Campbell biology: concepts & connections
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| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boston, Mass. ; Munich [u.a.]
Cummings
2012
|
| Ausgabe: | 7. ed., intern. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Getr. Zähl. zahlr. Ill. 28 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780321761583 0321761588 |
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| 264 | 1 | |a Boston, Mass. ; Munich [u.a.] |b Cummings |c 2012 | |
| 300 | |a Getr. Zähl. |b zahlr. Ill. |c 28 cm | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Detailed Contents
1
Biology: Exploring Life
Themes in the Study
of Biology
2
1.1 All forms of life share
common properties
2
1.2
In life s hierarchy of organization,
new properties emerge at each
level
3
1.3
Cells are the structural and
functional units of life
4
1.4
Organisms interact with their
environment, exchanging matter and energy
5
Evolution, the Core Theme of Biology
6
1.5
The unity of life is based on
DNA
and a common
genetic code
6
1.6
The diversity of life can be arranged into three
domains
6
1.7
Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life
8
The Process of Science
9
1.8
Scientific inquiry is used to ask and answer questions
about nature
9
1.9
Scientists form and test hypotheses and share their
results
10
Biology and Everyday Life
12
1.10 .:;;,?:,;
Biology, technology, and society are
connected in important ways
12
1.11
Evolution Connection Evolution is connected to our
everyday lives
12
Chapter Review
13
2
The Chemical Basis of Life
16
Elements, Atoms, and Compounds
18
2.1
Organisms are composed of elements, in combinations
called compounds
18
2.2
Connection Trace elements are common additives
to food and water
19
2.3
Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons
20
2.4
Connection Radioactive isotopes can help
or harm us
21
Chemical Bonds
22
2.5
The distribution of electrons determines an atom s
chemical properties
22
2.6
Covalent
bonds join atoms into molecules through
electron sharing
22
2.7
Ionic bonds are attractions between ions of
opposite charge
24
2.8
Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds important in
the chemistry of life
24
2.9
Chemical reactions make and break chemical
bonds
25
Water s Life-Supporting Properties
26
2.10
Hydrogen bonds make liquid water cohesive
26
2.11
Waters hydrogen bonds moderate temperature
26
2.12
Ice is less dense than liquid water
27
2.13
Water is the solvent of life
27
2.14
The chemistry of life is sensitive to acidic and basic
conditions
28
2.15
Connection Acid precipitation and ocean acidification
threaten the environment
29
2.16
Evolution Connection The search for extraterrestrial life
centers on the search for water
29
Chapter Review
30
3
The Molecules of Cells
32
Introduction to Organic Compounds
34
3.1
Life s molecular diversity is based on the properties of
carbon
34
3.2
A few chemical groups are key to the functioning of
biological molecules
35
3.3
Cells make a huge number of large molecules from a
limited set of small molecules
36
Carbohydrates
37
3.4
Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates
37
3.5
Two monosaccharides are linked to form
a disaccharide
38
3.6
Connection What is high-fructose corn syrup, and is it
to blame for obesity?
38
3.7
Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units
39
Lipids
40
3.8
Fats are lipids that are mostly
energy-storage molecules
40
3.9
Phospholipids and steroids are
important lipids with a variety
of functions
41
3.10
Connection Anabolic steroids pose
health risks
41
Proteins
42
3.11
Proteins are made from
amino
acids linked by
peptide
3.12
bonds
42
A proteins specific shape determines its function
43
ХХІІ
Contents
3.13
A proteins shape depends on four levels
of structure
44
Nucleic Acids
46
3.14 DNA
and
RNA
are the two types of nucleic acids
46
3.15
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides
46
3.16
Evolution Connection Lactose tolerance is a recent event
in human evolution
47
Chapter Review
48
4.20
Three types of cell junctions are found in animal
tissues
68
4.21
Cell walls enclose and support plant cells
68
4.22
Review: Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on
the basis of four main functions
69
Chapter Review
70
5
The Working Cell
72
A Tour of the Cell
50
Introduction to the Cell
52
4.1
Microscopes reveal the
world of the cell
52
4.2
The small size of cells
relates to the need to
exchange materials across
the plasma membrane
54
4.3
Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than
eukaryotic cells
55
4.4
Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional
compartments
56
The Nucleus and Ribosomes
58
4.5
The nucleus is the cells genetic control center
58
4.6
Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and for
export
59
The Endomembrane System
59
4.7
Overview: Many cell organelles are connected
through the endomembrane system
59
4.8
The endoplasmic reticulum is a
biosynthetic factory
60
4.9
The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell
products
61
4.10
Lysosomes are digestive compartments within
a cell
62
4.11
Vacuoles
function in the general maintenance
of the cell
62
4.12
A review of the structures involved in manufacturing
and breakdown
63
Energy-Converting Organelles
63
4.13
Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
63
4.14
Chloroplaste
convert solar energy to chemical
energy
64
4.15
Evolution Connection Mitochondria and chloroplasts
evolved by endosymbiosis
64
The Cytoskeleton and Cell Surfaces
65
4.16
The cell s internal skeleton helps organize its structure
and activities
65
4.17
Cilia and
flagella
move when microtubules
bend
66
4.18
Connection Problems with sperm motility may be
environmental or genetic
67
4.19
The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in
support and regulation
67
Membrane Structure and Function
74
5.1
Membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins
with many functions
74
5.2
Evolution Connection Membranes form spontaneously, a
critical step in the origin of life
75
5.3
Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane with
no energy investment
75
5.4
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across
a membrane
76
5.5
Water balance between cells and their surroundings is
crucial to organisms
76
5.6
Transport proteins can facilitate diffusion across
membranes
77
5.7
Scientific Discovery Research on another membrane
protein led to the discovery of aquaporins
78
5.8
Cells expend energy in the active transport
of a solute
78
5.9
Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules
across membranes
79
Energy and the Cell
80
5.10
Cells transform energy as they perform work
80
5.11
Chemical reactions either release or store energy
81
5.12
ATP drives cellular work by coupling exergonic and
endergonic reactions
82
How Enzymes Function
83
Enzymes speed up the cell s chemical reactions by
lowering energy barriers
83
A specific enzyme catalyzes each cellular reaction
84
5.13
5.14
5.15
5.16
Enzyme inhibitors can regulate enzyme activity
in a cell
85
Connection Many drugs, pesticides, and poisons are
enzyme inhibitors
85
Chapter Review
86
6
How Cells Harvest
Chemical Energy
Cellular Respiration: Aerobic
Harvesting of Energy
90
6.1
Photosynthesis and cellular
respiration provide energy
for life
90
6.2
Breathing supplies O2 for use in
cellular respiration and removes CO2
90
6.3
Cellular respiration banks energy in ATP molecules
91
Contents
ХХІІІ
6.4
Connection The human body uses energy from ATP
for all its activities
91
6.5
Cells tap energy from electrons falling from organic
fuels to oxygen
92
Stages of Cellular Respiration
93
6.6
Overview: Cellular respiration occurs in three main
stages
93
6.7
Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing
glucose to pyruvate
94
6.8
Pyruvate is oxidized prior to the citric acid
cycle
96
6.9
The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic
molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2
molecules
96
6.10
Most ATP production occurs by oxidative
phosphorylation
98
6.11
Connection Interrupting cellular respiration can have
both harmful and beneficial effects
99
6.12
Review: Each molecule of glucose yields many
molecules of ATP
100
Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvesting of Energy
100
6.13
Fermentation enables cells to produce ATP without
oxygen
100
6.14
Evolution Connection Glycolysis evolved early in the
history of life on Earth
102
Connections Between Metabolic Pathways
102
6.15
Cells use many kinds of organic molecules as fuel for
cellular respiration
102
6.16
Food molecules provide raw materials tor
biosynthesis
103
Chapter Review
104
7
Photosynthesis: Using Light to
Make Food
106
An Overview of Photosynthesis
108
7.1
Autotrophs are the producers of
the biosphere
108
7.2
Photosynthesis occurs in
chloroplasts in plant cells
109
7.3
Scientific Discovery Scientists traced
the process of photosynthesis
using isotopes
110
7.4
Photosynthesis is
a redox
process,
as is cellular respiration
110
7.5
Overview: The two stages of photosynthesis are linked
by ATP and NADPH 111
The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy
to Chemical Energy
112
7.6
Visible radiation absorbed by pigments drives the light
reactions
112
7.7 Photosystems
capture solar energy
113
7.8
Two photosystems connected by an electron transport
chain generate ATP and NADPH
114
7.9
Chemiosmosis powers ATP synthesis in the light
reactions
115
The Calvin Cycle: Reducing C02 to Sugar
116
7.10
ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin
cycle
116
7.11
Evolution Connection Other methods of carbon fixation
have evolved in hot, dry climates
117
Photosynthesis Reviewed and Extended
118
7.12
Review: Photosynthesis uses light energy, carbon
dioxide, and water to make organic molecules
118
7.13
Connection Photosynthesis may moderate global climate
change
119
7.14
Scientific Discovery Scientific study of Earths ozone layer
has global significance
120
Chapter Review
121
Cellular Reproduction
and Genetics
О
The Cellular Basis of Reproduction
and Inheritance
124
Cell Division and Reproduction
8.1
Cell division plays many
important roles in the lives
of organisms
126
8.2
Prokaryotes reproduce by
binary fission
127
The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
and Mitosis
128
8.3
The large, complex chromosomes of eukaryotes
duplicate with each cell division
128
The cell cycle multiplies cells
129
Cell division is a continuum
ordynarnie
changes
130
Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells
132
Anchorage, cell density, and chemical growth factors
affect cell division
133
Growth factors signal the cell cycle control
system
134
Connection Growing out of control, cancer cells produce
malignant tumors
135
Review: Mitosis provides for growth, cell replacement,
and asexual reproduction
136
Meiosis and Crossing Over
136
8.11
Chromosomes are matched in homologous
pairs
136
8.12
Gametes have a single set of chromosomes
137
8.13
Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from
diploid to haploid
138
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
XXIV
Contents
8.14
Mitosis and meiosis have important similarities and
differences
140
8.15
Independent orientation of chromosomes in
meiosis and random fertilization lead to varied
offspring
141
8.16
Homologous chromosomes may carry different
versions of genes
142
8.17
Crossing over further increases genetic
variability
142
Alterations of Chromosome Number and Structure
144
8.18
A karyotype is a photographic inventory of an
individual s chromosomes
144
8.19
Connection An extra copy of chromosome
21
causes
Down syndrome
145
8.20
Accidents during meiosis can alter chromosome
number
146
8.21
Connection Abnormal numbers of sex chromosomes do
not usually affect survival
146
8.22
Evolution Connection New species can arise from errors in
cell division
147
8.23
Connection Alterations of chromosome structure can
cause birth defects and cancer
148
Chapter Review
149
У
Patterns of Inheritance
152
Mendel s Laws
154
9.1
The science of genetics
has ancient roots
154
9.2
Experimental genetics
began in an abbey garden
154
9.3
Mendel s law of segregation
describes the inheritance of a single character
156
9.4
Homologous chromosomes bear the
alíeles
for each
character
157
9.5
The law of independent assortment is revealed by
tracking two characters at once
158
9.6
Geneticists can use the testcross to determine
unknown genotypes
159
9.7
Mendel s laws reflect the rules of probability
160
9.8
Connection Genetic traits in humans can be tracked
through family pedigrees
161
9.9
Connection Many inherited disorders in humans are
controlled by a single gene
162
9.10
Connection New technologies can provide insight into
ones genetic legacy
164
Variations on Mendel s Laws
166
9.11
Incomplete dominance results in intermediate
phenotypes
166
9.12
Many genes have more than two
alíeles
in the
population
167
9.13
A single gene may affect many phenotypic
characters
168
9.14
A single character may be influenced by many
genes
169
9.15
The environment affects many characters
170
The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
170
9.16
Chromosome behavior accounts for Mendel s
laws
170
9.17
Scientific Discovery Genes on the same chromosome
tend to be inherited together
172
9.18
Scientific Discovery Crossing over produces new
combinations of
alíeles
172
9.19
Geneticists use crossover data to map genes
174
Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Genes
174
9.20
Chromosomes determine sex in many species
174
9.21
Sex-linked genes exhibit a unique pattern of
inheritance
176
9.22
Connection Human sex-linked disorders affect mostly
males
177
9.23
Evolution Connection The
Y
chromosome provides clues
about human male evolution
177
Chapter Review
178
1
U
Molecular Biology of the Gene
180
The Structure of the Genetic Material
182
10.1
Scientific Discovery Experiments showed that
DNA
is the
genetic material
182
10.2 DNA
and
RNA
are polymers of nucleotides
184
10.3
Scientific Oivnverv
DNA
is a double-stranded helix
186
DNA
Replication
188
10.4 DNA
replication depends on specific base pairing
188
10.5 DNA
replication proceeds in two directions at many
sites simultaneously
188
The Flow of Genetic Information from
DNA
to
RNA
to Protein
190
10.6
The
DNA
genotype is expressed as proteins, which
provide the molecular basis for phenotypic traits
190
10.7
Genetic information written in
codons
is
translated into
amino
acid sequences
191
10.8
The genetic code dictates how
codons
are translated into
amino
acids
192
10.9
Transcription produces genetic
messages in the form of
RNA
193
10.10
Eukaryotic
RNA
is processed
before leaving the nucleus as
mRNA
194
10.11
Transfer
RNA
molecules serve as
interpreters during translation
194
10.12
Ribosomes build polypeptides
196
10.13
An initiation codon marks the start of
an mRNA message
196
10.14
Elongation adds
amino
acids to the
polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates
translation
197
10.15
Review: The flow of genetic information in the cell is
DNA -»
RNA
->
protein
198
10.16
Mutations can change the meaning of genes
199
Contents
XXV
The Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria
200
10.17
Viral
DNA
may become part of the host
chromosome
200
10.18
Connection Many viruses cause disease in animals and
plants
201
10.19
Evolution Connection Emerging viruses threaten human
health
202
10.20
The AIDS virus makes
DNA
on an
RNA
template
203
10.21
Viroids and
prions
are formidable pathogens in plants
and animals
203
10.22
Bacteria can transfer
DNA in
three ways
204
10.23
Bacterial plasmids can serve as carriers for gene
transfer
205
Chapter Review
206
11
How Genes Are Controlled
208
Control of Gene Expression
210
11.1
Proteins interacting with
DNA
turn prokaryotic genes on
or off in response to
environmental
changes
210
11.2
Chromosome
structure and
chemical
modifications can
affect gene expression
212
11.3
Complex assemblies of proteins control eukaryotic
transcription
214
11.4
Eukaryotic
RNA
may be spliced in more than
oneway
214
11.5
Small RNAs play multiple roles in controlling gene
expression
215
11.6
Later stages of gene expression are also subject to
regulation
216
11.7
Review: Multiple mechanisms regulate gene expression
in eukaryotes
217
11.8
Cell signaling and cascades of gene expression direct
animal development
218
11.9
Connection
DNA microarrays
test for the transcription of
many genes at once
219
11.10
Signal transduction pathways convert messages
received at the cell surface to responses within the
cell
220
11.11 Evolution Connection Cell-signaling systems appeared
early in the evolution of life
220
Cloning of Plants and Animals
221
11.12
Plant cloning shows that differentiated cells may retain
all of their genetic potential
221
11.13
Nuclear transplantation can be used to clone
animals
222
11.14
Connection Reproductive cloning has valuable
applications, but human reproductive cloning raises
ethical issues
222
11.15
Connection Therapeutic cloning can produce stem cells
with great medical potential
223
The Genetic Basis of Cancer
224
11.16
Cancer results from mutations in genes that control cell
division
224
11.17
Multiple genetic changes underlie the development of
cancer
225
11.18
Faulty proteins can interfere with normal signal
transduction pathways
226
11.19
Connection Lifestyle choices can reduce the
risk of cancer
227
Chapter Review
228
Y L
DNA
Technology
and Genomics
230
Gene Cloning
232
12.1
Genes can be cloned in
recombinant
plasmids
232
12.2
Enzymes are used to cut and paste
DNA 234
12.3
Cloned genes can be stored in genomic libraries
235
12.4
Reverse transcriptase can help make genes
for cloning
235
12.5
Nucleic acid probes identify clones carrying specific
genes
236
Genetically Modified Organisms
236
12.6
Recombinant
cells and organisms can mass-produce
gene products
236
12.7
Connection
DNA
technology has changed the
pharmaceutical industry and medicine
238
12.8
Connection Genetically modified organisms are
transforming agriculture
239
12.9
Genetically modified organisms raise concerns about
human and environmental health
240
12.10
Connection Gene therapy may someday help treat a
variety of diseases
241
DNA
Profiling
242
12.11
The analysis of genetic
markers can produce
a
DNA
profile
242
12.12
The PCR method is used to
amplify
DNA
sequences
242
12.13
Gel electrophoresis sorts
DNA
molecules by size
243
12.14
STR
analysis is commonly
used for
DNA
profiling
244
12.15
Connection
DNA
profiling has provided evidence in
many forensic investigations
245
12.16
RFLPs can be used to detect differences in
DNA
sequences
246
Genomics
247
12.17
Genomics is the scientific study of whole
genomes
247
xxvi
Contents
12.18
Connection
The Human Genome Project revealed
that most of the human genome does not consist
of genes
248
12.19
The whole-genome shotgun method of sequencing a
genome can provide a wealth of data quickly
249
12.20
Proteomics is the scientific study of the full set of
proteins encoded by a genome
249
12.21
Evolution Connection Genomes hold clues to human
evolution
250
Chapter Review
250
Concepts of Evolution
13
How Populations Evolve
254
Darwin s Theory of Evolution
256
13.1
A sea voyage helped
Darwin frame his theory
of evolution
256
13.2
Darwin proposed natural
selection as the mechanism
of evolution
258
13.3
Scientists can observe natural
selection in action
259
13.4
The study of fossils provides
strong evidence for evolution
260
13.5
Many types of scientific evidence support the
evolutionary view of life
262
13.6
Homologies indicate patterns of descent that can be
shown on an evolutionary tree
263
The Evolution of Populations
264
13.7
Evolution occurs within populations
264
13.8
Mutation and sexual reproduction produce the genetic
variation that makes evolution possible
264
13.9
The Hardy-Weinberg equation can test whether a
population is evolving
266
13.10
Connection The Hardy-Weinberg equation is useful in
public health science
267
Mechanisms of
Microevolution 268
13.11
Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can cause
microevolution
268
13.12
Natural selection is the only mechanism that
consistently leads to adaptive evolution
269
13.13
Natural selection can alter variation in a population in
three ways
270
13.14
Sexual selection may lead to phenotypic differences
between males and females
271
13.15
Evolution Connection The evolution of antibiotic resistance
in bacteria is a serious public health concern
272
13.16
Diploidy and balancing selection preserve genetic
variation
272
13.17
Natural selection cannot fashion perfect
organisms
273
Chapter Review
274
?!^ of Species
276
Defining Species
278
14.1
The origin of species is the source of biological
diversity
278
14.2
There are several ways to define a species
278
14.3
Reproductive barriers keep species separate
280
Mechanisms of Speciation
282
14.4
In allopatric speciation, geographic isolation leads to
speciation
282
14.5
Reproductive barriers can evolve as populations
diverge
283
14.6
Sympatric speciation takes place without geographic
isolation
284
14.7
Evolution Connection Most plant species trace their origin
to polyploid speciation
285
14.8
Isolated islands are often showcases of speciation
286
14.9
Scientific Discovery A long-term field study documents
evolution in Darwin s finches
287
14.10
Hybrid zones provide opportunities to study
reproductive isolation
288
14.11
Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly
289
Chapter Review
290
15
Tracing Evolutionary History
292
15.2
15.3
Early Earth and the Origin of Life
294
15.1
Conditions on early Earth made the origin of
life possible
294
Scientific Discovery Experiments show that
the abiotic synthesis of organic
molecules is possible
295
Stages in the origin of the first cells
probably included the formation of
polymers, protocells, and self-
replicating
RNA
296
Major Events in the History of Life
297
15.4
The origins of single-celled and
multicelled organisms and the colonization of land
were key events in life s history
297
15.5
The actual ages of rocks and fossils mark geologic
time
298
15.6
The fossil record documents the history of life
298
Mechanisms of Macroevolution
300
15.7
Continental drift has played a major role in
macroevolution
300
15.8
Connection Plate tectonics may imperil human
life
302
Contents
XXVÜ
15.9
Durmg mass extinctions, large numbers of species are
lost
302
15.10
Adaptive radiations have increased the diversity of
life
304
15.11
Genes that control development play a major role in
evolution
304
15.12
Evolutionary novelties may arise in several ways
306
15.13
Evolution Connection Evolutionary trends do not mean
that evolution is goal directed
307
Phytogeny and the Tree of Life
308
15.14
Phylogenies based on homologies reflect evolutionary
history
308
15.15
Systematics connects classification with evolutionary
history
308
15.16
Shared characters are used to construct phylogenetic
trees
310
15.17
An organisms evolutionary history is documented
m
its genome
312
15.18
Molecular clocks help track evolutionary time
313
15.19
Constructing the tree of life is a work
m
progress
314
Chapter Review
315
1
0
Microbial Life:
Prokarvotes and Protists
318
320
Prokaryotes
320
16.1
Prokaryotes are diverse and widespread
16.2
External features contribute
to the success of prokaryotes
320
16.3
Populations of prokaryotes can
adapt rapidly to changes in the
environment
322
16.4
Prokaryotes have unparalleled
nutritional diversity
323
16.5
Connection
Biofilms
are complex
associations of microbes
324
16.6
Connection Prokaryotes help clean
up the environment
324
16.7
Bacteria and archaea are the two main
branches of prokaryotic evolution
325
16.8
Archaea thrive in extreme environments—and in other
habitats
326
16.9
Bacteria include a diverse assemblage of
prokaryotes
326
16.10
Connection Some bacteria cause disease
328
16.11
Scientific
Discovery Kochs
postulates are used to prove
that a bacterium causes a disease
328
16.12
Connection Bacteria can be used as biological
weapons
329
Protists
330
16.13
Protists are an extremely diverse assortment of
eukaryotes
330
16.14
Evolution Connection Secondary endosymbiosis is the key
to much of protist diversity
331
16.15
Chromalveolates represent the range of protist
diversity
332
16.16
Connection Can algae provide a renewable source of
energy?
333
16.17
Rhizanans include a variety of amoebas
334
16.18
Some excavates have modified mitochondria
334
16.19
Umkonts include protists that are closely related to
fungi and animals
335
16.20
Archaeplastids include red algae, green algae,
and land plants
336
16.21
Evolution Connection Multicellularity evolved
several times in eukaryotes
337
Chapter Review
338
1 /
The Evolution of Plant
and Fungal Diversity
340
Plant Evolution and Diversity
342
17.1
Plants have adaptations for life on land
342
17.2
Plant diversity reflects the evolutionary history of the
plant, kingdom
344
Alternation of Generations and Plant Life Cycles
346
17.3
Haploid and diploid generations alternate in plant life
cycles
346
17.4
The life cycle of a moss is dominated by the
gametophyte
346
17.5
Ferns, like most plants, have a life cycle dominated by
the sporophyte
347
17.6
Seedless vascular plants dominated vast coal
forests
348
17.7
A pine tree is a sporophyte with gametophytes in its
cones
348
17.8
The flower is the centerpiece of angiosperm
reproduction
350
17.9
The angiosperm plant is a sporophyte with
gametophytes in its
flowers
350
17.10
The structure of a fruit
reflects its function in seed
dispersal
352
17.11
Connection Angiosperms
sustain us—and add spice
to our diets
352
17.12
Evolution Connection
Pollination by animals has
influenced angiosperm
evolution
353
XXVIII
Contents
17.13
Connection Plant diversity is vital to the future of the
world s food supply
354
Diversity of Fungi
355
17.14
Fungi absorb food after digesting it outside their bodies
355
17.15
Fungi produce spores in both asexual and sexual life
cycles
356
17.16
Fungi are classified into five groups
356
17.17
Fungal groups differ in their life cycles and
reproductive structures
358
17.18
Connection Parasitic fungi harm plants and
animals
359
17.19
Connection Fungi have enormous ecological
benefits
360
17.20
Connection Fungi have many practical uses
360
17.21
Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and
photosynthetic organisms
361
Chapter Review
362
1
0
The Evolution of Invertebrate
Diversity
364
Animal Evolution and Diversity
366
18.1
What is an animal?
366
18.2
Animal diversification
began more than half
a billion years ago
367
18.3
Animals can be
characterized by basic
features of their body
plan
368
18.4
The body plans of
animals can be used to
build phylogenetic
trees
369
Invertebrate Diversity
370
18.5
Sponges have a relatively simple, porous body
370
18.6
Cnidarians are radial animals with tentacles and
stinging cells
371
18.7
Flatworms are the simplest bilateral
animals
372
18.8
Nematodes have a pseudocoelom and a complete
digestive tract
373
18.9
Diverse molluscs are variations on a common body
plan
374
18.10
Annelids are segmented worms
376
18.11
Arthropods are segmented animals with jointed
appendages and an exoskeleton
378
18.12
Evolution Connection Insects are the most successful group
of animals
380
18.13
Echinoderms have spiny skin, an endoskeleton,
and a water vascular system for movement
382
18.14
Our own phylum,
Chordata,
is distinguished by
four features
383
Animal Phytogeny and Diversity Revisited
384
18.15
An animal phylogenetic tree is a work in
progress
384
18.16
Evolution Connection The genes that build animal bodies
are ancient
384
Chapter Review
386
Y
У
The Evolution of
Vertebrate Diversity
388
Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity
390
19.1
Derived characters define
the major dades of
chordates
390
19.2
Hagfishes and lampreys
lack hinged jaws
391
19.3
Jawed vertebrates with gills
and paired fins include
sharks, ray-finned fishes,
and lobe-finned fishes
392
19.4
Evolution Connection New
fossil discoveries are filling
in the gaps oftetrapod
evolution
394
19.5
Amphibians are tetrapods —vertebrates with two pairs
of limbs
396
19.6
Reptiles are amniotes—tetrapods with a terrestrially
adapted egg
397
19.7
Birds are feathered reptiles with adaptations for
flight.
398
19.8
Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce
milk
399
Primate Diversity
400
19.9
The human story begins with our primate
heritage
400
19.10
Humans and four other groups of apes are classified as
anthropoids
402
Hominin Evolution
403
19.11
The hominin branch of the primate tree includes
species that coexisted
403
19.12
Australopiths were bipedal and had small
brains
404
19.13
Larger brains mark the evolution of Homo
405
19.14
From origins in Africa, Homo sapiens spread around
the world
406
19.15
Who were the hobbits ?
406
19.16
Evolution Connection Human skin color reflects
adaptations to varying amounts of sunlight
407
19.17
Connection Our knowledge of animal diversity is
far from complete
408
Chapter Review
409
Contents
xxix
ZU
Unifying
Concepts
of
Animal
Structure and Function
412
Structure and Function in Animal Tissues
414
20.1
Structure fits function at all levels of organization
m
the animal body
414
20.2
Evolution Connection An animal s form reflects natural
selection
415
20.3
Tissues are groups of cells with a common structure
and function
415
20.4
Epithelial tissue covers the
body and lines its
organs and,
cavities
416
20.5
Connective
tissue binds
and supports other
tissues
417
20.6
Muscle-tissue
functions in movement
418
20.7
Nervous tissue forms a communication network
418
Organs and Organ Systems
419
20.8
Organs are made up of tissues
419
20.9
Connection Bioengineers are learning to produce tissues
and organs for transplants
419
20.10
Organ systems work together to perform life s
functions
420
20.11
Connection New imaging technology reveals the inner
body
422
20.12
The integumentary system protects the body
423
External Exchange and Internal Regulation
424
20.13
Structural adaptations enhance exchange with the
environment
424
20.14
Animals regulate their internal environment
425
20.15
Homeostasis depends on negative feedback
426
Chapter Review
426
Σ
I Nutrition and Digestion
428
Obtaining and Processing Food
430
21.1
Animals obtain and
ingest their food
m a
variety of ways
430
21.2
Overview; Food
processing occurs in
four stages
431
21.3
Digestion occurs in
specialized
compartments
432
The Human Digestive System
433
21.4
The human digestive system consists of an alimentary
canal and accessory glands
433
21.5
Digestion begins in the oral cavity
434
21.6
After swallowing, peristalsis moves food through the
esophagus to the stomach
434
21.7
Connection The
Heimlich
maneuver can save
lives
435
21.8
The stomach stores food and breaks it down with acid
and enzymes
436
21.9
Connection Digestive ailments include acid reflux and
gastric ulcers
437
21.10
The small intestine is the major organ of chemical
digestion and nutrient absorption
438
21.11 One of the liver s many functions is processing
nutrient-laden blood from the intestines
440
21.12
The large intestine reclaims water and compacts the
feces
440
21.13
Evolution Connection Evolutionary adaptations of
vertebrate digestive systems relate to diet
441
Nutrition
442
21.14
Overview: An animals diet must satisfy three needs
442
21.15
Chemical energy powers the body
442
21.16
An animal s diet must supply essential nutrients
443
21.17
A healthy human diet includes
] 3
vitamins and many
essential minerals
444
21.18
Scientific Discovery Scientists use observations and
experiments to determine nutritional needs
446
21.19
Connection Food labels provide nutritional
information
446
21.20
Evolution Connection The human health problem of
obesity may reflect our evolutionary past
447
21.21
Connection What are the health risks and benefits of
weight loss plans?
448
21.22
Connection Diet can influence risk of cardiovascular
disease and cancer
449
Chapter Review
450
ŁŁ
Gas Exchange
452
Mechanisms of Gas Exchange
454
22.1
Overview: Gas exchange in humans involves
breathing, transport of gases, and exchange with
body cells
454
22.2
Animals exchange O2 and CO2 across moist body
surfaces
454
22.3
Gills are adapted for gas exchange in aquatic
environments
456
22.4
The
trachéal
system of insects provides direct exchange
between the air and body cells
457
22.5
Evolution Connection The evolution of lungs facilitated the
movement oftetrapods onto land
458
The Human Respiratory System
458
22.6
In mammals, branching tubes convey air to lungs
located in the chest cavity
458
xxx
Contents
22.7
Connection Smoking is a serious assault on the
respiratory system
460
22.8
22.9
Negative pressure breathing ventilates your
lungs
460
Breathing is automatically controlled
461
Transport of Gases in the Human Body
462
22.10
Blood transports respiratory gases
462
22.11
Hemoglobin carries O2, helps transport CO2, and
buffers the blood
462
22.12
Connection The human fetus exchanges gases with
the mothers blood
463
Chapter Review
464
ZÒ
Circulation
466
Circulatory Systems
468
23.1
Circulatory systems facilitate exchange with all body
tissues
468
23.2
Evolution Connection Vertebrate cardiovascular systems
reflect evolution
469
The Human Cardiovascular
System and Heart
470
23.3
The human
cardiovascular system
illustrates the double
circulation of
.mammals
470
23.4
23.5
The heart contracts
and relaxes
rhythmically
471
The
SA
node sets the tempo of the
heartbeat
472
23.6
Connection What is a heart, attack?
473
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
474
23.7
The structure of blood vessels fits their
functions
474
23.8
Blood pressure and velocity reflect the structure and
arrangement of blood vessels
475
23.9
Connection Measuring blood pressure can reveal
cardiovascular problems
476
23.10
Smooth muscle controls the distribution of
blood
477
23.11
Capillaries allow the transfer of substances through
their waUs
478
Structure and Function of Blood
479
23.12
Blood consists of red and white blood cells suspended
in plasma
479
23.13
Connection Too few or too many red blood cells can be
unhealthy
480
23.14
Blood clots plug leaks when blood vessels are
injured
480
23.15
Connection Stem
ceüs
offer a potential, cure for blood cell
diseases
481
Chapter Review
4Я2
Z
4
The Immune System
484
Innate Immunity
486
24.1
All animals have innate
immunity
486
24.2
Inflammation mobilizes the
innate immune response
487
24.3
The lymphatic system
becomes a crucial battleground
during infection
488
Adaptive Immunity
489
24.4
The adaptive immune response counters specific
invaders
489
24.5
Lymphocytes mount a dual defense
490
24.6
Antigens have specific regions where antibodies bind
to them
491
24.7
Clonal selection musters defensive forces against
specific antigens
492
24.8
Antibodies are the weapons of the humoral immune
response
494
24.9
Antibodies mark antigens for elimination
495
24.10
Connection Monoclonal antibodies are powerful tools in
the lab and clinic
496
24.11
Helper
T
cells stimulate the humoral and cell-mediated
immune responses
497
24.12
Cytotoxic
T
cells destroy infected body cells
498
24.13
Connection
HIV
destroys helper
T
cells, compromising
the body s defenses
498
24.14
Evolution Connection The rapid evolution of
HIV
complicates AIDS treatment
499
24.15
The immune system depends on our molecular
fingerprints
500
Disorders of the Immune System
500
24.16
Connection Malfunction or failure of the immune system
causes disease
500
24.17
Connection Allergies are overreactions to certain
environmental antigens
501
Chapter Review
502
Control of Body Temperature
and Water Balance
504
Thermorégulation
506
25.1
An animal s regulation
of body temperature
helps maintain
homeostasis
506
25.2
Heat is gained or lost
in four ways
506
25.3
Thermorégulation
involves adaptations
that balance heat gam
and loss
506
Contents
XXXÎ
Osmoregulation and Excretion
508
25.4
Animals balance the level of water and solutes through
osmoregulation
508
Evolution Connection A variety of ways to dispose of
nitrogenous wastes has evolved in animals
509
The urinary system plays several major roles in
homeostasis
510
Overview: The key processes of the urinary system are
filtration,
reabsorption,
secretion, and excretion
511
Blood filtrate is refined to urine through
reabsorption
and secretion
512
Hormones regulate the urinary system
513
25.10
Connection Kidney dialysis can be hfesaving
513
Chapter Review
514
25.5
25.6
25.7
25.8
25.9
ΔΌ
Hormones and the
Endocrine System
516
The Nature of Chemical
Regulation
518
26.1
Chemical signals
coordinate body
functions
518
26.2
Hormones affect
target cells using two
main signaling
mechanisms
519
The Vertebrate Endocrine System
520
26.3
Overview: The vertebrate endocrine system consists of
more than a dozen major glands
520
26.4
The
hypothalamus,
which is closely tied to the
pituitary, connects the nervous and endocrine
systems
522
Hormones and Homeostasis
524
26.5
The thyroid regulates development and metabolism
524
26.S Hormones from the thyroid and parathyroid glands
maintain calcium homeostasis
524
26.7
Pancreatic hormones regulate blood glucose levels
526
2&Я
Connection Diabetes is a common endocrine disorder
527
26.9
The adrenal glands mobilize responses to stress
528
26.10
The gonads secrete sex hormones
529
26.11
Evolution Connection A smgle hormone can perform a
variety of functions in different animals
530
Chapter Review
530
27
Reproduction and
Embryonic Development
532
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
534
27,1
Asexual reproduction results in the generation of
genetically identical offspring
534
27.2
Sexual reproduction results in
the generation of genetically
unique offspring
534
Human Reproduction
536
27.3
Reproductive anatomy of the
human female
536
27.4
Reproductive anatomy of the
human male
538
27.5
The formation of sperm and egg cells
requires meiosis
540
27.6
Hormones synchronize cyclic changes in the ovary
and uterus
542
27.7
Connection Sexual activity can transmit disease
544
27.8
Connection Contraception can prevent unwanted
pregnancy
545
Principles of Embryonic Development
546
27.9
Fertilization results in
a zygote
and triggers embryonic
development
546
27.10
Cleavage produces a ball of cells from the
zygote
548
27.11
Gastrulation produces a three-layered embryo
549
27.12
Organs start, to form after gastrulation
550
27.13
Multiple processes give form to the developing
animal
552
27.14
Evolution Connection Pattern formation during embryonic
development is controlled by ancient genes
552
Human Development
554
27.15
The embryo and placenta take shape during the first
month of pregnancy
554
27.16
Human development
trom
conception to b;rth
ís
divided into three trimesters
556
27.17
Childbirth is induced by hormones and other chemical
signals
558
27.18
Connection Reproductive technologies increase our
reproductive options
559
Chapter Review
560
Z
О
Nervous Systems
562
Nervous System Structure and
Function
564
28.1
Nervous systems receive sensory
input, interpret it, and send out
appropriate commands
564
28.2
Neurons are the functional units
of nervous systems
565
Nerve Signals and Their
Transmission
566
28.3
Nerve function depends on
charge differences across neuron
membranes
566
28.4
A nerve signal begins as a change in the membrane
potential
566
ХХХІІ
Contents
28.5
The action potential propagates itself along the
axon
568
28.6
Neurons communicate at synapses
569
28.7
Chemical synapses enable complex information to be
processed
570
28.8
A variety of small molecules function as
neurotransmitters
570
28.9
Connection Many drugs act at chemical
synapses
571
An Overview of Animal Nervous Systems
572
28.10
Evolution Connection The evolution of animal nervous
systems reflects changes in body symmetry
572
28.11
Vertebrate nervous systems are highly
centralized
573
28.12
The peripheral nervous system of vertebrates is a
functional hierarchy
574
28.13
The vertebrate brain develops from three anterior
bulges of the neural rube
576
The Human Brain
576
28.14
The structure of a living supercomputer: The human
brain
576
28.15
The cerebral cortex is a mosaic of specialized,
interactive regions
578
28.16
Connection Injuries and brain operations provide insight
into brain function
579
28.17
Connection fMBI scans provide insight into brain
structure and function
580
28.18
Several parts of the brain regulate sleep and
arousal
580
28.19
The
limbie
system is involved in emotions, memory,
and learning
581
28.20
Connection Changes in brain physiology can produce
neurological disorders
582
Chapter Review
584
29
The Senses
586
Sensory Reception
588
29.1
Sensory organs share
a common cellular
basis
588
29.2
Sensory receptors
convert stimulus
energy to action
potentials
588
29.3
Specialized sensory
receptors detect five
categories of
stimuli
590
Hearing and Balance
592
29.4
The ear converts air pressure waves to action potentials
that are perceived as sound
592
29.5
The inner ear houses our organs of balance
594
29.6
Connection What causes motion sickness?
594
Vision
595
29.7
Evolution Connection Several types of eyes have evolved
independently among animals
595
29.8
Humans have single-lens eyes that focus by changing
position or shape
596
29.9
Connection Artificial lenses or surgery can correct
focusing problems
597
29.10
The human retina contains two types of
photoreceptors: rods and cones
598
Taste and Smell
599
29.11
Taste and odor receptors detect chemicals present in
solution or air
599
29.12
Connection Supertasters have a heightened sense of
taste
599
29.13
Review: The central nervous system couples stimulus
with response
600
Chapter Review
600
30
How Animals Move
602
Movement and Locomotion
604
30.1
Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and
gravity
604
30.2
Skeletons function in support, movement, and
protection
606
The Vertebrate Skeleton
608
30.3
Evolution Connection Vertebrate
skeletons arc variations on an
ancient theme
608
30.4
Bones are complex living
organs
609
30.5
Connection Healthy bones resist
stress and heal from injuries
610
30.6
Joints permit different types
of movement
611
Muscle Contraction and
Movement
611
30.7
The skeleton and
muscles interact in
movement
611
30.8
Each muscle cell has its own contractile
apparatus
612
30.9
A muscle contracts when thin filaments slide along
thick filaments
612
30.10
Motor neurons stimulate muscle
contraction
614
30.11
Connection Aerobic respiration supplies most of the
energy for exercise
615
30.12
Connection Characteristics of muscle fiber affect
athletic performance
616
Chapter Review
617
Contents
xxxiii
J
1
Plant Structure, Growth, and
Reproduction
620
Plant Structure and Function
622
31.1
Connection People have
manipulated plants since
prehistoric times
622
31.2
The two major groups of
angiosperms are the monocots
and the eudicots
623
31.3
A typical plant body contains
three basic organs: roots,
stems, and leaves
624
31.4
Many plants have modified
roots, stems, and leaves
625
31.5
Three tissue systems make up the plant
body
626
31.6
Plant cells are diverse
m
structure and
function
628
I
Plant Growth
630
31.7
Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots
630
31.8
Secondary growth increases the diameter of woody
plants
632
Reproduction of Flowering Plants
634
31.9
The flower is the organ of sexual reproduction in
angiosperms
634
31.10
The development of pollen and ovules culminates
m
fertilization
635
31.U The ovule develops into a seed
636
31.12
The ovary develops into a fruit
637
31.13
Seed germination continues the life cycle
638
31.14
Asexual reproduction produces plant clones
638
31.15
Evolution Connection Evolutionary adaptations allow some
trees to live very long lives
640
Chapter Review
64(1
32
Plant Nutrition and Transport
642
Ttie Uptake and Transport
of Plant Nutrients B44
32.1
Plants acquire
nutrients from air,
water, and soil
644
32.2
The plasma
membranes of root
cells control solute
uptake
645
32.3
Transpiration pulls
water up xylem
vessels
646
XXXtV Contents
32.4
Guard cells control transpiration
647
32.5
Phloem transports sugars
648
Plant Nutrients and the Soil
650
32.6
Plant health depends on a complete diet of essential
inorganic nutrients
650
32.7
Connection Fertilizers can help prevent nutrient
deficiencies
651
32.8
Fertile soil supports plant growth
652
32.9
Connection Soil conservation is essential to human life
653
32.10
Connection Organic farmers follow principles of
sustainable agriculture
654
32.11 Connection Agricultural research is improving the yields
and nutritional values of crops
654
Plant Nutrition and Symbiosis
655
32.12
Most plants depend on bacteria to
supply nitrogen
655
32.13
Evolution Connection Plants have evolved symbiotic
relationships that are mutually beneficial
656
32.14
The plant kingdom includes epiphytes, parasites, and
carnivores
657
Chapter Review
658
Control Systems in
Plants
660
Plant Hormones
662
33.1
Experiments on how
plants turn toward
light led to the
discovery of a plant
hormone
662
33.2
33.3
33.4
Five major types of
hormones regulate
plant growth and
development
664
Auxin stimuiates the elongation of cells in young
shoots
664
Cytokinins stimulate cell division
666
33.5
Gibberellms affect stem elongation and have
numerous other effects
666
33.6
Absdsic acid inhibits many plant processes
667
33.7
Ethylene
triggers fruit ripening and other aging
processes
668
33.8
Connection Plant hormones have many agricultural
uses
669
Responses to Stimuli
670
33.9
Tropisms orient plant growth toward or away from
environmental stimuli
670
33.10
Plants have internal clocks
671
33.11 Plants mark the seasons by measuring
photopenod
672
33.12
Phytochromes are light detectors that may help set the
biological clock
673
33.13
Evolution Connection Defenses against herbivores and
infectious microbes have evolved in plants
674
Chapter Review
675
34
The Biosphere:
An Introduction to Earth s
Diverse Environments
678
The Biosphere
680
34.1
Ecologists study how organisms interact with their
environment at several levels
680
34.2
Connection The science of ecology provides insight
into environmental problems
681
34.3
Physical and chemical factors influence life in the
biosphere
682
34.4
Evolution Connection
Organisms are
adapted to abiotic
and biotic factors
by natural
selection
683
34.5
Regional climate
influences the
distribution of
terrestrial
communities
684
Aquatic Biomes
686
34.6
Sunlight and
substrate are key
factors in the
distribution of
marine organisms
686
34.7
Current, sunlight, and nutrients are important
abiotic factors in freshwater biomes
688
Terrestrial Biomes
689
34.8
Terrestrial biomes reflect regional variations
in climate
689
34.9
Tropical forests cluster near the equator
690
34.10
Savannas are grasslands with scattered
trees
690
34.U Deserts are defined by their dryness
691
34.12
Spiny shrubs dominate the chaparral
692
34.13
Temperate grasslands include the North American
prairie
692
34.14
Broadleaf trees dominate temperate
forests
693
34.15
Coniferous forests are often dominated by a few
species of trees
693
34.16
Long, bitter-cold winters characterize
the tundra
694
34.17
Polar ice covers the land at high
latitudes
694
34.18
The global water cycle connects aquatic and
terrestrial biomes
695
Chapter Review
696
ó D
Behavioral Adaptations
to the Environment
698
The Scientific Study
of Behavior
700
35.1
Behavioral ecologists
ask
both proximate and
ultimate questions
700
35.2
Fixed action patterns are
innate behaviors
700
35.3
Behavior is the result of
both genetic and
environmental factors
702
Learning
703
35.4
Habituation is a simple type of learning
703
35.5
Imprinting requires both innate behavior and
experience
704
35.6
Connection Imprinting poses problems and opportunities
for conservation programs
705
35.7
Animal movement may be a simple response to
stimuli or require spatial learning
706
35.8
Movements of animals may depend on cognitive
maps
707
35.9
Animals may learn to associate a stimulus or behavior
with a response
708
35.10
Social learning employs observation and imitation
of others
708
35.11
Problem-solving behavior relies on cognition
709
Survival and Reproductive Success
710
35.12
Behavioral ecologists use cost benefit analysis to study
foraging
710
35.13
Communication is an essential element of interactions
between animals
711
35.14
Mating behavior often includes elaborate courtship
rituals
712
35.15
Mating systems and parental care enhance
reproductive success
713
35.16
Connection Chemical pollutants can cause abnormal
behavior
714
Social Behavior and Sociobiology
715
35.17
Sociobiology places social behavior in an evolutionary
context
715
35.18
Territorial behavior parcels out space and
resources
715
35.19
Agonistic behavior often resolves confrontations
between competitors
716
35.20
Dominance hierarchies are maintained by agonistic
behavior
716
35.21
Evolution Connection Altruistic acts can often be explained
by the concept of inclusive fitness
717
35.22
Scientific Discovery Jane Goodall revolutionized our
understanding of chimpanzee behavior
718
35.23
Human behavior is the result of both genetic and
environmental factors
719
Chapter Review
720
Contents
XXXV
30
Population Ecology
722
Population Structure
and Dynamics
724
36.1
Population ecology is
the study of how and
why populations
change
724
36J Density and
dispersion patterns are
important population
variables
724
36.3
Life tables track
survivorship in populations
725
36.4
Idealized models predict patterns of population
growth
726
36.5
Multiple factors may limit population
growth
728
36.6
Some populations have boom-and-busf
cycles
729
36.7
Evolution Connection Evolution shapes life
histories
730
36.8
Connection Principles of population ecology have
practical applications
731
Trie Human Population
732
36.9
The human population continues to increase, but the
growth rate is slowing
732
36.10
Connection Age structures reveal social and economic
trends
734
35.11 Connection An ecological footprint is a measure of
resource consumption
734
Chapter Review
736
37
Communities and Ecosystems
738
Community Structure
and Dynamics
740
37.1
A community
includes all the
organisms
inhabiting
a particular
area
740
37.2
Interspecific
interactions are
fundamental to
community
structure
740
37.3
Competition may
occur when a shared
resource is limited
741
37.4
Mutualism benefits both partners
741
37.5
Evolution Connection
Prédation
leads to diverse
ptations in prey species
742
37.6
Evolution Connection Herbivory leads to diverse
adaptations in plants
742
37.7
Parasites and pathogens can affect community
composition
743
37.8
Trophic structure is a key factor in community
dynamics
744
37.9
Food chains interconnect, forming food webs
745
37.10
Species diversity includes relative abundance and
species richness
746
37.U Keystone species have a disproportionate impact
on diversity
747
37.12
Disturbance is a prominent feature of most
communities
748
37.13
Connection Invasive species can devastate
communities
749
Ecosystem Structure and Dynamics
750
37.14
Ecosystem ecology emphasizes energy flow and
chemical cycling
750
37.15
Primary production sets the energy budget for
ecosystems
750
37.16
Energy supply hmits the length of food
chains
751
37.17
Connection A pyramid of production explains the
ecological cost of meat
752
37.18
Chemicals are cycled between organic matter and
abiotic reservoirs
752
37.19
The carbon cycle depends on photosynthesis and
respiration
753
37.20
The phosphorus cycle depends on the weathering of
rock
754
37.21
The nitrogen cycle depends on bacteria
754
37.22
Connection A rapid inflow of nutrients degrades aquatic
ecosystems
756
37.23
Connection Ecosystem services are essential to human
well-being
757
Chapter
Review 758
Зо
Conservation Biology
760
TlieLoss of Biodiversity
762
38.1
Loss of biodiversity includes the loss of ecosystems,
species, and genes
762
38.2
Connection Habitat loss, invasive species, overharvesting,
pollution, and climate change are major threats to
biodiversity
764
38.3
Connection Rapid warming is changing the global
climate
766
38.4
Connection Human activities are responsible for rising
concentrations of greenhouse gases
767
38.5
Global climate change affects biomes, ecosystems,
communities, and populations
768
38.6
Evolution Connection Climate change is an agent of natural
selection
769
XXXVi Contents
Conservation
Biology and Restoration Ecology
770
38.7
Protecting endangered populations is one goal of
conservation biology
770
38.8
Sustaining ecosystems and landscapes is a conservation
priority
771
38.9
Establishing protected areas slows the loss of
biodiversity
772
38.10
Zoned reserves are an attempt to reverse ecosystem
disruption
773
38.11
Connection The
Yellowstone
to Yukon
Conservation
Initiative seeks
to preserve
biodiversity by
connecting
protected
areas
774
38.12
Connection The study of how to restore degraded habitats
is a developing science
776
38.13
Sustainable development is an ultimate goal
777
Chapter Review
778
Appendix
1
Metric Conversion Table A-l
Appendix
2
The Periodic Table A-2
Appendix
3
The
Amino
Acids of Proteins
A3
Appendix
4
Chapter Review Answers A-4
Appendix
5
Credits A-26
Glossary
G
1
Index
1-1
Contents
XXXVII
|
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| id | DE-604.BV041808310 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:05:51Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780321761583 0321761588 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027253714 |
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| spelling | Campbell biology concepts & connections Campbell. Jane B. Reece ... Biology 7. ed., intern. ed. Boston, Mass. ; Munich [u.a.] Cummings 2012 Getr. Zähl. zahlr. Ill. 28 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 s DE-604 Campbell, Neil A. 1946-2004 Begründer eines Werks (DE-588)115674012 oth Reece, Jane B. 1944- Sonstige (DE-588)124601510 oth Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027253714&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Campbell biology concepts & connections Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006851-1 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Campbell biology concepts & connections |
| title_alt | Biology |
| title_auth | Campbell biology concepts & connections |
| title_exact_search | Campbell biology concepts & connections |
| title_full | Campbell biology concepts & connections Campbell. Jane B. Reece ... |
| title_fullStr | Campbell biology concepts & connections Campbell. Jane B. Reece ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Campbell biology concepts & connections Campbell. Jane B. Reece ... |
| title_short | Campbell biology |
| title_sort | campbell biology concepts connections |
| title_sub | concepts & connections |
| topic | Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Biologie Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027253714&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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