Test equating, scaling, and linking: methods and practices
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
New York, NY [u.a.]
Springer
[2014]
|
Ausgabe: | Third edition |
Schriftenreihe: | Statistics for social and behavioral sciences
|
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XXVI, 566 Seiten Diagramme |
ISBN: | 9781493903160 |
Internformat
MARC
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020 | |a 9781493903160 |c print |9 978-1-4939-0316-0 | ||
024 | 3 | |a 9781493903177 | |
035 | |a (OCoLC)889724553 | ||
035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV041815362 | ||
040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakddb | ||
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100 | 1 | |a Kolen, Michael J. |0 (DE-588)1047378051 |4 aut | |
245 | 1 | 0 | |a Test equating, scaling, and linking |b methods and practices |c Michael J. Kolen ; Robert L. Brennan |
250 | |a Third edition | ||
264 | 1 | |a New York, NY [u.a.] |b Springer |c [2014] | |
300 | |a XXVI, 566 Seiten |b Diagramme | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
490 | 0 | |a Statistics for social and behavioral sciences | |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Schulleistungsmessung |0 (DE-588)4077202-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
689 | 0 | 0 | |a Schulleistungsmessung |0 (DE-588)4077202-0 |D s |
689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
700 | 1 | |a Brennan, Robert L. |0 (DE-588)1047378590 |4 aut | |
776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe |o 10.1007/978-1-4939-0317-7 |
776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe |z 978-1-4939-0317-7 |
856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027260615&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027260615 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804152143100248064 |
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adam_text | Contents
Introduction
and Concepts
......................
1.1
Equating and Related Concepts
..............
.1.1
Test Forms and Test Specifications
......
.1.2
Equating
........................
Л.З
Processes That are Related to Equating
. . .
.1.4
Equating and Score Scales
............
.1.5
Equating and the Test Score Decline
of the
1960s
and
1970s..............
1.2
Equating and Scaling in Practice: A Brief Overview
of This Book
............................
1.3
Properties of Equating
......................
.3.1
.3.2
.3.3
.3.4
.3.5
Symmetry Property
............
Same Specifications Property
.....
Equity Properties
.............
Observed Score Equating Properties
Group
Invariance
Property
.......
1.4
Equating Designs
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.4.1
Random Groups Design
.................
.4.2
Single Group Design
...................
.4.3
Single Group Design with Counterbalancing
. .
.4.4
AS
VAB
Problems with a Single Group Design
.4.5
Common-Item
Nonequivalent
Groups Design.
.
.4.6
NAEP Reading Anomaly:
Problems with Common Items
............
Error in Estimating Equating Relationships
..........
Evaluating the Results of Equating
................
Testing Situations Considered
...................
Preview
...................................
Exercises
..................................
References
2
2
3
4
7
8
9
9
9
11
12
12
13
14
14
16
18
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Observed Score Equating Using the Random Groups Design
.... 29
2.1
Mean Equating
.................................. 30
2.2
Linear Equating
................................. 31
XIII
Contents
xiv
2.3
Properties of Mean and Linear Equating
................ 32
2.4
Comparison of Mean and Linear Equating
............... 33
2.5
Equipercentile Equating
............................ 36
2.5.1
Graphical Procedures
...................... 38
2.5.2
Analytic Procedures
....................... 42
2.5.3
Properties of Equated Scores
in Equipercentile Equating
................... 45
2.6
Estimating Observed Score Equating Relationships
......... 46
2.7
Scale Scores
...................................
50
2.7.1
Linear Conversions
........................ 50
2.7.2
Truncation of Linear Conversions
.............. 53
2.7.3
Nonlinear Conversions
..................... 54
2.8
Equating Using Single Group Designs
................. 60
2.9
Equating Using Alternate Scoring Schemes
.............. 60
2.10
Preview of What Follows
.......................... 61
2.11
Exercises
...................................... 62
References
......................................... 63
3
Random Groups: Smoothing in Equipercentile Equating
....... 65
3.1
A Conceptual Statistical Framework for Smoothing
........ 66
3.2
Properties of Smoothing Methods
..................... 69
3.3
Presmoothing Methods
............................ 70
3.3.1
Polynomial Log-Linear Method
............... 70
3.3.2
Strong True Score Method
................... 72
3.3.3
Illustrative Example
....................... 74
3.4
Postsmoothing Methods
............................ 80
3.4.1
Illustrative Example
....................... 85
3.5
The Kernel Method of Equating
...................... 89
3.6
Practical Issues in Equipercentile Equating
.............. 93
3.6.1
Summary of Smoothing Strategies
............. 94
3.6.2
Smoothing and Population Distribution
Irregularities
............................. 95
3.6.3
Equating Error, Sample Size,
and Smoothing Method
..................... 96
3.7
Exercises
...................................... 98
References
......................................... 99
4
Nonequivalent
Groups: Linear Methods
................... 103
4.1
Tucker Method
................................ 105
4.1.1
Linear Regression Assumptions
............... 105
4.1.2
Conditional Variance Assumptions
............. 106
4.1.3
Intermediate Results
....................... 107
4.1.4
Final Results
............................
Ю8
4.1.5
Special Cases
......................
Ю9
Contents xv
4.2
Levine
Observed Score Method
......................
1
09
4.2.1
Correlational Assumptions
................... 110
4.2.2
Linear Regression Assumptions
...............
ПО
4.2.3
Error Variance Assumptions
.................. 11
J
4.2.4
Intermediate Results
.......................
Ill
4.2.5
General Results
.......................... 112
4.2.6
Classical Congeneric Model Results
............
1J3
4.3
Levine
True Score Method
......................... 116
4.3.1
Results
................................ 117
4.3.2
First-Order Equity
......................... 119
4.4
Chained Linear Equating
........................... 121
4.4.1
Chained Linear Observed Score Equating
........ 122
4.4.2
Chained Linear True Score Equating
............
L23
4.5
Illustrative Example and Other Topics
................. 124
4.5.1
Illustrative Example
....................... 125
4.5.2
Synthetic Population Weights
................. 128
4.5.3
Mean Equating
........................... 128
4.5.4
Decomposing Observed Differences in Means
and Variances
............................ 129
4.5.5
Relationships Among Linear Observed
Score Methods
........................... 132
4.5.6
Relationships Involving
Levine
Methods
......... 135
4.5.7
Other Issues Involving Methods
............... 137
4.5.8
Scale Scores
............................. 137
4.6
Appendix: Proof that
σ](Τχ) = γ[σ](Τν)
Under
the Classical Congeneric Model
...................... 139
4.7
Exercises
...................................... 139
References
......................................... 141
5
Nonequivalent
Groups: Equipercentile Methods
............. 143
5.
J
Frequency Estimation Method
....................... 143
5.1.1
Conditional Distributions
.................... 144
5.1.2
Assumptions and Procedures
................. 144
5.1.3
Numerical Example
........................ 147
5.1.4
Estimating the Distributions
.................. 150
5.1.5
Special Case:
Braun-Holland
Linear Method
...... 151
5.1.6
Illustrative Example
....................... 152
5.2
Other Methods
.................................. 158
5.2.1
Modified Frequency Estimation
............... 158
5.2.2
Chained Equipercentile Equating
.............. 159
5.2.3
Illustrative Example
....................... 164
5.3
Practical Issues
.................................. 165
5.4
Exercises
...................................... 166
References
......................................... 166
Contents
XVI
6
Item Response Theory Methods l71
6.1
Some Necessary
IRT
Concepts
....................... 172
6.1.1
Unidimensionality and Local Independence
Assumptions
............................. 172
6.1.2
IRT
Models
.............................
l73
6.1.3
IRT
Parameter Estimation
................... 176
6.2
Transformations of
IRT
Scales
....................... 177
6.2.1
Transformation Equations
................... 177
6.2.2
Demonstrating the Appropriateness
of Scale Transformations
.................... 178
6.2.3
Expressing
Aanć
В
Constants
................. 179
6.2.4
Expressing A and
В
Constants in Terms of Groups
of Items and/or Persons
..................... 180
6.3
Transforming
IRT
Scales When Parameters are Estimated.
... 181
6.3.1
Designs
................................ 82
6.3.2
Mean/Sigma and Mean/Mean Transformation
Methods
............................... 183
6.3.3
Characteristic Curve Transformation Methods
..... 184
6.3.4
Comparisons Among Scale Transformation
Methods
............................... 189
6.4
Equating and Scoring
............................. 191
6.5
Equating True Scores
............................. 192
6.5.1
Test Characteristic Curves
................... 192
6.5.2
True Score Equating Process
................. 193
6.5.3
The Newton-Raphson Method
................ 193
6.5.4
Using True Score Equating
with Observed Scores
...................... 196
6.6
Equating Observed Scores
.......................... 197
6.7
IRT
True Score Versus
IRT
Observed Score Equating
...... 201
6.8
Illustrative Example
.............................. 201
6.8.1
Item Parameter Estimation and Scaling
.......... 202
6.8.2
IRT
True Score Equating
.................... 206
6.8.3
IRT
Observed Score Equating
................ 207
6.8.4 Rasch
Equating
.......................... 213
6.9
Using
IRT
Calibrated Item Pools and Other Designs
....... 214
6.9.1
Common-Item Equating to a Calibrated Pool
...... 215
6.9.2
Item Preequating
....................... 219
6.9.3
Other Designs
.................... 221
6.10
Equating with Polytomous
IRT
.............. 221
6.10.1
Polytomous
IRT
Models for Ordered Responses.
... 222
6.10.2
Scoring Function, Item Response Function,
and Test Characteristic Curve
............. 227
6.10.3
Parameter Estimation and Scale Transformation
with Polytomous
IRT
Models
......... 228
Contents xvii
6Л0.4
True Score Equating
....................... 232
6.10.5
Observed Score Equating
.................... 232
6.10.6
Example Using the Graded Response Model
...... 233
6.11
Robustness to Violations of the Unidimensionality
Assumption
.................................... 235
6.12
Practical Issues and Caveat
......................... 238
6.13
Exercises
...................................... 239
References
......................................... 241
7
Standard Errors of Equating
........................... 247
7.1
Definition of Standard Error of Equating
................ 248
7.2
The Bootstrap
.................................. 250
7.2.1
Standard Errors Using the Bootstrap
............ 250
7.2.2
Standard Errors of Equating
.................. 252
7.2.3
Parametric Bootstrap
....................... 253
7.2.4
Standard Errors of Equipercentile Equating
with Smoothing
.......................... 255
7.2.5
Standard Errors of Scale Scores
............... 256
7.2.6
Standard Errors of Equating Chains
............ 257
7.2.7
Mean Standard Error of Equating
.............. 258
7.2.8
Caveat
................................. 259
7.3
The Delta Method
............................... 259
7.3.1
Mean Equating Using Single Group
and Random Groups Designs
................. 260
7.3.2
Linear Equating Using the Random
Groups Design
........................... 261
7.3.3
Equipercentile Equating Using the Random
Groups Design
........................... 263
7.3.4
Standard Errors for Other Designs
............. 264
7.3.5
Illustrative Example
....................... 265
7.3.6
Approximations
.......................... 267
7.3.7
Standard Errors for Scale Scores
.............. 268
7.3.8
Standard Errors of Equating Chains
............ 269
7.3.9
Using Delta Method Standard Errors
............ 270
7.4
Using Standard Errors in Practice
..................... 276
7.5
Exercises
...................................... 278
References
......................................... 279
8
Practical Issues in Equating
............................ 283
8.1
Equating and the Test Development Process
............. 285
8.1.1
Test Specifications
........................ 285
8.1.2
Changes in Test Specifications
................ 286
8.1.3
Characteristics of Common-Item Sets
........... 287
Contents
XVIII
8.2 Data
Collection:
Design and Implementation............. 289
8.2.1
Choosing Among Equating Designs
............ 289
8.2.2
Developing Equating Linkage Plans
............ 292
8.2.3
Examinee Groups Used in Equating
............ 300
8.2.4
Sample Size Requirements
................... 303
8.3
Choosing from Among the Statistical Procedures
.......... 305
8.4
Equating Criteria and Designs in Research Studies
......... 310
8.4.1
Criteria and Designs Based on Error in Estimating
Equating Relationships
..................... 310
8.4.2
Equating in a Circle
....................... 318
8.4.3
Criteria and Designs Based on Assessing
Group
Invariance
of Equating Relationships
....... 319
8.4.4
Criteria and Designs Based on the Equity
Property of Equating
....................... 320
8.4.5
Discussion of Equating Criteria and Designs
...... 325
8.5
Choosing from Among Equating Results in Operational
Equating
...................................... 326
8.5.1
Equating Versus Not Equating
................ 326
8.5.2
Use of Robustness Checks
................... 327
8.5.3
Choosing from Among Results in the Random
Groups Design
........................... 327
8.5.4
Choosing from Among Results in the
Common-Item
Nonequivalent
Groups Design
...... 328
8.5.5
Use of Consistency Checks
.................. 329
8.5.6
Equating and Score Scales
................... 330
8.6
Importance of Standardization Conditions and
Quality Control Procedures
......................... 33]
8.6.1
Test Development
......................... 331
8.6.2
Test Administration and Standardization
Conditions
.............................. 331
8.6.3
Quality Control
.......................... 333
8.6.4
Reequating
.......................... 334
8.7
Conditions Conducive to Satisfactory Equating
........... 337
8.8
Comparability Issues in Special Circumstances
........... 337
8.8.1
Comparability Issues with Computer-Based Tests.
.. 337
8.8.2
Comparability for Constructed-Response
and Mixed-Format Tests
............... 344
8.8.3
Score Comparability with Optional Test Sections
... 348
8.9
Conclusion
.................... -240
8.10
Exercises
...................
References
................
Contents
xix
9
Score Scales
........................................ 371
9.1
Scaling Perspectives
.............................. 372
9.2
Unit Scores, Item Scores, and Raw Scores
............... 377
9.2Л
Test Score Terminology
.................... 377
9.2.2
Unit and Item Scores
...................... 378
9.2.3
Raw Scores (Y)
.......................... 380
9.3
Scores on
M
ix
ed-
Format Tests
....................... 387
9.3.1
Weights Based on Numbers of Score Points
...... 388
9.3.2
Observed Score Effective Weights
............. 389
9.3.3
True Score Effective Weights
................. 390
9.3.4
Weights Chosen to Maximize Reliability
......... 390
9.3.5
Weighting Example
........................ 391
9.3.6
Some Other Weighting Criteria and Issues
........ 392
9.3.7
Weights in
IRT
.......................... 392
9.4
Score Transformations
............................. 393
9.5
Incorporating Normative Information
.................. 394
9.5.1
Linear Transformations
..................... 394
9.5.2
Nonlinear Transformations
................... 395
9.5.3
Example: Normalized Scale Scores
............. 397
9.5.4
Importance of Norm Group in Setting
the Score Scale
........................... 401
9.6
Incorporating Score Precision Information
............... 401
9.6.1
Rules of Thumb for Number of Distinct
Score Points
............................. 402
9.6.2
Linearly Transformed Score Scales with a Given
Standard Error of Measurement
............... 404
9.6.3
Score Scales with Approximately Equal
Conditional Standard Errors of Measurement
...... 405
9.6.4
Example: Incorporating Score Precision
......... 407
9.6.5
Evaluating Psychometric Properties
of Scale Scores
........................... 410
9.6.6
The
IRT
fl-Scale as a Score Scale
.............. 413
9.7
Incorporating Content Information
.................... 414
9.7.1
Item Mapping
............................ 414
9.7.2
Scale Anchoring
.......................... 415
9.7.3
Standard Setting
.......................... 417
9.7.4
Numerical Example
........................ 418
9.7.5
Practical Usefulness
....................... 420
9.8
Maintaining Score Scales
........................... 420
9.9
Scales for Test Batteries and Composites
............... 422
9.9.1
Test Batteries
............................ 422
9.9.2
Composite Scores
......................... 423
9.9.3
Maintaining Scales for Batteries and Composites
. . . 424
Contents
XX
9.10
Vertical
Scaling and Developmental Score Scales
......... 425
9.10.1
Structure of Batteries
...................... 427
9.10.2
Type of Domain Being Measured
.............. 428
9.10.3
Definition of Growth
....................... 429
9.10.4
Designs for Data Collection for Vertical Scaling
... 431
9.10.5
Test Scoring
............................. 434
9.10.6
Hieronymus Statistical Methods
............... 435
9.10.7
Thurstone Statistical Methods
................. 437
9.10.8
IRT
Statistical Methods
..................... 440
9.10.9
Thurstone Illustrative Example
................ 445
9.10.10
IRT
Illustrative Example
.................... 454
9.10.11
Statistics for Comparing Scaling Results
......... 461
9.10.12
Some Limitations of Vertically Scaled Tests
...... 463
9.10.13
Vertical Scaling Designs with Variable Sections.
. . . 465
9.10.14
Maintaining Vertical Scales
.................. 466
9.10.15
Research on Vertical Scaling
................. 466
9.10.16
Score Scales and Growth Models
.............. 471
9.
1
1
Exercises
...................................... 473
References
......................................... 475
10
Linking
........................................... 487
10.1
Linking Categorization Schemes and Criteria
............. 488
10.1.1
Types of Linking
......................... 491
10.1.2
Mislevy/Linn Taxonomy
.................... 492
10.1.3
Holland and Dorans Framework
............... 496
10.1.4
Degrees of Similarity
...................... 498
10.1.5
Summary and Other Approaches
.............. 500
10.2
Group
Invariance
................................ 501
10.2.1
Statistical Methods Using Observed Scores
....... 501
10.2.2
Statistics for Overall Group
Invariance
.......... 505
10.2.3
Statistics for Pairwise Group
Invariance
......... 507
10.2.4
Example: ACT and ITED Science Tests
......... 508
10.3
Additional Examples
................... 527
10.3.1
Extended Time
........................... 528
10.3.2
Test Adaptations and Translated Tests
........... 529
10.4
Discussion
...................... 53]
10.5
Exercises
....................... «532
References
....................
c-ii
Appendix A: Answers to Exercises
.............. 537
Appendix B: Computer Programs
............. 559
................................................ 56!
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Kolen, Michael J. Brennan, Robert L. |
author_GND | (DE-588)1047378051 (DE-588)1047378590 |
author_facet | Kolen, Michael J. Brennan, Robert L. |
author_role | aut aut |
author_sort | Kolen, Michael J. |
author_variant | m j k mj mjk r l b rl rlb |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV041815362 |
classification_rvk | CS 1000 SK 830 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)889724553 (DE-599)BVBBV041815362 |
discipline | Psychologie Mathematik Geographie |
edition | Third edition |
format | Book |
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id | DE-604.BV041815362 |
illustrated | Not Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:06:01Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9781493903160 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027260615 |
oclc_num | 889724553 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-188 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-11 |
owner_facet | DE-188 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-11 |
physical | XXVI, 566 Seiten Diagramme |
publishDate | 2014 |
publishDateSearch | 2014 |
publishDateSort | 2014 |
publisher | Springer |
record_format | marc |
series2 | Statistics for social and behavioral sciences |
spelling | Kolen, Michael J. (DE-588)1047378051 aut Test equating, scaling, and linking methods and practices Michael J. Kolen ; Robert L. Brennan Third edition New York, NY [u.a.] Springer [2014] XXVI, 566 Seiten Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Statistics for social and behavioral sciences Schulleistungsmessung (DE-588)4077202-0 gnd rswk-swf Schulleistungsmessung (DE-588)4077202-0 s DE-604 Brennan, Robert L. (DE-588)1047378590 aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 10.1007/978-1-4939-0317-7 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-4939-0317-7 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027260615&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Kolen, Michael J. Brennan, Robert L. Test equating, scaling, and linking methods and practices Schulleistungsmessung (DE-588)4077202-0 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4077202-0 |
title | Test equating, scaling, and linking methods and practices |
title_auth | Test equating, scaling, and linking methods and practices |
title_exact_search | Test equating, scaling, and linking methods and practices |
title_full | Test equating, scaling, and linking methods and practices Michael J. Kolen ; Robert L. Brennan |
title_fullStr | Test equating, scaling, and linking methods and practices Michael J. Kolen ; Robert L. Brennan |
title_full_unstemmed | Test equating, scaling, and linking methods and practices Michael J. Kolen ; Robert L. Brennan |
title_short | Test equating, scaling, and linking |
title_sort | test equating scaling and linking methods and practices |
title_sub | methods and practices |
topic | Schulleistungsmessung (DE-588)4077202-0 gnd |
topic_facet | Schulleistungsmessung |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027260615&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT kolenmichaelj testequatingscalingandlinkingmethodsandpractices AT brennanrobertl testequatingscalingandlinkingmethodsandpractices |