Przesiedlenia a pamięć: studium (nie)pamięci społecznej na przykładzie ukraińskiej Galicji i polskich "Ziem Odzyskanych"
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Toruń
Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika
2014
|
| Ausgabe: | Wydanie 1. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Monografie Fundacji na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Displacement and memory. - Na okł. skrócona nazwa serii: Monografie FNP. Bibliogr. s. 447-461. Indeks |
| Beschreibung: | 509 Seiten Illustrationen 22 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788323139669 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Przesiedlenia a pamięć |b studium (nie)pamięci społecznej na przykładzie ukraińskiej Galicji i polskich "Ziem Odzyskanych" |c Anna Wylegała ; Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej |
| 250 | |a Wydanie 1. | ||
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| 490 | 0 | |a Monografie Fundacji na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Displacement and memory. - Na okł. skrócona nazwa serii: Monografie FNP. | ||
| 500 | |a Bibliogr. s. 447-461. Indeks | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1818949352329052160 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Spis
tresei
wstęp
.
część i. konteksty
ROZDZIAŁ
1.
HISTORIA I DYSKURS PAMIĘCI
.
I9
Korzenie (do
1939
roku)
. 19
Wojna i inne nieszczęścia
(1938-1945). 26
Nowy wspaniały świat
(1945-1953). 31
Powojenna kultura (niepamięci
(1953-1989/1991). 40
Po upadku komunizmu: nowe otwarcie? (od
1989/1991
roku)
. 50
ROZDZIAŁ
2.
PERSPEKTYWA TEORETYCZNA
. 65
Pamięć a historia
. 66
Indywidualny i zbiorowy wymiar pamięci
. 68
Drugie oblicze pamięci: niepamięć i zapominanie
. 76
Terminy zastosowane w książce
. 80
ROZDZIAŁ
3.
METODOLOGIA I METODY BADAŃ
. 85
Inspiracje metodologiczne
. 85
Koncepcja badań pamięci historycznej w społeczności lokalnej.
Podejście biograficzne i ujęcie pokoleniowe
. 90
Narzędzia badawcze
. 94
Realizacja badań
. 97
W jaki sposób korzystano z materiału empirycznego
. 104
CZĘŚĆ
II.
BADANIA. ŚWIATY PRZEZYWANE
ROZDZIAŁ
4.
PRZESIEDLENIE I PIERWSZY OKRES ADAPTACJI
. 111
Podróż: pamięć biograficzna i przekaz
.
111
Strach, przemoc, bieda: po przyjeździe
. 125
Tęsknota, tymczasowość, wyobcowanie
. 138
ROZDZIAŁ
5.
TWORZENIE SIĘ NOWEJ SPOŁECZNOŚCI
I INTEGRACJA SPOŁECZNA
. 155
Relacje z władzą i nowy ustrój polityczny
. 155
6
SPIS TREŚCI
Zbudować wszystko od nowa, czyli społeczny Dziki Zachód.
169
Długofalowe skutki powojennych podziałów:
procesy integracji w młodszych pokoleniach
. 180
ROZDZIAŁ
6.
PRZESIEDLENIE A TOŻSAMOŚĆ
. 197
Powroty do domu jako ostatni etap procesu integracji
psychologicznej
. 197
Ojczyzna to ludzie: „Nie mam już do kogo wracać"
. 198
Stara ojczyzna elementem tożsamości: „Popatrzeć na ten
nasz dom"
. 199
Utracona ojczyzna
-
okaleczona tożsamość: „Jednak ciągnie
człowieka w swoje strony"
. 202
Nikła potrzeba ojczyzny: „Po co mieliby jechać?"
. 205
Stara ojczyzna w świadomości młodszych pokoleń
. 206
Bilanse zysków i strat, czyli o tym, dla kogo migracja
zakończyła się sukcesem
. 210
ROZDZIAŁ
7.
PAMIĘĆ O NIEOBECNYCH: NIEMCY I DZIEDZICTWO
NIEMIECKIE W KRZYŻU
. 217
Osadnicy
versus
Niemcy: pamięć najstarszego pokolenia
. 217
Przed naszymi dziadkami: pamięć młodszych pokoleń
. 229
Niemcy dziś: niedobitki, wizyty, odszkodowania
. 235
Wokół dziedzictwa materialnego
. 251
Niemieckość a tożsamość
. 261
ROZDZIAŁ
8.
PAMIĘĆ O NIEOBECNYCH: ŻYDZI I DZIEDZICTWO
ŻYDOWSKIE W ŻÓŁKWI
. 269
Życie i śmierć w sąsiedztwie
. 269
Zasłyszane: co wiedzą przesiedleńcy?
. 280
(Nie)pamięć rodzinna: następne pokolenia
. 287
Cudze dziedzictwo
. 297
Ocaleni, duchy, goście
. 307
ROZDZIAŁ
9.
PAMIĘĆ O NIEOBECNYCH: POLACY I DZIEDZICTWO
POLSKIEW
ŻÓŁKWI
. 315
„Dawno temu, za Polski"
. 315
W czasach grozy
. 325
Wyjazd, wysiedlenie, marginalizacja
. 335
„Myśmy wszystko zapomnieli.
.". 343
Dziedzictwo materialne i symboliczne
. 351
ROZDZIAŁ
10.
BOHATEROWIE I ANTYBOHATEROWIE
.
363
UPA:
bojownicy o niepodległość czy bandyci?
. 363
Sowieci i władza radziecka w Żółkwi
. 381
Krzyż: miasto bez bohaterów
. 402
SPIS TREŚCI
7
POSTSCRIPTUM. PRZESTRZEŃ SYMBOLICZNA
. 421
PODSUMOWANIE
. 433
Pamięć przesiedlenia
. 434
Pamięć o Obcych
. 435
Pamięć o bohaterach
. 437
Między pamięcią a niepamięcią
. 439
Pamięć przeszłości a tożsamość zbiorowa
. 441
BIBLIOGRAFIA
. 447
ANEKS
1.
INDEKS I BIOGRAMY RESPONDENTÓW
. 463
ANEKS
2.
FOTOGRAFIE
. 483
SUMMARY
. 499
INDEKS OSOBOWY
.
$°5
Summary
Displacement and memory. The study of (lack of) collective
memory on the basis of the Ukrainian
Galicia
and the Polish
"recovered territories"
The book is a case study of social memory in two small towns, which due
to war damages and post-war mass displacements, ethnic cleansings and
migrations lost a substantial part of their inhabitants and were populated
by newcomers.
Żółkiew,
which was a multi-ethnic (populated by the Jews,
the Poles and the Ukrainians) town in Lvov voivodship of the Second Polish
Republic, after the war became a part of the Ukrainian Soviet Republic.
During the war almost all Jews from
Żółkiew
were killed, with many
inhabitants of other nationalities falling prey to the German and Soviet
terror, and most of the Poles and the Jews that survived leaving the town
in the course of after-war "repatriations".
Krzyż
-
which before the war
was the German town of
Kreuz (Ostbahn) -
after
1945
became part of the
Polish "recovered territories". Some of the German inhabitants left the town
as early as in
1945,
with the rest being dislocated by the Polish authorities
after the war. In both towns, the place of those who had left, perished or
escaped was taken by new inhabitants. In the case of
Żółkiew
they were the
Ukrainians from the surrounding villages or deported from Poland, as well
as Ukrainians and Russians from the Soviet part of Ukraine. In
Krzyż,
the
newcomers were the Poles from Eastern Borderlands, Greater Poland and
the Central Poland. Both towns not only lost most of their inhabitants and
a substantial part of their urban tissue, but were also deprived of their
identity and history. The same happened to those who came to
Żółkiew
and
Krzyż:
regardless of whether they had been forced to migrate, or had done
so of their own accord, they had to start a new life and adjust to completely
new conditions. They also had to
-
in physical and symbolic terms
-
take
the place of those who had already left the towns.
The book tells about the collective memory of those who live in
Krzyż
and
Żółkiew
at present. In the course of the four-year research, which
brought about almost
200
biographic and biographic-topical interviews,
recorded within families, with representatives of different generations,
I was trying to answer the question of what aspects of the local history
500
SUMMARY
are remembered, and which are forgotten or fail to be mentioned by the
representatives of the studied communities, as well as whether the shape of
this memory is influenced by the origins of the representatives of the oldest
generation and their war experience. I was interested in the memory of
displacements/migrations, the memory of those absent Others
-
the Poles,
the Jews, the Germans, but also of the local heroes and traitors. What was
crucial was the dynamics of the processes rooted in different generations
and, to which extent the inhabitants consider the pre-war past of the town as
"their own". The axis around which the research questions were formulated
was also the transfer
-
I wanted to check how collective memory changes in
subsequent generations, what influences and shapes it, what relations there
are between individual (biographic) and social (collective) memory.
The analysis conducted has shown that the collective memory in the
places of mass displacements has
-
despite the varying historical, social
and cultural context
-
a number of common factors. It seems that what is
the most prominent common factor for both towns is the memory of the
displacement and the following process of social adaptation and integration,
which was more or less difficult, depending on the scale of differences
between the old and the new place of settlement.
The
topoi
present in the narrations of both groups of migrants are, for
instance, the journey, the fear of strangers, the feeling of temporality, poverty.
The emotional identity of the reported events is, in some cases, striking: if as
an experiment some names and facts were removed from quotations, which
in turn would be substituted with each other, their message would remain
equally authentic. Similarities can also be found in the narrations concerning
mutual prejudices between various groups of settlers, the longing for home,
the feeling of temporality and the difficulty with reconstructing the post-
-
migration identity of the displaced. The common features of the narrations
in question allow to make the conclusion that the displacement and its
consequences were a universal experience, which resulted in comparable
memory.
At the same time, the biographical context of given individuals interviewed,
as well as the culture of the memory they lived in or
-
in case of younger
ones, were socialized
-
results in the
topoi
being embedded in different
narrative structures, have different cultural "cases" and function in different
ways. An thus, in the accounts provided by the Poles, the
topos
of longing
and journey appears as the most prominent, in the Ukrainian ones the
factor more deeply-rooted is the memory of the fear of strangers (especially
of the authority), and poverty. There are also issues which appear only in
the narrations of one of the groups
-
like the belief in a bilateral nature of
SUMMARY
5OI
the displacement shared by the Ukrainian interviewees and the fear of the
return of the Germans among the Poles.
Both in the Polish and Ukrainian narrations some patterns can be
noticed concerning the transmission of the memories of displacement
within ones family. In the narrations of each subsequent generation the
contents of memory become more general, lose their details, depth and
emotional impact. The younger the interviewees, the more frequent the
ones whose memory of their family's past is non-historical or simply faint.
I associate this fact rather with the nature of the message as such, than with
the interference of transmission due to ideological pressure of a more or less
repressive political system.
Although the fear accompanying the life in an undemocratic political
system obviously influenced the shaping of family memory, it seems that
its part which concerns the displacement was "blocked" to a relatively low
extent (in comparison, for example, with the memory of
Żółkiews
and
Krzyż
s
former inhabitants). Those elements of the memory which are
more firmly embedded than other, more thoroughly supplemented with
a given community's cultural context (at the local and national level),
acquire greater resistance to blurring and falling into oblivion. By becoming
topoi,
they can be shaped not only by within-family transmission, but also
by other, external forms of socializing (such as school, cinema or historical
literature). By acquiring the resistance to being forgotten, however, they
lose a part of their individuality, gaining repetitive features of narration
from the order of the so called greater history, in the narrations of younger
individuals.
The analysis of the gathered narrative material demonstrated the
existence of both similarities and
différences
in the structure of the memory
concerning the "absent Others" in
Krzyż
and
Żółkiew.
In both communities
it is the public memory, as the Poles, the Jews and the Germans have
received some forms of commemoration, and their historical presence is
partly used as an element of the towns' image
-
but this memory is not
used as the basis for creating group identity. The memory of the Others
is gradually vanishing, yet with different nature, as well as the scale of the
process itself. In both towns the oblivion concerns not the whole memory
of the Others, but only the most sensitive elements
-
the ones most difficult
for the present inhabitants, which is mainly how the Others from
Krzyż
and
Żółkiew
had disappeared. The disappearance is a typical case of anamnesis,
a memory which is difficult, yet still recurring. What is of special significance
here is the status of the memory of Holocaust, as unlike the memory of the
displacement of the Germans or the Poles, the new inhabitants of
Żółkiew
5O2
SUMMARY
did not even witness it
-
they could only hear about it. The lack of collective
memory in this case can be explained with the fact that it lacked the
substance to be formed from, namely the biographic memory. However,
were this explanation to be true, its logic is distorted by the extent to which
the memory of other victims, whose fate had also only been told about, not
experienced, prevails in the
Żółkiew
s
collective memory (like the Ukrainian
prisoners murdered by
NKWD
in
1941).
Thus, apart from experience itself,
in order to exist in the collective memory, a given event has to be considered
as referring to our own group. The mechanisms of collective memory are
merciless: the Ukrainian victims of
NKWD
are remembered, as they are
considered "ours", the Holocaust of Jews and the disappearance of the
Poles from
Żółkiew
are forgotten, as the ethnic groups are considered to
be Others.
What appears common in the structure of memory of the Others is the
defensive strategies, namely the structures and actions aimed at making it
easier for the interviewees to face the memories which are difficult for them
as a given community members. In both cases, it concerns a situation when
the community they feel a part of had its inglorious share in the post-war
displacements or/and used violence towards the dislocated. The strategies
take the form of mechanisms functioning at different moments in time: at
the moment of experiencing the difficult events, in the post-war period,
or even at the moment of creating biographic narration. What is different,
however, is the "material" which drives those common mechanisms
-
in
each community the defensive strategies relate to a different, the most
painful aspect of the displacement.
What the oldest inhabitants of
Krzyż
and
Żółkiew
significantly differ in
is the extent of emotionality characterizing the stories about displacement:
the empathy or at least understanding shown by
Krzyż
inhabitants is in
sharp contrast with the indifference or coldness of the narrations from
Żółkiew.
The differences, as I tried to show in the book, stem from both
different biographic experience of the interviewees and the different
cultures of memory they were living within after the war.
In both towns, the memory of the younger people is characterized by the
omission of the elements potentially threatening their own group's identity,
which is much more visible than in the case of older interviewees. The
memory of younger generations is dominated by "easy" motives, which are
predominantly positive and concern the cultural heritage and the examples
of good, regardless the historical circumstances, the relations between
their own group and the Others
-
the towns former inhabitants. It is also
in the youngest group of respondents that one most frequently encounters
SUMMARY
503
the individuals for whom the presence of Others, or the fact of their towns
former belonging to another country is of little or no significance at all.
What is crucial that it was only in
Żółkiew
that one can notice the cases of
total lack of knowledge
-
both concerning the Jews and the Poles, as well as
Żółkiews
former belonging to the Second Polish Republic. It demonstrates
the greater impact of the ideological pressure in the Soviet Unions
Żółkiew,
than in
Krzyż
in the People
s
Republic of Poland
-
and how much crippled
and traumatized the local memory there is.
The most diverse conclusions are formulated on the basis of the analysis
of the local heroes. Whereas in
Krzyż
the inhabitants' memory can be
describes as "cold",
Żółkiew
is obsessive about commemoration. In
Krzyż,
there is in fact no collective local hero. The local anti-hero are the Soviets,
responsible for destroying the city in
1945,
and the terror exercised there
shortly after the war, but it is not a subject of any conflict, the issue appears
to be non-controversial and creates no divisions among the inhabitants
in terms of creating competing memory communities. The situation in
Żółkiew
differs dramatically, with two mutually hostile memory groups
existing, organized around different canons. For one of them, which I refer
to as the "post-Soviet" memory group, the local hero is the Red Army, and
the traitor
-
the Ukrainian Insurgent Army
(UPA).
For the "independence"
group it is the contrary
-
the
UPA
members are heroes, with the Soviets
considered to be war criminals and occupants. In the oldest generation, the
dividing line runs along the borders of different groups of settlers, but in
younger generations the origins cease to be the determining factor. What
is important is that most young people should rather be included into the
second group, which shows the scale of the memory's influence, as well as
its attractiveness in constructing collective identity. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Wylegała, Anna 1982- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1057923419 |
| author_facet | Wylegała, Anna 1982- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Wylegała, Anna 1982- |
| author_variant | a w aw |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV041769202 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 8280 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)891311087 (DE-599)BVBBV041769202 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| edition | Wydanie 1. |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Zhovkva (DE-588)4355028-9 gnd Krzyż (DE-588)1220723-8 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Zhovkva Krzyż |
| id | DE-604.BV041769202 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-20T09:01:19Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788323139669 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027215232 |
| oclc_num | 891311087 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-B1595 DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-B1595 DE-739 |
| physical | 509 Seiten Illustrationen 22 cm |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSearch | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| publisher | Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Monografie Fundacji na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej |
| spelling | Wylegała, Anna 1982- Verfasser (DE-588)1057923419 aut Przesiedlenia a pamięć studium (nie)pamięci społecznej na przykładzie ukraińskiej Galicji i polskich "Ziem Odzyskanych" Anna Wylegała ; Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej Wydanie 1. Toruń Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika 2014 509 Seiten Illustrationen 22 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Monografie Fundacji na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Displacement and memory. - Na okł. skrócona nazwa serii: Monografie FNP. Bibliogr. s. 447-461. Indeks Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd rswk-swf Vertreibung (DE-588)4063299-4 gnd rswk-swf Umsiedlung (DE-588)4061614-9 gnd rswk-swf Bevölkerung (DE-588)4006287-9 gnd rswk-swf Zhovkva (DE-588)4355028-9 gnd rswk-swf Krzyż (DE-588)1220723-8 gnd rswk-swf Zhovkva (DE-588)4355028-9 g Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 s Bevölkerung (DE-588)4006287-9 s Umsiedlung (DE-588)4061614-9 s Vertreibung (DE-588)4063299-4 s DE-604 Krzyż (DE-588)1220723-8 g Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-83-231-5682-6 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027215232&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027215232&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Wylegała, Anna 1982- Przesiedlenia a pamięć studium (nie)pamięci społecznej na przykładzie ukraińskiej Galicji i polskich "Ziem Odzyskanych" Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd Vertreibung (DE-588)4063299-4 gnd Umsiedlung (DE-588)4061614-9 gnd Bevölkerung (DE-588)4006287-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4200793-8 (DE-588)4063299-4 (DE-588)4061614-9 (DE-588)4006287-9 (DE-588)4355028-9 (DE-588)1220723-8 |
| title | Przesiedlenia a pamięć studium (nie)pamięci społecznej na przykładzie ukraińskiej Galicji i polskich "Ziem Odzyskanych" |
| title_auth | Przesiedlenia a pamięć studium (nie)pamięci społecznej na przykładzie ukraińskiej Galicji i polskich "Ziem Odzyskanych" |
| title_exact_search | Przesiedlenia a pamięć studium (nie)pamięci społecznej na przykładzie ukraińskiej Galicji i polskich "Ziem Odzyskanych" |
| title_full | Przesiedlenia a pamięć studium (nie)pamięci społecznej na przykładzie ukraińskiej Galicji i polskich "Ziem Odzyskanych" Anna Wylegała ; Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej |
| title_fullStr | Przesiedlenia a pamięć studium (nie)pamięci społecznej na przykładzie ukraińskiej Galicji i polskich "Ziem Odzyskanych" Anna Wylegała ; Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej |
| title_full_unstemmed | Przesiedlenia a pamięć studium (nie)pamięci społecznej na przykładzie ukraińskiej Galicji i polskich "Ziem Odzyskanych" Anna Wylegała ; Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej |
| title_short | Przesiedlenia a pamięć |
| title_sort | przesiedlenia a pamiec studium nie pamieci spolecznej na przykladzie ukrainskiej galicji i polskich ziem odzyskanych |
| title_sub | studium (nie)pamięci społecznej na przykładzie ukraińskiej Galicji i polskich "Ziem Odzyskanych" |
| topic | Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd Vertreibung (DE-588)4063299-4 gnd Umsiedlung (DE-588)4061614-9 gnd Bevölkerung (DE-588)4006287-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kollektives Gedächtnis Vertreibung Umsiedlung Bevölkerung Zhovkva Krzyż |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027215232&sequence=000005&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027215232&sequence=000006&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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