"Wielka Brytania dotrzyma lojalnie swojego słowa": Winston S. Churchill a Polska
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
Wydawnictwo Neriton
2013
|
| Ausgabe: | Wyd. 1. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: "Great Britain will loyally keep her word" Bibliogr. s. 398-415. Indeks |
| Beschreibung: | 429, [1] s. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788375432732 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804152101486460928 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis treści
Wstęp
........................................... 5
Rozdział I: Od młodości do wojny polsko-bolszewickiej
.......... 9
Rozdział
II:
Droga do wojny
........................... 20
Rozdział III: Pierwszy lord admiralicji
...................... 33
Rozdział
IV:
Od klęski do nadziei
......................... 46
Rozdział
V:
Normalizacja stosunków polsko-radzieckich
.......... 71
Rozdział
VI:
Konflikt z generałem Sikorskim
.................. 91
Rozdział
VII:
Kryzys w stosunkach polsko-radzieckich
.............108
Rozdział
VIII:
Katyń
.................................134
Rozdział
IX:
Katastrofa
gibraltarska
.......................149
Rozdział
X:
Droga do ustępstw
..........................163
Rozdział
XI:
Konferencja
teheránska
.......................179
Rozdział
XII:
Naciski na Mikołajczyka
......................192
Rozdział
XIII:
W nowej rzeczywistości
.......................227
Rozdział
XIV:
Powstanie warszawskie
.......................244
Rozdział
XV:
Konferencja moskiewska
......................273
Rozdział
XVI:
Upadek rządu Mikołajczyka
....................284
Rozdział
XVII:
Jałta
..................................298
Rozdział
XVIII:
W cieniu zwycięstwa
........................330
Rozdział
XIX:
Churchill
w Poczdamie
.......................354
Rozdział
XX:
Zimna wojna
.............................377
Zakończenie
........................................391
Bibliografia
........................................398
Abstract
..........................................416
Wykaz skrótów
......................................419
Indeks osób
........................................421
Great Britain Will Loyally Keep Her Word
Winston S. Churchill and Poland
(Abstract)
Initially, Winston S. Churchill did not show any special interest in problems of Central
Eastern Europe. It did not belong to the zone that was vital to British security. In November
1918
Churchill was in favour of a free and independent Poland. According to him, Poland
owed its independence to the Western Powers. In
1919
he wanted a strong Polish state,
more, however, as regards its internal organisation rather than its territory, to form the
indispensable fundament of peace in Eastern Europe. During the Polish-Bolshevik War of
1919-1920
Poland enjoyed Churchill s support as Minister of War in the Government
of David Lloyd George, unfriendly towards Poland.
After Adolf Hitler s rise to power in Germany in
1933,
Churchill, who at that time was
out of the government, was one of the first politicians to foresee the danger posed to Europe
by the leader of the Third Reich. He was convinced that in the case of war Poland, despite
its non-aggression pact with the Nazi Germany, would find itself in the group of its enemies.
After the Munich Conference, Churchill became convinced that without the cooperation
of the USSR it would be impossible to stop Hitler s expansion. Churchill s hopes to recruit
Stalin to the anti-Hitler coalition were not shattered by the Soviet aggression against Poland
on
17
September,
1939.
Already as the First Lord of the Admiralty, he groundlessly saw the
Red Army, seizing the territories of the Second Polish Republic, as an anti-German factor.
But he was against any attempts at agreement with Germany at the cost of Poland in the
autumn of
1939.
The formation, on
10
May
1940,
of the government headed by Churchill
reduced the threat of such concessions.
On
19
June
1940
Churchill met in Downing Street with Polish Prime Minister Gen.
Władysław Sikorski
and the meeting initiated their war partnership. There was no other
leader of the states conquered by Germany whom the British Prime Minister was meeting
as often as Sikorski and whom he listened as intently in military matters. Already before the
Battle of Britain Churchill regarded the Poles as warriors and thought highly of Polish sol¬
diers. Throughout the war, he tried to support the creation of a Polish army. The contem¬
porary charges against him that he wanted to bleed the Polish forces in the front are absurd.
The exceptional position of the Polish government as the most important among those
governments who found shelter in London was changed after the outbreak of the German-So¬
viet war on
22
June
1941.
Its course strengthened Churchill s conviction that his previous
ideas about the role played by the USSR in the defeating of Hitler were right. Churchill
repeatedly expressed his pro-Zionist sympathies. But during the Second World War, Great
Britain showed her farfetched heartlessness towards Jewish refugees. In June
1942,
Abstract
417
Gen. Sikorski,
under the influence of reports about the extermination of Polish Jews, appealed
to the British prime minister to order retaliatory bombings on German cities. The British
refused, as they refused by the end of that year another Polish request, this time associated
with the mass displacements of Polish people in the
Zamość
region.
Contrary to British Foreign Minister Anthony Eden, Churchill did not have doubts that
the Katyn massacre was the NKVD doing. But the alliance with Stalin was his first priority,
and for this reason he tried to persuade Sikorski to make an official statement that the Katyn
case was a fabrication of German propaganda.
On
4
July
1943
Churchill was struck by the death of Gen. Sikorski in a plane crash in
Gibraltar. Immediately afterwards, German propaganda made Sikorski the last Katyn victim
and began to spread word that the general was killed by Churchill s order because he had
become a hindrance in the British policy of cooperation with the USSR. In reality, the Brit¬
ish leader saw in Sikorski the only Polish politician able to reach an agreement with Stalin.
Already in March
1943
Churchill began to respond favourably to the idea of shifting
the Polish territory to the west of the Oder River line, while in the east to cede the territories
up to the
Curzon
line to the USSR, with the exception of Lvov.
Stanisław Mikołajczyk,
Sikorski s successor as prime minister of the Polish government, initially rejected any dis¬
cussion about territorial concessions to the Soviets. Before the Teheran conference of the
Big Three, the British had received a signal from
Mikołajczyk
that they could probe the Soviet
attitude towards the problem of the borders and re-establishment of diplomatic relations.
Accepting the
Curzon
line at the Tehran Conference with no concessions from Stalin,
Churchill found himself in a political trap. It was he who was burdened with a task to
convince and force the Polish government to concessions that were regarded by
Mikołajczyk
not only as territorial losses but as a threat to the independence of Poland. The latter aspect
Churchill tended to underestimate, expressing during talks with the Poles his trust and good
faith in Stalin s intentions. The British leader was unable to present
Mikołajczyk
with any
concessions made by the USSR. No wonder that the attempt to persuade the Polish govern¬
ment to give up almost a half of its territory ended in the spring of
1944
in failure.
The Warsaw Uprising strengthened the doubts of the British Prime Minister about Sta¬
lin s intentions towards Poland. His personal interventions made the RAF command, although
against their will, send planes with airdrops to the Warsaw insurgents. Churchill was also
pressing Roosevelt for an intervention in Moscow in order to gain Soviet approval of shut¬
tle flights; this met with success only in mid-September.
In October
1944
Churchill finally managed to reach an agreement with Stalin on the
zones of influence in the Balkans. The British leader summoned
Mikołajczyk
to Moscow and
took on himself the task to convince the Polish prime minister to accept the
Curzon
line,
persuaded that it would solve all the problems in the Polish-Soviet relations.
After
Mikołajczyk
resigned from his position in November
1944,
Churchill ordered to
politically isolate his successor
Tomasz Arciszewski,
although he did not withdraw British
diplomatic recognition of the Polish government. The British leader began to look for a solu¬
tion in the form of establishment of a new representative Polish government, with
Mikołaj
-
czyk s participation. To this end he devoted his
erForts
at the Yalta Conference. But his case
was forlorn there. The position of Great Britain, however, was weaker than that of the United
States and the USSR. It was then mainly due to the American delegation with Roosevelt at
its head that far-reaching concessions were made together with a decision to establish a new
Polish government based on the communist Provisional Government. In addition, the Yalta
agreement did not guarantee a free election in Poland.
418
Abstract
At the Yalta Conference Churchill was well-disposed towards the USSR and he counted
that at the cost of consent to the
Curzon
line it would be possible to maintain the independ¬
ence of Poland. At the same time he more and more saw the line as the frontier of com¬
munism. This, however, proved to be an illusion. In the spring of
1945,
Churchill began to
perceive that Stalin had no intention to keep his side of the deal. But a change in his attitude
towards the USSR could not influence the internal position of Poland occupied by the Red
Army.
At the Potsdam Conference the British prime minister tried to limit a territorial shift of
Poland to the west and did not agreed to the southern section of the frontier on the
Lusatian
Neisse River. Yet, Churchill lost his position in the
1945
General Election and did not return
to Potsdam. Whereas the British delegation led by the new Prime Minister Clement Attlee
accepted the decision to place under Polish administration the German territories east of
the Neisse River
-
Churchill could not reconcile himself to the decision.
The problem of expulsions of Germans often appeared in Churchill s speeches after
World War II, when he was the leader of the opposition in Parliament. He brought up the
subject also in his famous speech in Fulton, Missouri, in
1946.
He had soon forgotten how
he encouraged
Mikołajczyk
to displace the German population in
1944.
In Churchill s Cold War vision, Poland as a bulwark against communism was replaced
by Germany. Churchill became an exponent of bringing the Federal Republic of Germany
into the western alliance and remilitarisation.
Ambassador Edward
Raczyński
regarded Winston Churchill as one of the British poli¬
ticians most friendly to Poland. This opinion, however, was certainly not shared by the Poles
who lost his homeland east of the
Curzon
line. In his post-war comments Churchill always
saw Poland among the countries of a united Europe without borders. It was, however, the
vision of European continent before
1914
rather than of the European Union.
Translated by
Grażyna Waluga
|
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| author | Tebinka, Jacek 1964- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1043878467 |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041786749 |
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| edition | Wyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte 1915-1946 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1915-1946 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV041786749 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:05:22Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788375432732 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027232471 |
| oclc_num | 884462200 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 429, [1] s. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateSearch | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Neriton |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Tebinka, Jacek 1964- Verfasser (DE-588)1043878467 aut "Wielka Brytania dotrzyma lojalnie swojego słowa" Winston S. Churchill a Polska Jacek Tebinka Wyd. 1. Warszawa Wydawnictwo Neriton 2013 429, [1] s. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: "Great Britain will loyally keep her word" Bibliogr. s. 398-415. Indeks Churchill, Winston / (1874-1965) / i Polska jhpk Churchill, Winston 1874-1965 (DE-588)118520776 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1915-1946 gnd rswk-swf Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd rswk-swf Wielka Brytania / stosunki zagraniczne / Polska / 1900-1945 jhpk Wielka Brytania / stosunki zagraniczne / Polska / 1945-1970 jhpk Polska / stosunki zagraniczne / Wielka Brytania / 1900-1945 jhpk Polska / stosunki zagraniczne / Wielka Brytania / 1945-1970 jhpk Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Churchill, Winston 1874-1965 (DE-588)118520776 p Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 s Geschichte 1915-1946 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027232471&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027232471&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Tebinka, Jacek 1964- "Wielka Brytania dotrzyma lojalnie swojego słowa" Winston S. Churchill a Polska Churchill, Winston / (1874-1965) / i Polska jhpk Churchill, Winston 1874-1965 (DE-588)118520776 gnd Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118520776 (DE-588)4003846-4 (DE-588)4046496-9 (DE-588)4022153-2 |
| title | "Wielka Brytania dotrzyma lojalnie swojego słowa" Winston S. Churchill a Polska |
| title_auth | "Wielka Brytania dotrzyma lojalnie swojego słowa" Winston S. Churchill a Polska |
| title_exact_search | "Wielka Brytania dotrzyma lojalnie swojego słowa" Winston S. Churchill a Polska |
| title_full | "Wielka Brytania dotrzyma lojalnie swojego słowa" Winston S. Churchill a Polska Jacek Tebinka |
| title_fullStr | "Wielka Brytania dotrzyma lojalnie swojego słowa" Winston S. Churchill a Polska Jacek Tebinka |
| title_full_unstemmed | "Wielka Brytania dotrzyma lojalnie swojego słowa" Winston S. Churchill a Polska Jacek Tebinka |
| title_short | "Wielka Brytania dotrzyma lojalnie swojego słowa" |
| title_sort | wielka brytania dotrzyma lojalnie swojego slowa winston s churchill a polska |
| title_sub | Winston S. Churchill a Polska |
| topic | Churchill, Winston / (1874-1965) / i Polska jhpk Churchill, Winston 1874-1965 (DE-588)118520776 gnd Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Churchill, Winston / (1874-1965) / i Polska Churchill, Winston 1874-1965 Außenpolitik Wielka Brytania / stosunki zagraniczne / Polska / 1900-1945 Wielka Brytania / stosunki zagraniczne / Polska / 1945-1970 Polska / stosunki zagraniczne / Wielka Brytania / 1900-1945 Polska / stosunki zagraniczne / Wielka Brytania / 1945-1970 Polen Großbritannien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027232471&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027232471&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tebinkajacek wielkabrytaniadotrzymalojalnieswojegosłowawinstonschurchillapolska |