................................359
ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ УКАЗАТЕЛЬ
.............................................................368
СОКРАЩЕНИЯ
.............................................................................374
ИСТОЧНИКИ И ЛИТЕРАТУРА
................................................................376
397
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
(R. N. Rakhimov)
........................
COMPLETION OF THE PROCESS OF BASHKIRS
INTEGRATION INTO THE
ADMINISTRATIV
AND LEGAL STRUCTURE
OF THE RUSSIAN STATE. THE CANTONAL SYSTEM
BASHKIRS IN THE XlXth CENTURY.
HISTORIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES
Historiography (R.
N.
Rakhimov)
.................................................................11
Sources (R.
N.
Rakhimov)
......................................................................21
Sources in Turkic (R. M. Bulgakov,
R. R.
Kutushev)
..................................................26
CANTONAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Introduction of the cantonal management system (A. Z. Asfandiyarov)
...................................29
Transformation of the cantonal management system {A. Z. Asfandiyarov)
.................................36
Bashkirs in the Urals Cossack troops (R.
N.
Rakhimov)
...............................................41
Military governors and Bashkirs
(N. L.
Semyonova)
..................................................44
BASHKIRS MILITARY SERVICE
IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XlXth CENTURY
The Bashkir corps. Projects of its reformation (R.
N.
Rakhimov)
........................................52
Bashkir s service on the Orenburg line (A. Z. Asfandiyarov)
...........................................59
Raids to the steppes. Labour and monetary obligations (A. Z. Asfandiyarov)
...............................64
Bashkirs in the Napoleonic wars: the Prussian campaign of
1807
(J?.
N.
Rakhimov)
.........................70
Bashkirs in the Napoleonic wars: the «Northern Amours» in the
1812
Patriotic war (R.
N.
Rakhimov)
..........74
Bashkirs in the Napoleonic wars: The foreign campaign of
1813-1814
(R.
N.
Rakhimov)
.....................84
Bashkirs in the Napoleonic wars in the 20-50s of the XlXth century (R.
N.
Rakhimov)
......................96
BASHKIR ECONOMY
IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XlXth CENTURY
Agrarian legislation. The General survey and its consequences (A. I. Akmanov)
..........................104
Bashkir economy {A. Z. Asfandiyarov, R.
N.
Rakhimov)
..............................................116
The process of transfer of half-nomadic Bashkirs to the settled way of life and farming
(F.
F. Shayakhmetov)
... 124
The Bashkir village
(F. M.
Suleimanov)
..........................................................139
Bashkirs in the space of economic landscape (Yu. M. Absalyamov)
.....................................143
Bashkirs in industry. Crafts (R. Z. Mudarisov)
.....................................................146
BASHKIR SOCIETY IN THE CANTONAL PERIOD
Demography of the Bashkirs (G A. Kinyabaeva)
...................................................155
Bashkir officials: the vertical of the social ladder (A. Z. Asfandiyarov, L. F. Tagirova, A. Ya. llyasova)
.........163
The Bashkir family (G. A. Kinyabayeva)
.........................................................176
The Islamic factor in the life of Bashkir society (D. D. Azamatov)
......................................190
Bashkirs and the new settlers: Teptyars and Mishars (R.
N.
Rakhimov)
..................................200
Bashkir-Kazakh relations (M. P. Mirkhaidarova)
...................................................207
Social protest
(B. S.
Davletbayev)
...............................................................212
CULTURE OF THE BASHKIR PEOPLE
IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XlXth CENTURY
Folklore {A. Z. Asfandiyarov)
..................................................................221
Writing and literature (G.
5.
Kunafin)
............................................................226
Education (M.
N.
Farkhshatov)
.................................................................231
Image of Bashkirs among the Europeans (R.
N.
Rakhimov)
...........................................233
BASHKIR PEOPLE IN MODERNIZING RUSSIA
BASHKIRS IN THE IMPERIAL SPACE OF RUSSIA
OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE XlXth
-
EARLY XXth CENTURIES
Abolition of cantonal system. Legislation on the Bashkirs (B. S. Davletbaev)
............................241
Zemstvo
and the Bashkirs (G. B. Azamatova)
......................................................248
Mishars, Teptyars, Tatars and their interrelations with the Bashkirs (M.
N.
Farkhshatov)
...................253
Bashkirs military service in the second part of the XlXth century {R.
N.
Rakhimov)
.......................256
ECONOMY OF THE BASHKIRS
Agrarian legislation (A.
1.
Akmanov)
.............................................................261
Plunder of Bashkir lands (A. I. Akmanov)
.........................................................262
The beginning of agrarian modernization {F. F. Shayakhmetov)
.......................................269
Involvement of Bashkirs into industry and trade (S. Kh. Khakimov)
....................................274
THE BASHKIR SOCIETY
Demography of Bashkirs (G. A. Kinyabayevd)
.....................................................283
Social stratification of the Bashkir society (L. F. Tagirova)
...........................................285
Bashkir nobility {A. Ya. llyasova)
...............................................................288
winnings of Bashkir urbanization {A. I. Urazova)
.................................................293
ON THE WAYS OF CULTURAL AND SOCIAL INTEGRATION
Religious institutions in Bashkir society: «official» Islam and the Orenburg muftiyat (D. D. Azamatov)
........296
Religious institutions in Bashkir society: sufism and power (M
N.
Farkhshatov)
..........................301
Jadidism as the Muslim factor of integration (M.
N.
Farkhshatov)
.....................................308
Bashkir Enlighteners (G. S. Kunafin)
.............................................................313
Image of Bashkirs among the Europeans and in the Russian culture (R.
N.
Rakhimov)
......................325
BASHKIR PEOPLE S CULTURE
Folklore [A. Z. Asfandiyarov)
..................................................................329
The Bashkir mosque {A. R. Shirgazin)
............................................................332
Development of Bashkir literary language
(/.
G. Galyautdinov)
.......................................339
Literature (M Kh. Nadergulov)
.................................................................342
Education (M.
N.
Farkhshatov)
.................................................................346
CONCLUSION (R.
N.
Rakhimov)
...............................................................351
SUMMARY
................................................................................355
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
.................................................................359
INDEX OF PLACE NAMES
..................................................................368
ABBREVIATIONS
..........................................................................374
SOURCES AND LITERATURE
................................................................376
|
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| id | DE-604.BV041818818 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:06:06Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9785020382763 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027263980 |
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| physical | 398 S. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2011 |
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| spelling | Istorija baškirskogo naroda v semi t. 4 Rossijskaja Akademija Nauk, Ufimskij Naučnyj Centr, Institut Istorii, Jazyka i Literatury. [Red. kollegija: ... Asfandijarov A. Z. ...] Moskva Nauka (2011) 398 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Asfandijarov, Anvar Zakirovič 1934- Sonstige (DE-588)1012953483 oth (DE-604)BV037365354 4 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027263980&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027263980&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Istorija baškirskogo naroda v semi t. |
| title | Istorija baškirskogo naroda v semi t. |
| title_auth | Istorija baškirskogo naroda v semi t. |
| title_exact_search | Istorija baškirskogo naroda v semi t. |
| title_full | Istorija baškirskogo naroda v semi t. 4 Rossijskaja Akademija Nauk, Ufimskij Naučnyj Centr, Institut Istorii, Jazyka i Literatury. [Red. kollegija: ... Asfandijarov A. Z. ...] |
| title_fullStr | Istorija baškirskogo naroda v semi t. 4 Rossijskaja Akademija Nauk, Ufimskij Naučnyj Centr, Institut Istorii, Jazyka i Literatury. [Red. kollegija: ... Asfandijarov A. Z. ...] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Istorija baškirskogo naroda v semi t. 4 Rossijskaja Akademija Nauk, Ufimskij Naučnyj Centr, Institut Istorii, Jazyka i Literatury. [Red. kollegija: ... Asfandijarov A. Z. ...] |
| title_short | Istorija baškirskogo naroda |
| title_sort | istorija baskirskogo naroda v semi t |
| title_sub | v semi t. |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027263980&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027263980&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV037365354 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT asfandijarovanvarzakirovic istorijabaskirskogonarodavsemit4 |