Żydzi w europejskiej części Cesarstwa Rzymskiego:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kraków
Enigma Press
2013
MOgilany |
| Ausgabe: | Wyd. 1. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Biblioteka Zwojów
16 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache. - Książka jest efektem projektu badawczego finansowanego przez Narodowe Centrum Nauki w ramach grantu nr N N108 095240 Bibliogr. s. 261-278. Indeksy |
| Beschreibung: | 305, [3] s. il. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788386110773 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804152072683126784 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | JERZY CIECIELĄG
ŻYDZI
W EUROPEJSKIEJ CZĘŚCI
CESARSTWA RZYMSKIEGO
THE ENIGMA PRESS
Kraków - Mogilany 2013
Spis treści
Wstęp
Rozdział 1 Żydzi w świecie rzymskim
1 Sytuacja prawna
2 Tożsamość
Rozdział 2 Wspólnota żydowska 4 organizacja i instytucje
1 Synagoga
2 Urzędy wspólnoty
Rozdział 3 Żydowskiewspólnotyweuropejskichprowincjach 1
Tracja 1
Mezja 1
Panonia 1
Dalmacja 1
Macedonia 1
Achaj a 1
Italia 2
Sycylia i Malta 2
Sardynia 2
Hiszpania A 2
Galia 2
Zakończenie 2
Summary 2
Wykaz skrótów 2
Wykaz literatury cytowanej 2
Indeks antycznych imion i nazw geograficznych 2
Indeks współczesnych autorów 2
Żydzi w europejskich prowincjach
255
SUMMARY
According to the literary sources, archeological artifacts and epi-
graphical materials we are able to narrowly outline the history of Jews
in the western provinces of the Roman Empire. They preferred to settle
in large cities such as Philioppopolis, Oescus or
Ostia just
like other
newcomers from the East. It doesn t necessary mean that they didn t
live in the countryside but we are lacking accounts in that case. The fact
that they couldn t be found in several provinces, mainly preferential
ones, is certainly of some importance. They appeared in Europe because
of various reasons, often as slaves but also merchants, craftsmans or
workers. The most important change that Jews went through in dias¬
pora was occurrence of tight relation with community and synagogue
which was magnified by the loss of their country, as well as after
70
A.D.
the Jerusalem temple. In the beginning of rabbinic Judaism period
the contacts of diaspora with Palestine weren t really vivid. Only after
rapid changes in the Roman Empire, especially the triumph of Christi¬
anity and Rabbis as well as rabbinic patriarchate increasing in power,
did influence more intense contacts with the motherland. It contributed
to rebuilding and enforcing their identity, expressed in e.g. relatively
often usage of the Hebrew language in western provinces inscriptions.
In this book we used all Jewish inscriptions which come from Eu¬
ropean provinces of the Roman Empire. The truth is that there is no
satisfactory definition of such text but the main criteria that were used
are: the use of Hebrew; the use of Jewish symbols; the use of Jewish
designations or terminology; the use of Jewish names; provenance from
synagogue; reference to famous Jews like Herod the Great; sometimes
reference to Samaritans.
We also need to realize that Jews did not live in Diaspora in iso¬
lation, quite the opposite, they would maintain in close relations with
their neighbors although often in severe conflicts as well. It meant Jews
citizens participating in the public life, whether in holding some offices
256
Żydzi w europejskich prowincjach
or in the social activity. Therefore, it was the reason for pride and often
deserved to be transformed into epitaph inscription, thanks to which
we are aware of those facts. The sources aren t probably as abundant
as Egyptian or coming from Asia Minor but we are able to observe in
the western provinces the process of acculturation and assimilation al¬
though by no means it would affect their ethnic identity not in the least
religion. By its nature, in epigraphic sources epitaphs are dominant,
which aren t in most of the cases different from pagan or Christian. Fur¬
thermore, they were predominantly buried in public cemeteries.
We have to firmly emphasize the fact that participation in the public
life didn t mean renouncing their identity. Quite the opposite, in some
cases it was clearly highlighted. Leaving rather obvious religious iden¬
tity, let s turn to effectiveness of the Jewish community and synagogues.
Those were financially independent institutions, ruled by their own
laws. The money came from their members as well as from
donators.
It
seems that the Jewish communities didn t take part in lives of the cities
(except for individual members). All the votive inscriptions referred to
the kinsmen not to the general public. In fact, in functioning of the Jew¬
ish communities in the Greek-Roman environment two worlds can be
noticed, especially in the names chosen by the Jews. We are aware of
many cases of double names
-
Semitic and Greek or Roman. The first
one for the use of community, the second one for external world because
the Jews often didn t want to be recognized as members of ethnic or
religious community by strangers.
Considering legal status of Jewish communities in Roman Empire
we must remembered about documentary material quoted by Josephus
Flavius
and on imperial decrees and edicts. In first case text relate to
permission granted to Jews to decide their own affairs; to assemble and
to have a place of such assembly; to observe the Sabbath and other
Jewish festivals; to observe dietary laws; to contribute money and send
Temple tax to Jerusalem; the exemption from military service and from
the obligation to participate in the imperial cult. From this material we
can conclude that the legal position of the Jewish communities in the
Diaspora was quite strong. We must remembered that in most cases the
situation of local community depended from its size and connections
with pagan neighbours.
In the western provinces only several synagogues have been found
of which probably the most important are those in
Ostia, Stobi
and Egi-
Żydzi w europejskich prowincjach
257
na.
Architectural
guidelines weren t usually too complicated, however
without any doubts monumental synagogical complex in
Ostia
can be
distinguished here. In some cases inscriptions were the only evidence
for existence of synagogal buildings. We need to remember that some of
the communities weren t numerous, so presumably they didn t possess
a separate building. Perhaps their members gathered in private houses,
like in Stobi, where the donation of Polycharmos contributed to creating
a separate synagogue. An interesting case is Venusia where to present
any remains of synagogue have been found, although there was evident¬
ly quite large Jewish community. The biggest amount of inscriptions
have remained from that city, although any scholar faces a dilemma
whether the community was just fortunate that so many have been found
or maybe they originate from catacombs, which definitely has contribut¬
ed to their endurance. The prominent role of women in that community
also requires deep reflection; at least this is what we get from the avail¬
able epigraphical source.
When and where did first synagogues arise? Unfortunately, we must
read between the lines of ancient sources because despite archaeological
findings and literary sources we still do not know where the institution
came from. Many scholars agree that houses of prayers originated in
the Babylonian exile after the destruction of the Jerusalem temple in
586
B.C.E. However, we do not have any epigraphical, papyrological
or archaeological material to confirm this theory. The earliest archae¬
ological evidence for existence a kind of later synagogues appears in
two inscriptions from the reign of Ptolemy III Euergetes. Problem is
up to present days no ancient synagogue building has been discovered
in Egypt. It took a very long time for Jewish religious gatherings to
become a synagogue, so it is not surprising to find many terms used in
this particular context but prevailed two: proseuche and
synagoge.
We
must agree that ancient Jewish synagogues were first of all community
centers but provided also a place for Jewish worship.
The Jews had some things in common but they definitely differed
when it came to places of residence. It means that a particular commu¬
nity could have different opinion about proselytism or mixed marriages.
Decentralization of Judaism after destroying the Jerusalem temple was
also of great significance. Not until the consolidation of rabbinic com¬
munities in the IVth century and growth of patriarchate did significant
changes come. The Jews again gained sense of ethnic identity. Because
258
Żydzi w europejskich prowincjach
of
limited
sources there are still many question to be answered although
we are able to indicate some common elements like the fact that the
synagogues where always centers of religious and often community life;
there was a similar organization of the communities and also similar for¬
mulas and symbols were used in inscriptions. Sudden and rapid changes
in the time of the Imperial period caused that Jews identified themselves
especially with the local communities but not necessarily with the cities
in which they lived. It is therefore clear that the image of the Jewish
communities is indeed truly complicated.
We must remembered that many political, social, economic and cul¬
tural factors have been influence on Diaspora Jews. It is impossible to
generalize about Jews reactions to their environments because the spec¬
trum spreads from total assimilation to almost total isolation. Even in
the same community and circumstances we have found Jews of different
social levels and of individual preferences. In that case we do not have
any single typical Diaspora Jew. Jewish identity, also in the Diaspora,
is a multi-faceted phenomenon because actually every Jew in antiquity
had a triple identity: first, how they viewed themselves; second, how
they were viewed by other Jews; and third, how they were viewed by
strangers. Most literature from Diaspora indicates significance of the
nation as the one of the key factors of the Jewish tradition. Equally
significant was Judaism as an ethnic entity. We can t say how individ¬
ual Jews related to other members in local communities but support
for those who wished to maintain their Jewish identity was stronger.
We may point three aspects of Jewish communal life which bound lo¬
cal Jews together, namely: festivals and fasts, Sabbath gatherings and
collections of Temple dues. An important aspect of Jewish identity in
Diaspora was also the link with Jerusalem and Homeland . Diaspora
Jews could interpret their traditions in many different ways but most
important was that Judaism existed as a remarkably durable tradition
which allowed Jews to survive despite many adversities.
|
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:04:54Z |
| institution | BVB |
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| language | Polish |
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| publisher | Enigma Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Biblioteka Zwojów |
| series2 | Biblioteka Zwojów |
| spelling | Ciecieląg, Jerzy 1971- Verfasser (DE-588)1065743769 aut Żydzi w europejskiej części Cesarstwa Rzymskiego Jerzy Ciecieląg Wyd. 1. Kraków Enigma Press 2013 MOgilany 305, [3] s. il. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biblioteka Zwojów 16 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache. - Książka jest efektem projektu badawczego finansowanego przez Narodowe Centrum Nauki w ramach grantu nr N N108 095240 Bibliogr. s. 261-278. Indeksy Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Żydzi / Rzym (państwo) / historia jhpk Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf Kulturkontakt (DE-588)4033569-0 gnd rswk-swf Rzym (państwo) / stosunki międzyetniczne jhpk Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd rswk-swf Römisches Reich (DE-588)4076778-4 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 g Römisches Reich (DE-588)4076778-4 g Kulturkontakt (DE-588)4033569-0 s Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s Geschichte z DE-604 Biblioteka Zwojów 16 (DE-604)BV041765920 16 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027212017&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027212017&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Ciecieląg, Jerzy 1971- Żydzi w europejskiej części Cesarstwa Rzymskiego Biblioteka Zwojów Żydzi / Rzym (państwo) / historia jhpk Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Kulturkontakt (DE-588)4033569-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4033569-0 (DE-588)4015701-5 (DE-588)4076778-4 |
| title | Żydzi w europejskiej części Cesarstwa Rzymskiego |
| title_auth | Żydzi w europejskiej części Cesarstwa Rzymskiego |
| title_exact_search | Żydzi w europejskiej części Cesarstwa Rzymskiego |
| title_full | Żydzi w europejskiej części Cesarstwa Rzymskiego Jerzy Ciecieląg |
| title_fullStr | Żydzi w europejskiej części Cesarstwa Rzymskiego Jerzy Ciecieląg |
| title_full_unstemmed | Żydzi w europejskiej części Cesarstwa Rzymskiego Jerzy Ciecieląg |
| title_short | Żydzi w europejskiej części Cesarstwa Rzymskiego |
| title_sort | zydzi w europejskiej czesci cesarstwa rzymskiego |
| topic | Żydzi / Rzym (państwo) / historia jhpk Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Kulturkontakt (DE-588)4033569-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Żydzi / Rzym (państwo) / historia Juden Kulturkontakt Rzym (państwo) / stosunki międzyetniczne Europa Römisches Reich |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027212017&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027212017&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV041765920 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ciecielagjerzy zydziweuropejskiejczescicesarstwarzymskiego |